Microsoft PowerPoint

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<h3>Creation at Forethought (1984–1987)</h3>
PowerPoint was created by <a href="/facts/Robert_Gaskins/jV5XRjhC">Robert Gaskins</a> and <a href="/facts/Dennis_Austin/0KNF8ltH">Dennis Austin</a> at a software <a href="/facts/Startup_company/9lsjFELt">startup</a> in <a href="/facts/Silicon_Valley/gdot9J7e">Silicon Valley</a> named <a href="/facts/Forethought%2c_Inc./ymrxl37l">Forethought, Inc.</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Forethought had been founded in 1983 to create an integrated environment and applications for future personal computers that would provide a graphical user interface, but it had run into difficulties requiring a "restart" and new plan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>
On July 5, 1984, Forethought hired Robert Gaskins as its vice president of product development<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>: 51  to create a new application that would be especially suited to the new <a href="/facts/Graphical_user_interface/wBlQFWDP">graphical</a> personal computers, such as the <a href="/facts/Macintosh_128K/oXlQGVpX">Apple Macintosh</a> and later <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Microsoft Windows</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> Gaskins produced his initial description of PowerPoint about a month later (August 14, 1984) in the form of a 2-page document titled "Presentation Graphics for Overhead Projection."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> By October 1984, Gaskins had selected Dennis Austin to be the developer for PowerPoint.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> Gaskins and Austin worked together on the definition and design of the new product for nearly a year, and produced the first specification document dated August 21, 1985.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> This first design document showed a product as it would look in Microsoft <a href="/facts/Windows_1.0/SfHQ6bIE">Windows 1.0</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> which at that time had not been released.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
Development from that spec was begun by Austin in November 1985, for Macintosh first.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>: 104  About six months later, on May 1, 1986, Gaskins and Austin chose a second developer to join the project, Thomas Rudkin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>: 149  Gaskins prepared two final product specification marketing documents in June 1986; these described a product for both Macintosh and Windows.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> At about the same time, Austin, Rudkin, and Gaskins produced a second and final major design specification document, this time showing a Macintosh look.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>
Throughout this development period, the product was called "Presenter". Then, just before release, there was a last-minute check with Forethought's lawyers to register the name as a trademark, and "Presenter" was unexpectedly rejected because it had already been used by someone else. Gaskins says that he thought of "PowerPoint", based on the product's goal of "empowering" individual presenters, and sent that name to the lawyers for clearance, while all the documentation was hastily revised.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
Funding to complete development of PowerPoint was assured in mid-January 1987, when a new Apple Computer venture capital fund, called Apple's Strategic Investment Group,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> selected PowerPoint to be its first investment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>: 169–171  A month later, on February 22, 1987, Forethought announced PowerPoint at the Personal Computer Forum in <a href="/facts/Phoenix%2c_Arizona/MFvp5Upw">Phoenix</a>; <a href="/facts/John_Sculley/RXWHJsIj">John Sculley</a>, the CEO of Apple, appeared at the announcement and said "We see desktop presentation as potentially a bigger market for Apple than desktop publishing."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>
PowerPoint 1.0 for Macintosh shipped from manufacturing on April 20, 1987, and the first production run of 10,000 units was sold out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>

<h3>Acquisition by Microsoft (1987–1992)</h3>
By early 1987, Microsoft was starting to plan a new application to create presentations, an activity led by <a href="/facts/Jeff_Raikes/rR1ESEg8">Jeff Raikes</a>, who was head of marketing for the Applications Division.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> Microsoft assigned an internal group to write a specification and plan for a new presentation product.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> They contemplated an acquisition to speed up development, and in early 1987 Microsoft sent a letter of intent to acquire <a href="/facts/Dave_Winer/HGEn6245">Dave Winer</a>'s product called <a href="/facts/MORE_(application)/8YDN8IV8">MORE</a>, an outlining program that could print its outlines as bullet charts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> During this preparatory activity Raikes discovered that a program specifically to make overhead presentations was already being developed by Forethought, Inc., and that it was nearly completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Raikes and others visited Forethought on February 6, 1987, for a confidential demonstration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>: 173 
Raikes later recounted his reaction to seeing PowerPoint and his report about it to <a href="/facts/Bill_Gates/z16t4m7s">Bill Gates</a>, who was initially skeptical:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>

<blockquote>I thought, "software to do overheads—that's a great idea." I came back to see Bill. I said, "Bill, I think we really ought to do this;" and Bill said, "No, no, no, no, no, that's just a feature of Microsoft Word, just put it into Word." ... And I kept saying, "Bill, no, it's not just a feature of Microsoft Word, it's a whole genre of how people do these presentations." And, to his credit, he listened to me and ultimately allowed me to go forward and ... buy this company in Silicon Valley called Forethought, for the product known as PowerPoint.</blockquote>
When PowerPoint was released by Forethought, its initial press was favorable; the Wall Street Journal reported on early reactions: "'I see about one product a year I get this excited about,' says Amy hora, a consultant in Bala Cynwyd, Pa. 'People will <a href="/facts/Killer_app/fq6sMeHI">buy a Macintosh just to get access to this product</a>.'"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>
On April 28, 1987, a week after shipment, a group of Microsoft's senior executives spent another day at Forethought to hear about initial PowerPoint sales on Macintosh and plans for Windows.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>: 191  The following day, Microsoft sent a letter to Dave Winer withdrawing its earlier letter of intent to acquire his company,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> and in mid-May 1987 Microsoft sent a letter of intent to acquire Forethought.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> As requested in that letter of intent, Robert Gaskins from Forethought went to Redmond for a one-on-one meeting with Bill Gates in early June 1987,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>: 197  and by the end of July an agreement was concluded for an acquisition. The New York Times reported:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>

<blockquote> ... July 30, 1987— The Microsoft Corporation announced its first significant software acquisition today, paying $14 million [$38.7 million in present-day terms<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>] for Forethought Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif. Forethought makes a program called PowerPoint that allows users of Apple Macintosh computers to make overhead transparencies or flip charts. ... [T]he acquisition of Forethought is the first significant one for Microsoft, which is based in Redmond, Wash. Forethought would remain in Sunnyvale, giving Microsoft a Silicon Valley presence. The unit will be headed by Robert Gaskins, Forethought's vice president of product development.</blockquote>
Microsoft's president <a href="/facts/Jon_Shirley/Glu4CRbp">Jon Shirley</a> offered his company's motivation for the acquisition: "'We made this deal primarily because of our belief in desktop presentations as a product category. ... Forethought was first to market with a product in this category.'"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> Microsoft had 50% market share in Macintosh applications, and led in three categories; Raikes said that after the acquisition it would lead in five categories. (Forethought distributed the database <a href="/facts/Filemaker/AckzyhXv">Filemaker</a>, which Microsoft wanted to continue marketing.) The company intended for Forethought to be its Silicon Valley base to develop and market future graphics software,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> so set up within its Applications Division, an independent "Graphics Business Unit" for PowerPoint, the first Microsoft application group distant from the main Redmond location. The company hoped to hire employees uninterested in living in Washington state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> All the PowerPoint people from Forethought joined Microsoft, and the new location was headed by Robert Gaskins, with Dennis Austin and Thomas Rudkin leading development. PowerPoint 1.0 for Macintosh was modified to indicate the new Microsoft ownership and continued to be sold. A year after the acquisition, Gaskins reported that all seven Forethought PowerPoint employees had stayed with Microsoft, and the Graphics Business Unit had hired 12 employees, many of whom did not want to move to Redmond. The GBU had moved to a new location on <a href="/facts/Sand_Hill_Road/0ncpFsMD">Sand Hill Road</a> in <a href="/facts/Menlo_Park%2c_California/mHQVj2Jx">Menlo Park, California</a>; it was much larger than needed for 19 people, but Gaskins wrote that he and Microsoft wanted future capacity as the company grew in Silicon Valley.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a>
A new PowerPoint 2.0 for Macintosh, adding color 35 mm slides, shipped in May 1988,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> and again received good reviews.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> The same PowerPoint 2.0 product re-developed for Windows was shipped two years later, in mid-1990, at the same time as <a href="/facts/Windows_3.0/AmCtP94m">Windows 3.0</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Much of the color technology was the result of a joint development partnership with <a href="/facts/Genigraphics/KADSXfBe">Genigraphics</a>, the dominant presentation services company.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>
PowerPoint 3.0, which was shipped in 1992 for both Windows and Mac, added live video for projectors and monitors, with the result that PowerPoint was thereafter used for delivering presentations as well as for preparing them. This was at first an alternative to overhead transparencies and 35 mm slides, but over time would come to replace them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>

<h3>Part of Microsoft Office (since 1993)</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/History_of_Microsoft_Office/AmE50Lsu">History of Microsoft Office</a>
PowerPoint had been included in <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office/faD8vYG0">Microsoft Office</a> from the beginning. PowerPoint 2.0 for Macintosh was part of the first Office bundle for Macintosh which was offered in mid-1989.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> When PowerPoint 2.0 for Windows appeared, a year later, it was part of a similar Office bundle for Windows, which was offered in late 1990.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> Both of these were bundling promotions, in which the independent applications were packaged together and offered for a lower total price.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>
PowerPoint 3.0 (1992) was again separately specified and developed,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> and was advertised and sold separately from Office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> It was, as before, included in <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_3.0/G5gSy5Tv">Microsoft Office 3.0</a>, both for Windows and the corresponding version for Macintosh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>
A plan to integrate the applications themselves more tightly had been indicated as early as February 1991, toward the end of PowerPoint 3.0 development, in an internal memo by Bill Gates:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>

<blockquote>Another important question is what portion of our applications sales over time will be a set of applications versus a single product. ... Please assume that we stay ahead in integrating our family together in evaluating our future strategies—the product teams WILL deliver on this. ... I believe that we should position the "OFFICE" as our most important application.</blockquote>
The move from bundling separate products to integrated development began with PowerPoint 4.0, developed in 1993–1994 under new management from Redmond.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> The PowerPoint group in Silicon Valley was reorganized from the independent "Graphics Business Unit" (GBU) to become the "Graphics Product Unit" (GPU) for Office, and PowerPoint 4.0 changed to adopt a converged user interface and other components shared with the other apps in Office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>
When it was released, the computer press reported on the change approvingly: "PowerPoint 4.0 has been re-engineered from the ground up to resemble and work with the latest applications in Office: Word 6.0, Excel 5.0, and Access 2.0. The integration is so good, you'll have to look twice to make sure you're running PowerPoint and not Word or Excel."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> Office integration was further underscored in the following version, PowerPoint 95, which was given the version number PowerPoint 7.0 (skipping 5.0 and 6.0) so that all the components of Office would share the same major version number.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a>
Although PowerPoint by this point had become part of the integrated Microsoft Office product, its development remained in Silicon Valley. Succeeding versions of PowerPoint introduced important changes, particularly version 12.0 (2007) which had a very different shared Office "<a href="/facts/Ribbon_(computing)/uSqjTDne">ribbon</a>" user interface, and a new shared <a href="/facts/Office_Open_XML/294uNJrf">Office XML-based file format</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> This marked the 20th anniversary of PowerPoint, and Microsoft held an event to commemorate that anniversary at its Silicon Valley Campus for the PowerPoint team there. Special guests were Robert Gaskins, Dennis Austin, and Thomas Rudkin, and the featured speaker was Jeff Raikes, all from PowerPoint 1.0 days, 20 years before.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>
Since then major development of PowerPoint as part of Office has continued. New development techniques (shared across Office) for PowerPoint 2016 have made it possible to ship versions of PowerPoint 2016 for Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, and web access nearly simultaneously, and to release new features on an almost monthly schedule.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> PowerPoint development is still carried out in Silicon Valley as of 2017<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_PowerPoint&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a>
In 2010, Jeff Raikes, who had most recently been President of the Business Division of Microsoft (including responsibility for Office),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> observed: "of course, today we know that PowerPoint is oftentimes the number two—or in some cases even the number one—most-used tool" among the applications in Office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>

<h3>Sales and market share</h3>
PowerPoint's initial sales were about 40,000 copies sold in 1987 (nine months), about 85,000 copies in 1988, and about 100,000 copies in 1989, all for Macintosh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> PowerPoint's market share in its first three years was a tiny part of the total presentation market, which was very heavily dominated by <a href="/facts/MS-DOS/fVrrz1uN">MS-DOS</a> applications on PCs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> The market leaders on MS-DOS in 1988–1989<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> were <a href="/facts/Harvard_Graphics/jqlmHBG4">Harvard Graphics</a> (introduced by <a href="/facts/Software_Publishing_Corporation/lzTzRGKE">Software Publishing</a> in 1986<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a>) in first place, and <a href="/facts/IBM_Lotus_Freelance_Graphics/jo2b0WWJ">Lotus Freelance Plus</a> (also introduced in 1986<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a>) as a strong second.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> They were competing with more than a dozen other MS-DOS presentation products,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> and Microsoft did not develop a PowerPoint version for MS-DOS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> After three years, PowerPoint sales were disappointing. Jeff Raikes, who had bought PowerPoint for Microsoft, later recalled: "By 1990, it looked like it wasn't a very smart idea [for Microsoft to have acquired PowerPoint], because not very many people were using PowerPoint."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a>
This began to change when the first version for Windows, PowerPoint 2.0, brought sales up to about 200,000 copies in 1990 and to about 375,000 copies in 1991, with Windows units outselling Macintosh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a>: 403  PowerPoint sold about 1 million copies in 1992, of which about 80 percent were for Windows and about 20 percent for Macintosh,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a>: 403  and in 1992 PowerPoint's market share of worldwide presentation graphics software sales was reported as 63 percent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>: 404  By the last six months of 1992, PowerPoint revenue was running at a rate of over $100 million annually ($277 million in present-day terms<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a>: 405 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a>
Sales of PowerPoint 3.0 doubled to about 2 million copies in 1993, of which about 90 percent were for Windows and about 10 percent for Macintosh,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a>: 403  and in 1993 PowerPoint's market share of worldwide presentation graphics software sales was reported as 78 percent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a>: 404  In both years, about half of total revenue came from sales outside the U.S.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a>: 404 
By 1997 PowerPoint sales had doubled again, to more than 4 million copies annually, representing 85 percent of the world market.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> Also in 1997, an internal publication from the PowerPoint group said that by then over 20 million copies of PowerPoint were in use, and that total revenues from PowerPoint over its first ten years (1987 to 1996) had already exceeded $1 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a>
Since the late 1990s, PowerPoint's market share of total world presentation software has been estimated at 95 percent by both industry and academic sources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a>

<h2 id="operation">Operation</h2>
The earliest version of PowerPoint (1987 for Macintosh) could be used to print black and white pages to be photocopied onto <a href="/facts/Transparency_(projection)/297xt6wU">sheets of transparent film</a> for projection from <a href="/facts/Overhead_projector/M8V2Y4xa">overhead projectors</a>, and to print speaker's notes and audience handouts; the next version (1988 for Macintosh, 1990 for Windows) was extended to also produce <a href="/facts/Presentation_slide/3gHj8hdq">color 35mm slides</a> by communicating a file over a modem to a <a href="/facts/Genigraphics/KADSXfBe">Genigraphics</a> imaging center with slides returned by overnight delivery for projection from <a href="/facts/Slide_projector/b2N84a91">slide projectors</a>. PowerPoint was used for planning and preparing a presentation, but not for delivering it (apart from previewing it on a computer screen, or distributing printed paper copies).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> The operation of PowerPoint changed substantially in its third version (1992 for Windows and Macintosh), when PowerPoint was extended to also deliver a presentation by producing direct video output to <a href="/facts/Video_projector/5fIVG2sq">digital projectors</a> or large monitors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> In 1992 video projection of presentations was rare and expensive, and practically unknown from a laptop computer. Robert Gaskins, one of the creators of PowerPoint, says he publicly demonstrated that use for the first time at a large Microsoft meeting held in Paris on February 25, 1992, by using an unreleased development build of PowerPoint 3.0 running on an early pre-production sample of a powerful new color laptop and feeding a <a href="/facts/Talaria_projector/oqSVqvPR">professional auditorium video projector</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a>: 373–375 
By about 2003, ten years later, digital projection had become the dominant mode of use, replacing transparencies and 35mm slides and their projectors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a>: 410–414 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> As a result, the meaning of "PowerPoint presentation" narrowed to mean specifically digital projection:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a>

<blockquote> ... in the business lexicon, "PowerPoint presentation" had come to refer to a presentation made using a PowerPoint slideshow projected from a computer. Although the PowerPoint software had been used to generate transparencies for over a decade, this usage was not typically encompassed by a common understanding of the term.</blockquote>
In contemporary operation, PowerPoint is used to create a file (called a "presentation" or "deck") containing a sequence of pages (called "slides" in the app) which usually have a consistent style (from template masters), and which may contain information imported from other apps or created in PowerPoint, including text, bullet lists, tables, charts, drawn shapes, images, audio clips, video clips, animations of elements, and animated transitions between slides, plus attached notes for each slide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a>
After such a file is created, typical operation is to present it as a <a href="/facts/Slide_show/rB9Jw2w8">slide show</a> using a portable computer, where the presentation file is stored on the computer or available from a network, and the computer's screen shows a "presenter view" with current slide, next slide, speaker's notes for the current slide, and other information.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> Video is sent from the computer to one or more external digital projectors or monitors, showing only the current slide to the audience, with sequencing controlled by the speaker at the computer. A smartphone remote control built in to PowerPoint for iOS (optionally controlled from Apple Watch)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> and for Android<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> allows the presenter to control the show from elsewhere in the room.
In addition to a computer slide show projected to a live audience by a speaker, PowerPoint can be used to deliver a presentation in a number of other ways:

<ul><li>Displayed on the screen of the presentation computer or tablet (for a very small group)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a></li>
<li>Printed for distribution as paper documents (in several formats)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a></li>
<li>Distributed as files for private viewing, even on computers without PowerPoint<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a></li>
<li>Packaged for distribution on CD or a network, including linked and embedded data<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a></li>
<li>Transmitted as a live broadcast presentation over the web<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a></li>
<li>Embedded in a web page or blog<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a></li>
<li>Shared on social networks such as <a href="/facts/Facebook/0IhXFR6u">Facebook</a> or <a href="/facts/Twitter/VWwDNGUm">Twitter</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a></li>
<li>Set up as a self-running unattended display<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a></li>
<li>Recorded as video/audio (<a href="/facts/H.264/soCzKcmJ">H.264</a>/<a href="/facts/Advanced_Audio_Coding/VAG9NpI4">AAC</a>), to be distributed as for any other video<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a></li></ul>
Some of these ways of using PowerPoint have been studied by <a href="/facts/JoAnne_Yates/Eg01Tg0R">JoAnne Yates</a> and <a href="/facts/Wanda_Orlikowski/oTI6UVGl">Wanda Orlikowski</a> of the <a href="/facts/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management/NUu4uzme">MIT Sloan School of Management</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a>

<blockquote>The standard form of such presentations involves a single person standing before a group of people, talking and using the PowerPoint slideshow to project visual aids onto a screen. ... In practice, however, presentations are not always delivered in this mode. In our studies, we often found that the presenter sat at a table with a small group of people and walked them through a "deck", composed of paper copies of the slides. In some cases, decks were simply distributed to individuals, without even a walk-through or discussion. ... Other variations in the form included sending the PowerPoint file electronically to another site and talking through the slides over an audio or video channel (e.g., telephone or video conference) as both parties viewed the slides. ... Another common variation was placing a PowerPoint file on a web site for people to view at different times.</blockquote>
They found that some of these ways of using PowerPoint could influence the content of presentations, for example when "the slides themselves have to carry more of the substance of the presentation, and thus need considerably more content than they would have if they were intended for projection by a speaker who would orally provide additional details and nuance about content and context."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a>

<h2 id="other-platforms">Other platforms</h2>
<h3>PowerPoint for mobile</h3>
PowerPoint Mobile is included with <a href="/facts/Windows_Mobile_5.0/HLyDKMlG">Windows Mobile 5.0</a>. It is a <a href="/facts/Presentation_program/mj0nngQm">presentation program</a> capable of reading and editing Microsoft PowerPoint presentations, although authoring abilities are limited to adding notes, editing text, and rearranging slides. It can't create new presentations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> Versions of PowerPoint Mobile for Windows Phone 7 can also watch presentation broadcasts streamed from the Internet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a> In 2015, Microsoft released PowerPoint Mobile for Windows 10 as a <a href="/facts/Universal_app/PCIgnSjM">universal app</a>. In this version of PowerPoint users can create and edit new presentations, present, and share their PowerPoint documents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a>

<h3>PowerPoint for the web</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office/faD8vYG0">Microsoft Office § Office on the web</a>
PowerPoint for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft PowerPoint available as part of Office on the web, which also includes web versions of Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word.
PowerPoint for the web does not support inserting or editing charts, equations, or audio or video stored on your PC, but they are all displayed in the presentation if they were added in using a desktop app. Some elements, like WordArt effects or more advanced animations and transitions, are not displayed at all, although they are preserved in the document. PowerPoint for the web also lacks the Outline, Master, Slide Sorter, and Presenter views present in the desktop app, as well as having limited printing options.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a>

<h2 id="cultural-impact">Cultural impact</h2>

<h3>Business uses</h3>
PowerPoint was originally targeted just for business presentations. Robert Gaskins, who was responsible for its design, has written about his intended customers: "... I did not target other existing large groups of users of presentations, such as school teachers or military officers. ... I also did not plan to target people who were not existing users of presentations ... such as clergy and school children ... . Our focus was purely on business users, in small and large companies, from one person to the largest multinationals."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a>: 76–77  Business people had for a long time made presentations for sales calls and for internal company communications, and PowerPoint produced the same formats in the same style and for the same purposes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a>: 420 
PowerPoint use in business grew over its first five years (1987–1992) to sales of about 1 million copies annually, for worldwide market share of 63 percent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> Over the following five years (1992–1997) PowerPoint sales accelerated, to a rate of about 4 million copies annually, for worldwide market share of 85 percent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> The increase in business use has been attributed to "<a href="/facts/Network_effect/IvxIDA2d">network effects</a>", whereby additional users of PowerPoint in a company or an industry increased its salience and value to other users.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a>
Not everyone immediately approved of the greater use of PowerPoint for presentations, even in business. CEOs who very early were reported to discourage or ban PowerPoint presentations at internal business meetings included <a href="/facts/Louis_V._Gerstner_Jr./PqacAeJu">Lou Gerstner</a> (at IBM, in 1993),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> <a href="/facts/Scott_McNealy/FcPHKHTm">Scott McNealy</a> (at Sun Microsystems, in 1996),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a> and <a href="/facts/Steve_Jobs/fQpja1hx">Steve Jobs</a> (at Apple, in 1997).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a> But even so, Rich Gold, a scholar who studied corporate presentation use at <a href="/facts/PARC_(company)/fh2Su0k9">Xerox PARC</a>, could write in 1999: "Within today's corporation, if you want to communicate an idea ... you use PowerPoint."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a>

<h3>Uses beyond business</h3>
At the same time that PowerPoint was becoming dominant in business settings, it was also being adopted for uses beyond business: "Personal computing ... scaled up the production of presentations. ... The result has been the rise of presentation culture. In an information society, nearly everyone presents."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a>
In 1998, at about the same time that Gold was pronouncing PowerPoint's ubiquity in business, the influential <a href="/facts/Bell_Labs/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Labs</a> engineer <a href="/facts/Robert_W._Lucky/eSmDSa6q">Robert W. Lucky</a> could already write about broader uses:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a>

<blockquote>... the world has run amok with the giddy power of presentation graphics. A new language is in the air, and it is codified in PowerPoint. ... In a family discussion about what to do on a given evening, for example, I feel like pulling out my laptop and giving a <a href="/facts/Viewgraph/297xt6wU">Vugraph</a> presentation... In church, I am surprised that the preachers haven't caught on yet. ... How have we gotten on so long without PowerPoint?</blockquote>
Over a decade or so, beginning in the mid-1990s, PowerPoint began to be used in many communication situations, well beyond its original business presentation uses, to include teaching in schools<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a> and in universities,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> lecturing in scientific meetings<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> (and preparing their related poster sessions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a>), worshipping in churches,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> making legal arguments in courtrooms,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> displaying supertitles in theaters,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> driving helmet-mounted displays in spacesuits for NASA astronauts,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> giving military briefings,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a> issuing governmental reports,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a> undertaking diplomatic negotiations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> writing novels,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> giving architectural demonstrations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> prototyping website designs,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> creating animated video games,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a> editing images,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a> creating art projects,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> and even as a substitute for writing engineering technical reports,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a> and as an organizing tool for writing general business documents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a>
By 2003, it seemed that PowerPoint was being used everywhere. Julia Keller reported for the Chicago Tribune:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a>

<blockquote>PowerPoint ... is one of the most pervasive and ubiquitous technological tools ever concocted. In less than a decade, it has revolutionized the worlds of business, education, science, and communications, swiftly becoming the standard for just about anybody who wants to explain just about anything to just about anybody else. From corporate middle managers reporting on production goals to 4th-graders fashioning a show-and-tell on the French and Indian War to church pastors explicating the seven deadly sins ... PowerPoint seems poised for world domination.</blockquote>
<h3>Cultural reactions</h3>
As uses broadened, cultural awareness of PowerPoint grew and commentary about it began to appear. "With the widespread adoption of PowerPoint came complaints ... often very general statements reflecting dissatisfaction with modern media and communication practices as well as the dysfunctions of organizational culture."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> Indications of this awareness included increasing mentions of PowerPoint use in the <a href="/facts/Dilbert/YSh42bzo">Dilbert</a> comic strips of <a href="/facts/Scott_Adams/ME5ljQxA">Scott Adams</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a> comic parodies of poor or inappropriate use such as the <a href="/facts/Gettysburg_Address/TUkFlena">Gettysburg Address</a> in PowerPoint<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> or summaries of Shakespeare's Hamlet and Nabokov's Lolita in PowerPoint,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> and a vast number of publications on the general subject of PowerPoint, especially about how to use it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a>
Out of all the analyses of PowerPoint over a quarter of a century, at least three general themes emerged as categories of reaction to its broader use: (1) "Use it less": avoid PowerPoint in favor of alternatives, such as using more-complex graphics and written prose, or using nothing;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a> (2) "Use it differently": make a major change to a PowerPoint style that is simpler and pictorial, turning the presentation toward a performance, more like a Steve Jobs keynote;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a> and (3) "Use it better": retain much of the conventional PowerPoint style but learn to avoid making many kinds of mistakes that can interfere with communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a>

<h4>Use it less</h4>
See also: <a href="/facts/Edward_Tufte/t5jYFE2X">Edward Tufte</a> and <a href="/facts/Anti-PowerPoint_Party/8cMpNCtt">Anti-PowerPoint Party</a>
An early reaction was that the broader use of PowerPoint was a mistake, and should be reversed. An influential example of this came from <a href="/facts/Edward_Tufte/t5jYFE2X">Edward Tufte</a>, an authority on information design, who has been a professor of political science, statistics, and computer science at Princeton and Yale, but is best known for his self-published books on data visualization, which have sold nearly 2 million copies as of 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a>
In 2003, he published a widely-read booklet titled The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint, revised in 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a> Tufte found a number of problems with the "cognitive style" of PowerPoint, many of which he attributed to the standard default style templates:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a>

<blockquote>PowerPoint's convenience for some presenters is costly to the content and the audience. These costs arise from the cognitive style characteristics of the standard default PP presentation: foreshortening of evidence and thought, low spatial resolution, an intensely hierarchical single-path structure as the model for organizing every type of content, breaking up narratives and data into slides and minimal fragments, rapid temporal sequencing of thin information rather than focused spatial analysis, conspicuous chartjunk and PP Phluff, branding of slides with logotypes, a preoccupation with format not content, incompetent designs for data graphics and tables, and a smirky commercialism that turns information into a sales pitch and presenters into marketeers [italics in original].</blockquote>
Tufte particularly advised against using PowerPoint for reporting scientific analyses, using as a dramatic example some slides made during the flight of the space shuttle Columbia after it had been damaged by an accident at liftoff, slides which poorly communicated the engineers' limited understanding of what had happened.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a>: 8–14  For such technical presentations, and for most occasions apart from its initial domain of sales presentations, Tufte advised against using PowerPoint at all; in many situations, according to Tufte, it would be better to substitute high-resolution graphics or concise prose documents as handouts for the audience to study and discuss, providing a great deal more detail.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a>
Many commentators enthusiastically joined in Tufte's vivid criticism of PowerPoint uses,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a> and at a conference held in 2013 (a decade after Tufte's booklet appeared) one paper claimed that "Despite all the criticism about his work, Tufte can be considered as the single most influential author in the discourse on PowerPoint. ... While his approach was not rigorous from a research perspective, his articles received wide resonance with the public at large ... ."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> There were also others who disagreed with Tufte's assertion that the PowerPoint program reduces the quality of presenters' thoughts: <a href="/facts/Steven_Pinker/sPjcSD3B">Steven Pinker</a>, professor of psychology at MIT and later Harvard, had earlier argued that "If anything, PowerPoint, if used well, would ideally reflect the way we think."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> Pinker later reinforced this opinion: "Any general opposition to PowerPoint is just dumb, ... It's like denouncing lectures—before there were awful PowerPoint presentations, there were awful scripted lectures, unscripted lectures, slide shows, chalk talks, and so on."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a>
Much of the early commentary, on all sides, was "informal" and "anecdotal", because empirical research had been limited.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a>

<h4>Use it differently</h4>
See also: <a href="/facts/Richard_E._Mayer/wYrpp0vy">Richard E. Mayer</a> and <a href="/facts/Stevenote/eCRnuX6S">Steve Jobs Keynotes</a>
A second reaction to PowerPoint use was to say that PowerPoint can be used well, but only by substantially changing its style of use. This reaction is exemplified by <a href="/facts/Richard_E._Mayer/wYrpp0vy">Richard E. Mayer</a>, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who has studied cognition and learning, particularly the design of educational multimedia, and who has published more than 500 publications, including over 30 books.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a> Mayer's theme has been that "In light of the science, it is up to us to make a fundamental shift in our thinking—we can no longer expect people to struggle to try to adapt to our PowerPoint habits. Instead, we have to change our PowerPoint habits to align with the way people learn."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a>
Tufte had argued his judgment that the information density of text on PowerPoint slides was too low, perhaps only 40 words on a slide, leading to over-simplified messages;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a> Mayer responded that his empirical research showed exactly the opposite, that the amount of text on PowerPoint slides was usually too high, and that even fewer than 40 words on a slide resulted in "PowerPoint overload" that impeded understanding during presentations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a>
Mayer suggested a few major changes from traditional PowerPoint formats:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a>

<ul><li>replacing brief slide titles with longer "headlines" expressing complete ideas;</li>
<li>showing more slides but simpler ones;</li>
<li>removing almost all text including nearly all bullet lists (reserving the text for the spoken narration);</li>
<li>using larger, higher-quality, and more important graphics and photographs;</li>
<li>removing all extraneous decoration, backgrounds, logos and identifications, everything but the essential message.</li></ul>
Mayer's ideas are claimed by <a href="/facts/Carmine_Gallo/oIUx70XA">Carmine Gallo</a> to have been reflected in Steve Jobs's presentations: "Mayer outlined fundamental principles of multimedia design based on what scientists know about cognitive functioning. Steve Jobs's slides adhere to each of Mayer's principles ... ."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a>: 92  Though not unique to Jobs, many people saw the style for the first time in Jobs's famous product introductions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a> Steve Jobs would have been using Apple's <a href="/facts/Keynote_(presentation_software)/A67Dua5w">Keynote</a>, which was designed for Jobs's own slide shows beginning in 2003, but Gallo says that "speaking like Jobs has little to do with the type of presentation software you use (PowerPoint, Keynote, etc.) ... all the techniques apply equally to PowerPoint and Keynote."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a>: 14, 46  Gallo adds that "Microsoft's PowerPoint has one big advantage over Apple's Keynote presentation software—it's everywhere ... it's safe to say that the number of Keynote presentations is minuscule in comparison with PowerPoint. Although most presentation designers who are familiar with both formats prefer to work in the more elegant Keynote system, those same designers will tell you that the majority of their client work is done in PowerPoint."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a>: 44 
Consistent with its association with Steve Jobs's keynotes, a response to this style has been that it is particularly effective for "ballroom-style presentations" (as often given in conference center ballrooms) where a celebrated and practiced speaker addresses a large passive audience, but less appropriate for "conference room-style presentations" which are often recurring internal business meetings for in-depth discussion with motivated counterparts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a>

<h4>Use it better</h4>
See also: <a href="/facts/Stephen_Kosslyn/yvnxR29F">Stephen Kosslyn</a>
A third reaction to PowerPoint use was to conclude that the standard style is capable of being used well, but that many small points need to be executed carefully, to avoid impeding understanding. This kind of analysis is particularly associated with <a href="/facts/Stephen_Kosslyn/yvnxR29F">Stephen Kosslyn</a>, a cognitive neuroscientist who specializes in the psychology of learning and visual communication, and who has been head of the department of psychology at Harvard, has been Director of Stanford's Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and has published some 300 papers and 14 books.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a>
Kosslyn presented a set of psychological principles of "human perception, memory, and comprehension" that "appears to capture the major points of agreement among researchers."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a> He reports that his experiments support the idea that it is not intuitive or obvious how to create effective PowerPoint presentations that conform to those agreed principles, and that even small differences that might not seem significant to a presenter can produce very different results in audiences' understanding. For this reason, Kosslyn says, users need specific education to be able to identify best ways to avoid "flaws and failures":<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a>

<blockquote>Specifically, we hypothesized and found that the psychological principles are often violated in PowerPoint slideshows across different fields ..., that some types of presentation flaws are noticeable and annoying to audience members ..., and that observers have difficulty identifying many violations in graphical displays in individual slides ... . These studies converge in painting the following picture: PowerPoint presentations are commonly flawed; some types of flaws are more common than others; flaws are not isolated to one domain or context; and, although some types of flaws annoy the audience, flaws at the level of slide design are not always obvious to an untrained observer ... .</blockquote>
The many "flaws and failures" identified were those "likely to disrupt the comprehension or memory of the material." Among the most common examples were "Bulleted items are not presented individually, growing the list from the top to the bottom," "More than four bulleted items appear in a single list," "More than two lines are used per bulleted sentence," and "Words are not large enough (i.e., greater than 20 point) to be easily seen." Among audience reactions common problems reported were "Speakers read word-for-word from notes or from the slides themselves," "The slides contained too much material to absorb before the next slide was presented," and "The main point was obscured by lots of irrelevant detail."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a>
Kosslyn observes that these findings could help to explain why the many studies of the instructional effectiveness of PowerPoint have been inconclusive and conflicting, if there were differences in the quality of the presentations tested in different studies that went unobserved because "many may feel that 'good design' is intuitively clear."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a>
In 2007 Kosslyn wrote a book about PowerPoint, in which he suggested a very large number of fairly modest changes to PowerPoint styles and gave advice on recommended ways of using PowerPoint.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a> In a later second book about PowerPoint he suggested nearly 150 clarifying style changes (in fewer than 150 pages).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a> Kosslyn summarizes:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a>: 2–3, 200 

<blockquote> ... there's nothing fundamentally wrong with the PowerPoint program as a medium; rather, I claim that the problem lies in how it is used. ... In fact, this medium is a remarkably versatile tool that can be extraordinarily effective. ... For many purposes, PowerPoint presentations are a superior medium of communication, which is why they have become standard in so many fields.</blockquote>
In 2017, an online poll of social media users in the UK was reported to show that PowerPoint "remains as popular with young tech-savvy users as it is with the Baby Boomers," with about four out of five saying that "PowerPoint was a great tool for making presentations," in part because "PowerPoint, with its capacity to be highly visual, bridges the wordy world of yesterday with the visual future of tomorrow."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a>
Also in 2017, the Managerial Communication Group of <a href="/facts/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management/NUu4uzme">MIT Sloan School of Management</a> polled their incoming MBA students, finding that "results underscore just how differently this generation communicates as compared with older workers."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> Fewer than half of respondents reported doing any meaningful, longer-form writing at work, and even that minority mostly did so very infrequently, but "85 percent of students named producing presentations as a meaningful part of their job responsibilities. Two-thirds report that they present on a daily or weekly basis—so it's no surprise that in-person presentations is the top skill they hope to improve."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a> One of the researchers concluded: "We're not likely to see future workplaces with long-form writing. The trend is toward presentations and slides, and we don't see any sign of that slowing down."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a>

<h3>U.S. military excess</h3>
Use of PowerPoint by the U.S. military services began slowly, because they were invested in mainframe computers, MS-DOS PCs and specialized military-specification graphic output devices, all of which PowerPoint did not support.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> But because of the strong military tradition of presenting briefings, as soon as they acquired the computers needed to run it, PowerPoint became part of the U.S. military.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a>
By 2000, ten years after PowerPoint for Windows appeared, it was already identified as an important feature of U.S. armed forces culture, in a front-page story in the Wall Street Journal:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a>

<blockquote>Old-fashioned slide briefings, designed to update generals on troop movements, have been a staple of the military since World War II. But in only a few short years PowerPoint has altered the landscape. Just as word processing made it easier to produce long, meandering memos, the spread of PowerPoint has unleashed a blizzard of jazzy but often incoherent visuals. Instead of drawing up a dozen slides on a legal pad and running them over to the graphics department, captains and colonels now can create hundreds of slides in a few hours without ever leaving their desks. If the spirit moves them they can build in gunfire sound effects and images that explode like land mines. ... PowerPoint has become such an ingrained part of the defense culture that it has seeped into the military lexicon. "PowerPoint Ranger" is a derogatory term for a desk-bound bureaucrat more adept at making slides than tossing grenades.</blockquote>
U.S. military use of PowerPoint may have influenced its use by armed forces of other countries: "Foreign armed services also are beginning to get in on the act. 'You can't speak with the U.S. military without knowing PowerPoint,' says Margaret Hayes, an instructor at National Defense University in Washington D.C., who teaches Latin American military officers how to use the software."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a>
After another 10 years, in 2010 (and again on its front page) the New York Times reported that PowerPoint use in the military was then "a military tool that has spun out of control":<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a>

<blockquote>Like an insurgency, PowerPoint has crept into the daily lives of military commanders and reached the level of near obsession. The amount of time expended on PowerPoint, the Microsoft presentation program of computer-generated charts, graphs and bullet points, has made it a running joke in the Pentagon and in Iraq and Afghanistan. ... Commanders say that behind all the PowerPoint jokes are serious concerns that the program stifles discussion, critical thinking and thoughtful decision-making. Not least, it ties up junior officers ... in the daily preparation of slides, be it for a Joint Staff meeting in Washington or for a platoon leader's pre-mission combat briefing in a remote pocket of Afghanistan.</blockquote>
The New York Times account went on to say that as a result some U.S. generals had banned the use of PowerPoint in their operations:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a>

<blockquote>"PowerPoint makes us stupid," Gen. <a href="/facts/James_Mattis/J8WRjHvP">James N. Mattis</a> of the Marine Corps, the Joint Forces commander, said this month at a military conference in North Carolina. (He spoke without PowerPoint.) Brig. Gen. <a href="/facts/H._R._McMaster/Y725l6CF">H. R. McMaster</a>, who banned PowerPoint presentations when he led the successful effort to secure the northern Iraqi city of Tal Afar in 2005, followed up at the same conference by likening PowerPoint to an internal threat. "It's dangerous because it can create the illusion of understanding and the illusion of control," General McMaster said in a telephone interview afterward. "Some problems in the world are not bullet-izable."</blockquote>
Several incidents, about the same time, gave wide currency to discussions by serving military officers describing excessive PowerPoint use and the organizational culture that encouraged it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a> In response to the New York Times story, <a href="/facts/Peter_Norvig/GkCUHH4H">Peter Norvig</a> and <a href="/facts/Stephen_Kosslyn/yvnxR29F">Stephen M. Kosslyn</a> sent a joint letter to the editor stressing the institutional culture of the military: "... many military personnel bemoan the overuse and misuse of PowerPoint. ... The problem is not in the tool itself, but in the way that people use it—which is partly a result of how institutions promote misuse."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a>
The two generals who had been mentioned in 2010 as opposing the institutional culture of excessive PowerPoint use were both in the news again in 2017, when <a href="/facts/James_Mattis/J8WRjHvP">James N. Mattis</a> became U.S. Secretary of Defense,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a> and <a href="/facts/H._R._McMaster/Y725l6CF">H. R. McMaster</a> was appointed as U.S. National Security Advisor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a>

<h3>Artistic medium</h3>
Musician <a href="/facts/David_Byrne/0jjmmAy1">David Byrne</a> has been using PowerPoint as a medium for art for years, producing a book and DVD and showing at galleries his PowerPoint-based artwork.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a> Byrne has written: "I have been working with PowerPoint, the ubiquitous presentation software, as an art medium for a number of years. It started off as a joke (this software is a symbol of corporate salesmanship, or lack thereof) but then the work took on a life of its own as I realized I could create pieces that were moving, despite the limitations of the 'medium.'"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a>
In 2005 Byrne toured with a theater piece styled as a PowerPoint presentation. When he presented it in Berkeley, on March 8, 2005, the University of California news service reported: "Byrne also defended [PowerPoint's] appeal as more than just a business tool—as a medium for art and theater. His talk was titled 'I ♥ PowerPoint'. Berkeley alumnus <a href="/facts/Bob_Gaskins/jV5XRjhC">Bob Gaskins</a> and <a href="/facts/Dennis_Austin/0KNF8ltH">Dennis Austin</a> were in the audience. Eventually, Byrne said, PowerPoint could be the foundation for 'presentational theater,' with roots in Brechtian drama and Asian puppet theater."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a> After that performance, Byrne described it in his own online journal: "Did the PowerPoint talk in Berkeley for an audience of IT legends and academics. I was terrified. The guys that originally turned PowerPoint into a program were there, what were THEY gonna think? ... [Gaskins] did tell me afterwards that he liked the PowerPoint as theater idea, which was a relief."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a>
The expressions "PowerPoint Art" or "<a href="/facts/PptArt/mHvI53wj">pptArt</a>" are used to define a contemporary Italian artistic movement which believes that the corporate world can be a unique and exceptional source of inspiration for the artist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a> They say: "The pptArt name refers to PowerPoint, the symbolic and abstract language developed by the corporate world which has become a universal and highly symbolic communication system beyond cultures and borders."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a>
The wide use of PowerPoint had, by 2010, given rise to " ... a subculture of PowerPoint enthusiasts [that] is teaching the old application new tricks, and may even be turning a dry presentation format into a full-fledged artistic medium,"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a> by using <a href="/facts/PowerPoint_animation/QdIfdSo0">PowerPoint animation</a> to create "games, artworks, anime, and movies."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a>

<h2 id="powerpoint-viewer">PowerPoint Viewer</h2>
PowerPoint Viewer is the name for a series of small free application programs to be used on computers without PowerPoint installed, to view, project, or print (but not create or edit) presentations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a>
The first version was introduced with PowerPoint 3.0 in 1992, to enable electronic presentations to be projected using conference-room computers and to be freely distributed; on Windows, it took advantage of the new feature of embedding <a href="/facts/TrueType/6kBap0kH">TrueType</a> fonts within PowerPoint presentation files to make such distribution easier.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a> The same kind of viewer app was shipped with PowerPoint 3.0 for Macintosh, also in 1992.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a>
Beginning with PowerPoint 2003, a feature called "Package for CD" automatically managed all linked video and audio files plus needed fonts when exporting a presentation to a disk or flash drive or network location,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a> and also included a copy of a revised PowerPoint Viewer application so that the result could be presented on other PCs without installing anything.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a>
The latest version that runs on Windows "was created in conjunction with PowerPoint 2010, but it can also be used to view newer presentations created in PowerPoint 2013 and PowerPoint 2016. ... All transitions, videos and effects appear and behave the same when viewed using PowerPoint Viewer as they do when viewed in PowerPoint 2010." It supports presentations created using PowerPoint 97 and later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a> The latest version that runs on Macintosh is PowerPoint 98 Viewer for the <a href="/facts/Classic_Mac_OS/I5fQq44K">Classic Mac OS</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_macOS_components/7uDAhFUz">Classic Environment</a>, for Macs supporting System 7.5 to <a href="/facts/Mac_OS_X_Tiger/q6vKCpvq">Mac OS X Tiger</a> (10.4).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a> It can open presentations only from PowerPoint 3.0, 4.0, and 8.0 (PowerPoint 98), although presentations created on Mac can be opened in PowerPoint Viewer on Windows.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a>
As of May 2018<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_PowerPoint&action=edit">[update]</a>, the last versions of PowerPoint Viewer for all platforms have been retired by Microsoft; they are no longer available for download and no longer receive security updates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a> The final PowerPoint Viewer for Windows (2010)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a> and the final PowerPoint Viewer for <a href="/facts/Classic_Mac_OS/I5fQq44K">Classic Mac OS</a> (1998)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a> are available only from archives. The recommended replacements for PowerPoint Viewer: "On Windows 10 PCs, download the free ... PowerPoint Mobile application from the Windows Store,"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a> and "On Windows 7 or Windows 8/8.1 PCs, upload the file to OneDrive and view it for free using ... PowerPoint Online."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a>

<h2 id="versions">Versions</h2>
Legend:Old version, not maintainedOld version, still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture version 
PowerPoint release history<table><tbody><tr><th>Date</th><th>Name</th><th>Version</th><th>System</th><th>Comments</th></tr><tr><td>April 1987<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a></td><td>PowerPoint</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 1.0</td><td>Macintosh</td><td>Shipped by Forethought, Inc.</td></tr><tr><td>October 1987<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a></td><td>PowerPoint</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 1.01</td><td>Macintosh</td><td>Relabeled and shipped by Microsoft</td></tr><tr><td>May 1988<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a></td><td>PowerPoint</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 2.0</td><td>Macintosh</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>December 1988<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a></td><td>PowerPoint</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 2.01</td><td>Macintosh</td><td>Added Genigraphics software and services</td></tr><tr><td>May 1990<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a></td><td>PowerPoint</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 2.0</td><td>Windows</td><td>Announced with Windows 3.0, numbered to match contemporary Macintosh version</td></tr><tr><td>May 1992<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a></td><td>PowerPoint</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 3.0</td><td>Windows</td><td>Announced with Windows 3.1</td></tr><tr><td>September 1992<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a></td><td>PowerPoint</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 3.0</td><td>Macintosh</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>February 1994<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a></td><td>PowerPoint</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 4.0</td><td>Windows</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>October 1994<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a></td><td>PowerPoint</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 4.0</td><td>Macintosh</td><td>Native for Power Mac</td></tr><tr><td>July 1995<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a></td><td>PowerPoint 95</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 7.0</td><td>Windows</td><td>Versions 5.0 and 6.0 were skipped on Windows, so all apps in Office 95 were 7.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a></td></tr><tr><td>January 1997<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a></td><td>PowerPoint 97</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 8.0</td><td>Windows</td><td>Support ended on February 28, 2002<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a></td></tr><tr><td>March 1998<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a></td><td>PowerPoint 98</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 8.0</td><td>Macintosh</td><td>Versions 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 were skipped on Macintosh, to match Windows<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a></td></tr><tr><td>June 1999<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2000</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 9.0</td><td>Windows</td><td>Support ended on July 14, 2009<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a></td></tr><tr><td>August 2000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2001</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 9.0</td><td>Macintosh</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>May 2001<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a></td><td>PowerPoint XP</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 10.0</td><td>Windows</td><td>Support ended on July 12, 2011<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a></td></tr><tr><td>November 2001<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a></td><td>PowerPoint v. X</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 10.0</td><td>Macintosh</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>October 2003<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2003</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 11.0</td><td>Windows</td><td>Support ended on April 8, 2014<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a></td></tr><tr><td>June 2004<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2004</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 11.0</td><td>Macintosh</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>May 2005<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a></td><td>PowerPoint Mobile</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 11.0</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_Mobile_5/HLyDKMlG">Windows Mobile 5</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>January 2007<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2007</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 12.0</td><td>Windows</td><td>End of support October 10, 2017<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a></td></tr><tr><td>September 2007<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a></td><td>PowerPoint Mobile</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 12.0</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_Mobile_6/tlnkdMe5">Windows Mobile 6</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>January 2008<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2008</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 12.0</td><td>Macintosh</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>June 2010<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2010</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 14.0</td><td>Windows</td><td>Version 13.0 was skipped for <a href="/facts/Triskaidekaphobia/QovBNCUu">triskaidekaphobia</a> concerns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a> Support ended on October 13, 2020<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a></td></tr><tr><td>June 2010<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2010 Web App</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 14.0</td><td>Web</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>June 2010<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a></td><td>PowerPoint Mobile 2010</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 14.0</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_Phone_7/smNsH1IJ">Windows Phone 7</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>November 2010<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2011</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 14.0</td><td>Macintosh</td><td>Version 13.0 was skipped for <a href="/facts/Triskaidekaphobia/QovBNCUu">triskaidekaphobia</a> concerns<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a> End of support October 10, 2017<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a></td></tr><tr><td>April 2012<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a></td><td>PowerPoint Mobile 2010</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 14.0</td><td><a href="/facts/Symbian/gbRl35V9">Nokia Symbian</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>October 2012<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a></td><td>PowerPoint Web App 2013</td><td>Old version, still maintained: 15.0</td><td>Web</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>November 2012<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a></td><td>PowerPoint Mobile 2013</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 15.0</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_Phone_8/8Ed3tWwl">Windows Phone 8</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>November 2012<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a></td><td>PowerPoint RT 2013</td><td>Old version, still maintained: 15.0</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_RT/0NWKXGLd">Windows RT</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>January 2013<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2013</td><td>Old version, still maintained: 15.0</td><td>Windows</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>June 2013<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a></td><td>PowerPoint Mobile 2013 for iPhone</td><td>Old version, still maintained: 15.0</td><td>iPhone</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>July 2013<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a></td><td>PowerPoint Mobile 2013 for Android</td><td>Old version, still maintained: 15.0</td><td>Android</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>February 2014<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2013 Online</td><td>Old version, still maintained: 15.0</td><td>Web</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>March 2014<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2013 for iPad</td><td>Old version, still maintained: 15.0</td><td>iPad</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>November 2014<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a></td><td>PowerPoint Mobile 2013 for iOS</td><td>Old version, still maintained: 15.0</td><td>iOS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>June 2015<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a></td><td>PowerPoint Mobile 2016 for Android</td><td>Latest version: 16.0</td><td>Android</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>July 2015<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2016 for Macintosh</td><td>Latest version: 16.0</td><td>Macintosh</td><td>There had been no PowerPoint 2013 for Mac.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a> Was version 15.0 from July 2015 to January 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a></td></tr><tr><td>July 2015<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a></td><td>PowerPoint Mobile 2016</td><td>Latest version: 16.0</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_10_Mobile/JGjuL0fl">Windows 10 Mobile</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>July 2015<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a></td><td>PowerPoint Mobile 2016 for iOS</td><td>Latest version: 16.0</td><td>iOS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>September 2015<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2016 for Windows</td><td>Latest version: 16.0</td><td>Windows</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>January 2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a></td><td>PowerPoint 2016 for Windows Store</td><td>Latest version: 16.0</td><td>Windows</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>PowerPoint 2019</td><td>Latest version: 16.0</td><td>Windows and other OS</td><td>This and subsequent versions (PowerPoint 2021 and Office 365 PowerPoint) are all internally version 16.0</td></tr><tr><th>Date</th><th>Name</th><th>Version</th><th>System</th><th>Comments</th></tr></tbody></table>

PowerPoint 1.0
For Macintosh: April 1987<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a>
Innovations included: multiple slides in a single file, organizing slides with a slide sorter view and a title view (precursor of outline view), speakers' notes pages attached to each slide, printing of audience handouts with multiple slides per page, text with outlining styles and full word-processor formatting, graphic shapes with attached text for drawing diagrams and tables.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a> It also shipped with a hardbound book as its manual.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a>
"It produced overhead transparencies on a black-and-white Macintosh for laser printing. Presenters could now directly control their own overheads and would no longer have to work through the person with the typewriter. PowerPoint handled the task of making the overheads all look alike; one change reformats them all. Typographic fonts were better than an Orator typeball, and charts and diagrams could be imported from MacDraw, MacPaint, and Excel, thanks to the new Mac clipboard."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a>
System requirements: (Mac) Original Macintosh or better, System 1.0 or higher, 512K RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a>
PowerPoint 2.0
For Macintosh: May 1988;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a> for Windows: May 1990<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a>
Part of <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_for_Mac/faD8vYG0">Microsoft Office for Mac</a> and <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office/faD8vYG0">Microsoft Office for Windows</a>. Innovations included: color, more word processing features, find and replace, spell checking, color schemes for presentations, guide to color selection, ability to change color scheme retrospectively, shaded coloring for fills.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a>
"It added color 35 mm slides, transmitting the resulting file over a modem to Genigraphics for imaging on Genigraphics' film recorders and photo processing in Genigraphics' labs overnight. Genigraphics was the leading professional service bureau, having developed its own Digital Equipment Corp. PDP-11-based computer systems for its artists. After a short time, though, Genigraphics itself switched to PowerPoint."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303">303</a>
System requirements: (Mac) Original Macintosh or better, System 4.1 or higher, 1 MB RAM. (Windows) 286 PC or higher, Windows 3.0, 1 MB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304">304</a>
PowerPoint 3.0
For Windows, May 1992;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305">305</a> for Mac: September 1992<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306">306</a>
Part of <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_3.0/G5gSy5Tv">Microsoft Office for Windows 3.0</a> and <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office/faD8vYG0">Microsoft Office for Mac 3.0</a>. Innovations included: the first application designed exclusively for the new Windows 3.1 platform, full support for TrueType fonts (new in Windows 3.1), presentation templates, editing in outline view, new drawing, including freeform tool, autoshapes, flip, rotate, scale, align, and transforming imported pictures into their drawing primitives to make them editable, transitions between slides in slide show, progressive builds, incorporating sound and video.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307">307</a> Animations included "flying bullets" where bullet points "flew" into the slide one by one, and some degree of Pen Computing support was included.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308">308</a>
"It added video-out to feed the new video projectors, with effects that could replace a bank of synchronized slide projectors. This version added fades, dissolves, and other transitions, as well as animation of text and pictures, and could incorporate video clips with synchronized audio."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309">309</a>
System requirements: (Windows) 286 PC or higher, Windows 3.1, 2 MB RAM. (Mac) Macintosh Plus or better, System 7 or higher, 4 MB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310">310</a>
PowerPoint 4.0
For Windows: February 1994;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311">311</a> for Mac: October 1994<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312">312</a>
Part of <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office/faD8vYG0">Microsoft Office for Windows 4.0</a> and <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office/faD8vYG0">Microsoft Office for Mac 4.2</a>. Innovations included: autolayouts, Word tables, rehearsal mode, hidden slides, and the "AutoContent Wizard".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313">313</a>
Introduced a standard "Microsoft Office" look and feel (shared with Word and Excel), with status bar, toolbars, tooltips. Full <a href="/facts/Object_Linking_and_Embedding/Eabu8Qnl">OLE</a> 2.0 with in-place activation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314">314</a>
System requirements: (Windows) 386 PC or higher, Windows 3.1, 8 MB RAM. (Mac) 68020 Mac or better, System 7 or higher, 8 MB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315">315</a>
PowerPoint 7.0
For Windows: July 1995<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316">316</a>
Part of <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_95/mkHtJFcV">Microsoft Office for Windows 95</a>. Innovations included: new animation effects, real curves and textures, black and white view, autocorrect, insert symbol, meeting support features such as "Meeting Minder".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317">317</a>
"A complete rewrite of the product from the ground up in C++, full object model with internal <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_for_Applications/aXrmxDlI">VBA</a> programmability".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318">318</a>
System requirements: (Windows) 386 DX PC or higher, Windows 95, 6 MB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319">319</a>
PowerPoint 8.0
For Windows: January 1997;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320">320</a> for Mac: March 1998<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321">321</a>
Part of <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_97/WcXLL1Jy">Microsoft Office for Windows 97</a> and <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_98_Macintosh_Edition/0qSfsP71">Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition</a>. Innovations included: "Office Assistant", file compression, save to HTML, "Pack and Go", "AutoClipArt", transparent GIFs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322">322</a>
System requirements: (Windows) 486 PC or higher, 8 MB RAM. (Mac) PowerPC Mac or better, 16 MB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323">323</a>
PowerPoint 9.0
For Windows: June 1999;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324">324</a> for Mac: August 2000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325">325</a>
Part of <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_2000/Q4o5qFsB">Microsoft Office for Windows 2000</a> and <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office/faD8vYG0">Microsoft Office for Mac 2001</a>. Innovations included: three-pane "browser" view (selectable list of slide miniatures or titles, large single slide, notes), autofit text, real tables, presentation conferencing, save to web, picture bullets, animated GIFs, aliased fonts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326">326</a>
System requirements: (Windows) Pentium 75MHz+, Windows 95 or higher, 20 MB RAM. (Mac) PowerPC Mac 120MHz+ or better, MacOS 8.5 or higher, minimum 48 MB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327">327</a>
PowerPoint 10.0
For Windows: May 2001;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328">328</a> for Mac: November 2001<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329">329</a>
Part of <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_XP/0b6wdv6A">Microsoft Office for Windows XP</a> and <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office/faD8vYG0">Microsoft Office for Mac v.X</a>. Innovations included: install from web, most clipart on web, use of Exchange and SharePoint for storage and collaboration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330">330</a>
System requirements: (Windows) Pentium III, Windows 98 or higher, 40 MB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331">331</a> (Mac) OS X 10.1 ("Puma") or later (will not run under OS 9).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332">332</a>
PowerPoint 11.0
For Windows: October 2003;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333">333</a> for Mac: June 2004;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334">334</a> for Mobile: May 2005<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335">335</a>
Part of <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_2003/wnwT6suV">Microsoft Office for Windows 2003</a> and <a href="/facts/Office_2004_for_Mac/EPvUC8oQ">Microsoft Office for Mac 2004</a>. Innovations included: tools visible to presenter during slide show (notes, thumbnails, time clock, re-order and edit slides), "Package for CD" to write presentation and viewer app to CD.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336">336</a> "Microsoft Producer for PowerPoint 2003" was a free plug-in from Microsoft, using a video camera, "that creates Web page presentations, with talking head narration, coordinated and timed to your existing PowerPoint presentation" for delivery over the web.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337">337</a> The Genigraphics software to send a presentation for imaging as 35mm slides was removed from this version.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338">338</a>
System requirements: (Windows) Pentium 233Mhz+, Windows 2000 with SP3 or later, 128 MB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339">339</a> (Mac) Power Mac G3 or better, OS X 10.2.8 or later, 256 MB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340">340</a>
PowerPoint 12.0
For Windows: January 2007;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341">341</a> for Mobile: September 2007;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342">342</a> for Mac: January 2008<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343">343</a>
Part of <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_2007/6qxbuGxr">Microsoft Office for Windows 2007</a> and <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_2008_for_Mac/nEz0AW6g">Microsoft Office for Mac 2008</a>. Innovations included: new user interface ("Office Fluent") employing a changeable "ribbon" of tools across the top to replace menus and toolbars, SmartArt graphics, many graphical improvements in text and drawing, improved "Presenter View" (from 2003), widescreen slide formats. The "AutoContent Wizard" was removed from this version.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344">344</a>
A major change in PowerPoint 2007 was from a binary file format, used from 1997 to 2003, to a new XML file format which evolved over further versions.
System requirements: (Windows) 500 MHz processor or higher, Windows XP with SP2 or later, 256 MB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345">345</a> (Mac) 500 MHz processor or higher, MacOS X 10.4.9 or later, 512 MB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346">346</a>
PowerPoint 14.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347">347</a>
For Windows: June 2010;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348">348</a> for Web: June 2010;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349">349</a> for Mobile: June 2010;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350">350</a> for Mac: November 2010,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351">351</a> for Symbian: April 2012<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352">352</a>
Part of <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_2010/BnBCXStu">Microsoft Office for Windows 2010</a> and <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_for_Mac_2011/4P0Uf1k1">Microsoft Office for Mac 2011</a>. Innovations included: Single document interface (SDI), sections within presentations, reading view, redesign of "Backstage" functions (under File menu), save as video, insert video from web, embed video and audio, enhanced editing for video and for pictures, broadcast slideshow.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353">353</a>
System requirements: (Windows) 500 MHz processor or higher, Windows XP with SP3 or later, 256 MB RAM, 512 MB RAM recommended for video.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354">354</a> (Mac) Intel processor, Mac OS X 10.5.8 or later, 1 GB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355">355</a>
PowerPoint 15.0
For Web: October 2012;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356">356</a> for Mobile: November 2012;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357">357</a> for Windows RT: November 2012;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358">358</a> for Windows: January 2013;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359">359</a> for iPhone: June 2013;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360">360</a> for Android: July 2013;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361">361</a> for Web: February 2014;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362">362</a> for iPad: March 2014;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363">363</a> for iOS: November 2014;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364">364</a> for Mac: July 2015<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365">365</a>
Part of <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_2013/l0RenlNG">Microsoft Office for Windows 2013</a> and <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_2016/RzVcqSU2">Microsoft Office for Mac 2016</a>. Innovations included: Change default slide shape to 16:9 aspect ratio, online collaboration by multiple authors, user interface redesigned for multi-touch screens, improved audio, video, animations, and transitions, further changes to Presenter View. Clipart collections (and insertion tool) were removed, but available online.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366">366</a> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367">367</a>
System requirements: (Windows) 1 GHz processor or faster, x86- or x64-bit processor with SSE2 instruction set, Windows 7 or later, 1 GB RAM (32-bit), 2 GB RAM (64-bit).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368">368</a> (Mac) Intel processor, Mac OS X 10.10 or later, 4 GB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369">369</a>
PowerPoint 16.0
For Android: June 2015;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370">370</a> for Mobile: July 2015;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371">371</a> for iOS: July 2015;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372">372</a> for Windows: September 2015;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373">373</a> and Windows Store: January 2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374">374</a>
Part of <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_2016/RzVcqSU2">Microsoft Office for Windows 2016</a>. Innovations included: "Tell me" to search for program controls, "PowerPoint Designer" pane, Morph transition, real-time collaboration, "Zoom" to slides or sections in slideshow,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375">375</a> and "Presentation Translator" for real-time translation of a presenter's spoken words to on-screen captions in any of 60+ languages, with the system analyzing the text of the PowerPoint presentation as context to increase the accuracy and relevance of the translations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376">376</a> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377">377</a>
System requirements: (Windows) 1 GHz processor or faster, x86- or x64-bit processor with SSE2 instruction set, Windows 7 with SP 1 or later, 2 GB RAM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378">378</a>
<h2 id="file-formats">File formats</h2>

<h3>Binary (1987–2007)</h3>
Early versions of PowerPoint, from 1987 through 1995 (versions 1.0 through 7.0), evolved through a sequence of binary file formats, different in each version, as functionality was added.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379">379</a> This set of formats were never documented, but an open-source libmwaw (used by <a href="/facts/LibreOffice/MInj5kF7">LibreOffice</a>) exists to read them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380">380</a>
A stable binary format (called a .ppt file, like all earlier binary formats) that was shared as the default in PowerPoint 97 through PowerPoint 2003 for Windows, and in PowerPoint 98 through PowerPoint 2004 for Mac (that is, in PowerPoint versions 8.0 through 11.0) was finally created. It was based on the <a href="/facts/Compound_File_Binary_Format/7D9qushB">Compound File Binary Format</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381">381</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382">382</a> The specification document is actively maintained and can be freely downloaded,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383">383</a> because, although no longer the default, that binary format can be read and written by some later versions of PowerPoint, including PowerPoint 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384">384</a> After the stable binary format was adopted, versions of PowerPoint continued to be able to read and write differing file formats from earlier versions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385">385</a> But beginning with PowerPoint 2007 and PowerPoint 2008 for Mac (PowerPoint version 12.0), this was the only binary format available for saving; PowerPoint 2007 (version 12.0) no longer supported saving to binary file formats used earlier than PowerPoint 97 (version 8.0), ten years before.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386">386</a>
The ".pps" and ".ppsx" file extensions are technically the same as ".ppt" and ".pptx", except they are launched as presentation instead of for editing by default.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387">387</a>
Binary <a href="/facts/Filename_extension/cJgfAym4">filename extensions</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388">388</a>

<ul><li>.ppt, PowerPoint 97–2003 binary presentation</li>
<li>.pps, PowerPoint 97–2003 binary slide show</li>
<li>.pot, PowerPoint 97–2003 binary template</li></ul>
Binary <a href="/facts/Media_type/A31N5Fwj">media types</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389">389</a>

<ul><li>.ppt, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint</li>
<li>.pps, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint</li>
<li>.pot, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint</li></ul>
<h3>Office Open XML (since 2007)</h3>
The big change in PowerPoint 2007 and PowerPoint 2008 for Mac (PowerPoint version 12.0) was that the stable binary file format of 97–2003 was replaced as the default by a new <a href="/facts/Zip_(file_format)/qDrrYIB9">zipped</a> <a href="/facts/XML/clNgUfWk">XML</a>-based <a href="/facts/Office_Open_XML/294uNJrf">Office Open XML</a> format (.pptx files).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390">390</a> Microsoft's explanation of the benefits of the change included: smaller file sizes, up to 75% smaller than comparable binary documents; security, through being able to identify and exclude executable macros and personal data; less chance to be corrupted than binary formats; and easier interoperability for exchanging data among Microsoft and other business applications, all while maintaining backward compatibility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391">391</a>
XML <a href="/facts/Filename_extension/cJgfAym4">filename extensions</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392">392</a>

<ul><li>.pptx, PowerPoint 2007 XML presentation</li>
<li>.pptm, PowerPoint 2007 XML macro-enabled presentation</li>
<li>.ppsx, PowerPoint 2007 XML slide show</li>
<li>.ppsm, PowerPoint 2007 XML macro-enabled slide show</li>
<li>.ppam, PowerPoint 2007 XML add-in</li>
<li>.potx, PowerPoint 2007 XML template</li>
<li>.potm, PowerPoint 2007 XML macro-enabled template</li></ul>
XML <a href="/facts/Media_type/A31N5Fwj">media types</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393">393</a> 

<ul><li>.pptx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation</li>
<li>.pptm, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.presentation.macroEnabled.12</li>
<li>.ppsx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slideshow</li>
<li>.ppsm, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.slideshow.macroEnabled.12</li>
<li>.ppam, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.addin.macroEnabled.12</li>
<li>.potx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.template</li>
<li>.potm, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.template.macroEnabled.12</li></ul>
The specification for the new format was published as an <a href="/facts/Open_standard/RGvhGQVI">open standard</a>, <a href="/facts/ECMA-376/294uNJrf">ECMA-376</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394">394</a> through <a href="/facts/Ecma_International/HCbnIU6n">Ecma International</a> Technical Committee 45 (TC45).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395">395</a> The Ecma 376 standard was approved in December 2006, and was submitted for standardization through <a href="/facts/ISO%2fIEC_JTC_1%2fSC_34/vmSoAxln">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34</a> WG4 in early 2007. The <a href="/facts/Standardization_of_Office_Open_XML/eUypRd76">standardization process</a> was contentious.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396">396</a> It was approved as <a href="/facts/ISO%2fIEC_29500/294uNJrf">ISO/IEC 29500</a> in early 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397">397</a> Copies of the ISO/IEC standard specification are freely available, in two parts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398">398</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399">399</a> These define two related standards known as "Transitional" and "Strict". The two standards were progressively adopted by PowerPoint: PowerPoint version 12.0 (2007, 2008 for Mac) could read and write Transitional format, but could neither read nor write Strict format. PowerPoint version 14.0 (2010, 2011 for Mac) could read and write Transitional, and also read but not write Strict. PowerPoint version 15.0 and later (beginning 2013, 2016 for Mac) can read and write both Transitional and Strict formats. The reason for the two variants was explained by Microsoft:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400">400</a>

<blockquote> ... the participants in the ISO/IEC standardization process recognized two objectives with competing requirements. The first objective was for the Open XML standard to provide an XML-based file format that could fully support conversion of the billions of existing Office documents without any loss of features, content, text, layout, or other information, including embedded data. The second was to specify a file format that did not rely on Microsoft-specific data types. They created two variants of Open XML—Transitional, which supports previously-defined Microsoft-specific data types, and Strict, which does not rely on them. Prior versions of Office [that is, 2007] have supported reading and writing Transitional Open XML, and Office 2010 can read Strict Open XML documents. With the addition of write support for Strict Open XML, Office 2013 provides full support for both variants of Open XML.</blockquote>
The PowerPoint .pptx file format (called "<a href="/facts/PresentationML/294uNJrf">PresentationML</a>" for Presentation Markup Language) contains separate structures for all the complex parts of a PowerPoint presentation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401">401</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402">402</a> The specification documents run to over six thousand pages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403">403</a> Because of the widespread use of PowerPoint, the standardized file formats are considered important for the long-term access to digital documents in library collections and archives, according to the U.S. Library of Congress.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404">404</a>
PowerPoint 2013 and PowerPoint 2016 provide options to set default saving to ISO/IEC 29500 Strict format, but the initial default setting remains Transitional, for compatibility with legacy features incorporating binary data in existing documents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405">405</a> PowerPoint 2013 or PowerPoint 2016 will both open and save files in the former binary format (.ppt), for compatibility with older versions of the program (but not versions older than PowerPoint 97).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406">406</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407">407</a> In saving to older formats, these versions of PowerPoint will check to assure that no features have been introduced into the presentation which are incompatible with the older formats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408">408</a>
PowerPoint 2013 and 2016 will also save a presentation in many other file formats, including <a href="/facts/Portable_Document_Format/C9Mn1vYL">PDF</a> format, <a href="/facts/MPEG-4/6svV1w2H">MPEG-4</a> or <a href="/facts/Windows_Media_Video/dvIxao6b">WMV</a> video, as a sequence of single-picture files (using image formats including <a href="/facts/GIF/HfIBWrIC">GIF</a>, <a href="/facts/JPEG/HQ8QS3uB">JPEG</a>, <a href="/facts/Portable_Network_Graphics/mwgK6xw5">PNG</a>, <a href="/facts/TIFF/TjBJcLeT">TIFF</a>, and some older formats), and as a single presentation file in which all slides are replaced with pictures. PowerPoint will both open and save files in <a href="/facts/OpenDocument_technical_specification/sEhwbxQq">OpenDocument Presentation</a> format (ODP) for compatibility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409">409</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Microsoft_Office_password_protection/Bs07jDxU">Microsoft Office password protection</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/PowerPoint_Karaoke/P73fm0TW">PowerPoint Karaoke</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Web-based_slideshow/CE5aR5Ud">Web-based slideshow</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Reuss, Elke I.; Signer, Beat; Norrie, Moira C. (2008). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/175414">"PowerPoint Multimedia Presentations in Computer Science Education: What do Users Need?"</a>. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Usability & HCI for Education and Work (USAB 2008). Graz, Austria. pp. 281–298.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
<ul><li>Also available at: <a href="http://beatsigner.com/publications/reuss_USAB2008.pdf">[1]</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Lowenthal, Patrick R. (2009). <a href="http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/CUOnline/FacultySupport/Handbook/Documents/Chapter_12.pdf">"Improving the Design of PowerPoint Presentations"</a> (PDF). In Lowenthal, Patrick R.; Thomas, David; Thai, Anna; Yuhnke, Brian (eds.). The CU Online Handbook 2009. University of Colorado Denver. pp. 61–66.</li>
<li>Kalyuga, Slava; Chandler, Paul; Sweller, John (2004). "When Redundant On-Screen Text in Multimedia Technical Instruction Can Interfere With Learning". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 46 (3): 567–581. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1518%2Fhfes.46.3.567.50405">10.1518/hfes.46.3.567.50405</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15573552">15573552</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6992108">6992108</a>.
<ul><li>Also available at: <a href="http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~s1000brains/rswork/dokuwiki/media/redundant_on_screen_text_in_multimedia_instruction_can_interfere_with_learning.pdf">[2]</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028120546/https://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~s1000brains/rswork/dokuwiki/media/redundant_on_screen_text_in_multimedia_instruction_can_interfere_with_learning.pdf">Archived</a> October 28, 2020, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> (Feb 2015).</li></ul></li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Microsoft Office/Creating and Editing a Presentation

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microsoft PowerPoint.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Microsoft PowerPoint.

<ul><li><a href="http://office.microsoft.com/PowerPoint">Official website</a> </li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Microsoft PowerPoint". Encyclopaedia Britannica. November 25, 2013. Archived from the original on October 8, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2017. Microsoft PowerPoint, virtual presentation software developed by Robert Gaskins, Tom Rudkin and Dennis Austin for the American computer software company Forethought, Inc. The program, initially named Presenter, was released for the Apple Macintosh in 1987. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/Microsoft-PowerPoint" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/Microsoft-PowerPoint</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Microsoft PowerPoint". Encyclopaedia Britannica. November 25, 2013. Archived from the original on October 8, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2017. Microsoft PowerPoint, virtual presentation software developed by Robert Gaskins, Tom Rudkin and Dennis Austin for the American computer software company Forethought, Inc. The program, initially named Presenter, was released for the Apple Macintosh in 1987. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/Microsoft-PowerPoint" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/Microsoft-PowerPoint</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Microsoft PowerPoint". Encyclopaedia Britannica. November 25, 2013. Archived from the original on October 8, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2017. Microsoft PowerPoint, virtual presentation software developed by Robert Gaskins, Tom Rudkin and Dennis Austin for the American computer software company Forethought, Inc. The program, initially named Presenter, was released for the Apple Macintosh in 1987. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/Microsoft-PowerPoint" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/Microsoft-PowerPoint</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Mace, Scott (March 2, 1969). "Presentation Package Lets Users Control Look". InfoWorld. Vol. 9, no. 9. p. 5. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2017. The $395 program will be shipped to dealers on April 20, Forethought said. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1TAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Microsoft PowerPoint". Encyclopaedia Britannica. November 25, 2013. Archived from the original on October 8, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2017. Microsoft PowerPoint, virtual presentation software developed by Robert Gaskins, Tom Rudkin and Dennis Austin for the American computer software company Forethought, Inc. The program, initially named Presenter, was released for the Apple Macintosh in 1987. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/Microsoft-PowerPoint" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/Microsoft-PowerPoint</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Microsoft PowerPoint". Encyclopaedia Britannica. November 25, 2013. Archived from the original on October 8, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2017. ... in 1987 ... [i]n July of that year, the Microsoft Corporation, in its first significant software acquisition, purchased the rights to PowerPoint for $14 million. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/Microsoft-PowerPoint" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/Microsoft-PowerPoint</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Microsoft Buys Software Unit". Company News. New York Times. Vol. CXXXV, no. 46, 717. July 31, 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2017. ... the acquisition of Forethought is the first significant one for Microsoft, which is based in Redmond, Wash. Forethought would remain in Sunnyvale, giving Microsoft a Silicon Valley presence. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/31/business/company-news-microsoft-buys-software-unit.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/31/business/company-news-microsoft-buys-software-unit.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Microsoft Buys Software Unit". Company News. New York Times. Vol. CXXXV, no. 46, 717. July 31, 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2017. ... the acquisition of Forethought is the first significant one for Microsoft, which is based in Redmond, Wash. Forethought would remain in Sunnyvale, giving Microsoft a Silicon Valley presence. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/31/business/company-news-microsoft-buys-software-unit.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/31/business/company-news-microsoft-buys-software-unit.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Flynn, Laurie (June 19, 1989). "The Microsoft Office Bundles 4 Programs". InfoWorld. Vol. 11, no. 25. p. 37. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2017. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lzAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lzAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:12">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:14">"Microsoft PowerPoint". Encyclopaedia Britannica. November 25, 2013. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. PowerPoint was developed for business use but has wide applications elsewhere such as for schools and community organizations <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828152107/https://www.britannica.com/technology/Microsoft-PowerPoint" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170828152107/https://www.britannica.com/technology/Microsoft-PowerPoint</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:19">Gaskins, Robert (December 2007). "PowerPoint at 20: Back to Basics". Viewpoint. Communications of the ACM. 50 (12): 17. doi:10.1145/1323688.1323710. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 48306. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2015. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Gaskins, Robert (December 2007). "PowerPoint at 20: Back to Basics". Viewpoint. Communications of the ACM. 50 (12): 17. doi:10.1145/1323688.1323710. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 48306. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2015. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Gaskins, Robert (December 2007). "PowerPoint at 20: Back to Basics". Viewpoint. Communications of the ACM. 50 (12): 17. doi:10.1145/1323688.1323710. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 48306. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2015. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Austin, Dennis (2001). "PowerPoint Version Timeline (to PowerPoint 7.0, 1995)" (PDF). GBU Wizards of Menlo Park. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2017. <a href="http://www.gbuwizards.com/files/powerpoint-timeline-to-1995-dennis-austin.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.gbuwizards.com/files/powerpoint-timeline-to-1995-dennis-austin.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Compare PowerPoint features on different platforms". Microsoft Support. April 19, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022. <a href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/compare-powerpoint-features-on-different-platforms-90986850-227c-4b25-938e-1c5838166b8b" target="_blank">https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/compare-powerpoint-features-on-different-platforms-90986850-227c-4b25-938e-1c5838166b8b</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Gomes, Lee (June 20, 2007). "PowerPoint Turns 20, As Its Creators Ponder A Dark Side to Success". Portals. Wall Street Journal. Vol. CCXLIX, no. 143 (US ed.). p. B1. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2017. PowerPoint's two creators ... Robert Gaskins was the visionary entrepreneur ... with major programming done by Dennis Austin, an old chum ... . <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118228116940840904" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118228116940840904</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Brock, David C. (October 31, 2017). "The Improbable Origins of PowerPoint". History. IEEE Spectrum. 54 (11) (published November 2, 2017): 42–49. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2017.8093800. ISSN 0018-9235. S2CID 27013411. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017. PowerPoint was not at all in their original plan. ... [the founders] Pohlman and Campbell's idea was to bring a graphical-software environment like the Xerox Alto's to the hugely popular but graphically challenged [IBM] PC. ... Rather than liquidate the firm, management and investors decided to "restart" Forethought ... . <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-improbable-origins-of-powerpoint" target="_blank">https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-improbable-origins-of-powerpoint</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Brock, David C. (October 31, 2017). "The Improbable Origins of PowerPoint". History. IEEE Spectrum. 54 (11) (published November 2, 2017): 42–49. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2017.8093800. ISSN 0018-9235. S2CID 27013411. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017. ... Forethought began to develop a software product of its own. This new effort was the brainchild of Robert Gaskins, an accomplished computer scientist who'd been hired to lead Forethought's product development. <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-improbable-origins-of-powerpoint" target="_blank">https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-improbable-origins-of-powerpoint</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Gaskins, Robert (August 14, 1984). "Presentation Graphics for Overhead Projection" (PDF). PowerPoint History Documents. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 6, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Austin, Dennis (2009). "Beginnings of PowerPoint: A Personal Technical Story" (PDF). Computer History Museum, Archive. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2017. In October ...I joined Forethought ... . <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112105359/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/06/102745695-01-acc.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141112105359/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/06/102745695-01-acc.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Austin, Dennis; Gaskins, Robert (August 21, 1985). "Presenter [PowerPoint] Design" (PDF). PowerPoint History Documents. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2015. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Foster, Edward (July 1, 1985). "Microsoft Ships Windows: Once Written Off Because of Delays, Windows Now Seen as a Contender Against Topview". News, Software. InfoWorld. Vol. 7, no. 26. p. 17. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. 'We're quite happy to have people know our plan is to leverage our Mac experience with Microsoft Windows,' says Robert Gaskins, vice president of development. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EC8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EC8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Trower, Tandy (November 20, 2010). "The Secret Origin of Windows". Technologizer. Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2017. Windows 1.0 shipped on November 20th, 1985 <a href="/wiki/Tandy_Trower" target="_blank">/wiki/Tandy_Trower</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Gaskins, Robert (June 27, 1986). "Presenter [PowerPoint] Product Marketing Analysis" (PDF). PowerPoint History Documents. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Gaskins, Robert (July 15, 1986). "Presenter [PowerPoint] New Product Summary and Review" (PDF). PowerPoint History Documents. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Austin, Dennis; Rudkin, Thomas; Gaskins, Robert (May 22, 1986). "Presenter [PowerPoint] Specification" (PDF). PowerPoint History Documents. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Gaskins, Robert (August 13, 2012). "PowerPoint at 25: Conversation with Robert Gaskins" (Interview). Interviewed by Geetesh Bajaj. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Ranney, Elizabeth (May 5, 1986). "Apple Proceeding With Strategic Investment Plans". "Just Heard" column. InfoWorld. Vol. 8, no. 18. p. 3. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2017. [Strategic Investment Group head Dan] Eilers stressed ... 'we are going to make minority investments in companies that add value to Apple computers and thereby increase the sales of Apple computers over time.' <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:42">Gaskins, Robert (May 25, 1987). "Forethought Restart Completed (A Brief History)" (PDF). PowerPoint History Documents. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017. We completed PowerPoint so as to ship it on schedule on April 20. By early May, we had shipped about $1,000,000 worth of PowerPoint and exhausted the first printing of 10,000 copies. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Microsoft Corporation (April 8, 2010). "The History of Microsoft—The Jeff Raikes Story, Part Two". Channel9 videos, Microsoft Developer Network. 05:42 to 07:18. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jeff Raikes talks ... about having an idea in 1987 for a presentation product before discovering Forethought, which had a product called PowerPoint. A transcript of the relevant section is also available.
 <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-jeff-raikes-story-part-two" target="_blank">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-jeff-raikes-story-part-two</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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 <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-jeff-raikes-story-part-two" target="_blank">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-jeff-raikes-story-part-two</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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 <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-jeff-raikes-story-part-two" target="_blank">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-jeff-raikes-story-part-two</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:56">Parker, Rachel (August 3, 1987). "Microsoft Acquires Forethought, Publisher of PowerPoint Package". News. InfoWorld. Vol. 9, no. 31. p. 8. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2017. The Forethought group will become Microsoft's Graphics Business Unit, forming a permanent Microsoft development and marketing facility in Sunnyvale, California. With a site in California, Microsoft hopes to recruit programmers who might not want to relocate to Washington, [Microsoft president Jon] Shirley said. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1zsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Keefe, Patricia (August 3, 1987). "Microsoft buys Forethought". Computerworld. p. 81. Retrieved November 1, 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oNqVCaMq9mUC&lpg=PP101&pg=PP101#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=oNqVCaMq9mUC&lpg=PP101&pg=PP101#v=onepage&q&f=false</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Parker, Rachel (August 3, 1987). "Microsoft Acquires Forethought, Publisher of PowerPoint Package". News. InfoWorld. Vol. 9, no. 31. p. 8. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2017. The Forethought group will become Microsoft's Graphics Business Unit, forming a permanent Microsoft development and marketing facility in Sunnyvale, California. With a site in California, Microsoft hopes to recruit programmers who might not want to relocate to Washington, [Microsoft president Jon] Shirley said. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1zsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Gaskins, Robert (August 8, 1988). "Results of Microsoft's Graphics Business Unit after Our First Year" (PDF). PowerPoint History Documents (Microsoft Memo). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Gaskins, Robert (August 8, 1988). "Results of Microsoft's Graphics Business Unit after Our First Year" (PDF). PowerPoint History Documents (Microsoft Memo). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Pournelle, Jerry (January 1989). "To the Stars". BYTE. Vol. 14, no. 1. p. 120. ISSN 0360-5280. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017. I'll just say that if you're in the business of putting on briefings and otherwise making presentations, you might want to seriously contemplate getting a Mac II just so you can use this program; it's that good. Highly recommended. <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle" target="_blank">/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Borzo, Jeanette (May 18, 1992). "PowerPoint users pleased by changes". InfoWorld. Vol. 14, no. 20. IDG. p. 15. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2017. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XlEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XlEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Gaskins, Robert (August 8, 1988). "Results of Microsoft's Graphics Business Unit after Our First Year" (PDF). PowerPoint History Documents (Microsoft Memo). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2017. We have learned a tremendous number of technical insights through working with the Genigraphics engineering group ... . <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Gaskins, Robert (December 2007). "PowerPoint at 20: Back to Basics". Viewpoint. Communications of the ACM. 50 (12): 15–17. doi:10.1145/1323688.1323710. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 48306. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017. The first three versions are described in the sidebar, "Presentation Formats and PowerPoint," p. 17. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Flynn, Laurie (June 19, 1989). "The Microsoft Office Bundles 4 Programs". InfoWorld. Vol. 11, no. 25. p. 37. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2017. A special promotion announced last week by Microsoft Corp. enables Macintosh customers to buy four of the company's business applications at a 35 percent discount. The special edition, called The Microsoft Office, includes Word 4.0, Excel 2.2, PowerPoint 2.01, and Mail 1.37. The package sells for $849; if purchased separately, the programs would cost $1,310, the company said. The promotion is available until the end of the year. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lzAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lzAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Johnston, Stuart J. (October 1, 1990). "Office for Windows Bundles Popular Microsoft Applications". InfoWorld. Vol. 12, no. 40. p. 16. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Microsoft last week announced the release of The Microsoft Office for Windows, which bundles three of the company's popular Windows applications—Word, Excel, and PowerPoint—for significantly less than they would cost separately. The product brings to the Windows environment basically the equivalent of The Microsoft Office for Macintosh, which was announced a year ago. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VTwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT17" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VTwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT17</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Flynn, Laurie (June 19, 1989). "The Microsoft Office Bundles 4 Programs". InfoWorld. Vol. 11, no. 25. p. 37. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2017. A special promotion announced last week by Microsoft Corp. enables Macintosh customers to buy four of the company's business applications at a 35 percent discount. The special edition, called The Microsoft Office, includes Word 4.0, Excel 2.2, PowerPoint 2.01, and Mail 1.37. The package sells for $849; if purchased separately, the programs would cost $1,310, the company said. The promotion is available until the end of the year. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lzAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lzAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Johnston, Stuart J. (October 1, 1990). "Office for Windows Bundles Popular Microsoft Applications". InfoWorld. Vol. 12, no. 40. p. 16. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Microsoft last week announced the release of The Microsoft Office for Windows, which bundles three of the company's popular Windows applications—Word, Excel, and PowerPoint—for significantly less than they would cost separately. The product brings to the Windows environment basically the equivalent of The Microsoft Office for Macintosh, which was announced a year ago. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VTwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT17" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VTwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT17</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Austin, Dennis (2001). "PowerPoint Version Timeline (to PowerPoint 7.0, 1995)" (PDF). GBU Wizards of Menlo Park. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2017. <a href="http://www.gbuwizards.com/files/powerpoint-timeline-to-1995-dennis-austin.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.gbuwizards.com/files/powerpoint-timeline-to-1995-dennis-austin.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Microsoft Corporation (March 1993). "New PowerPoint 3.0. Because powerful tools make powerful presentations". MacWorld (advertisement). Vol. 10, no. 3. pp. BA1–BA2 (inside front cover spread). ISSN 0741-8647. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2017. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/MacWorld_9303_March_1993#page/n1/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/MacWorld_9303_March_1993#page/n1/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">"Microsoft Office now has Mail, PowerPoint". Pipeline. InfoWorld. Vol. 14, no. 35. August 31, 1992. p. 15. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2017. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EVEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EVEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Gates, Bill (February 19, 1991). "Market Share of Applications in the United States" (PDF). Slated Antitrust (scanned court evidence files) (Microsoft Memo). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" target="_blank">/wiki/Bill_Gates</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">S&P Global Market Intelligence (2017). "Executive Profile: Vijay R. Vashee". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017. From 1982 ... Mr. Vashee served in various senior marketing, product management and executive positions at Microsoft. ... and as the General Manager for PowerPoint from 1992 to 1997 ... played a key role in the integration of PowerPoint into the Microsoft Office suite. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=1123010&privcapId=1217370" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=1123010&privcapId=1217370</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Austin, Dennis (2001). "PowerPoint Version Timeline (to PowerPoint 7.0, 1995)" (PDF). GBU Wizards of Menlo Park. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2017. <a href="http://www.gbuwizards.com/files/powerpoint-timeline-to-1995-dennis-austin.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.gbuwizards.com/files/powerpoint-timeline-to-1995-dennis-austin.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Fridlund, Alan (June 6, 1994). "PowerPoint 4.0 makes it into the big time". Reviews. InfoWorld. Vol. 16, no. 23. pp. 95–98. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2017. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hzgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA95" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=hzgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA95</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Lassesen, Ken (October 17, 1995). "Using Microsoft OLE Automation Servers to Develop Solutions" (PDF). Archive of Articles from MSDN Technology Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Note that version 7.0 of a product is the same as a '95' designation, for example, Microsoft Excel 95 is the same as Microsoft Excel version 7.0. <a href="http://www.lassesen.com/msdn/using%20microsoft%20ole%20automation%20servers%20to%20develop%20solutions.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.lassesen.com/msdn/using%20microsoft%20ole%20automation%20servers%20to%20develop%20solutions.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Microsoft (May 2006). "Developer Overview of the User Interface for the 2007 Microsoft Office System". Microsoft Developer Network. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa338198(v=office.12).aspx" target="_blank">https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa338198(v=office.12).aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Gaskins, Robert (August 17, 2007). "Microsoft's 20-year PPT party". Robert Gaskins Home Page. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Microsoft (2017). "What's New in PowerPoint 2016 for Windows". Microsoft Support. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017. <a href="https://support.office.com/en-us/article/What-s-new-in-PowerPoint-2016-for-Windows-e8ef980c-5b12-4fff-ae3f-0819e6a21a1f" target="_blank">https://support.office.com/en-us/article/What-s-new-in-PowerPoint-2016-for-Windows-e8ef980c-5b12-4fff-ae3f-0819e6a21a1f</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">"Microsoft Careers: Senior Software Engineer (Job #1064262)". Microsoft Silicon Valley. August 17, 2017. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017. Come join the PowerPoint team ... in the heart of the Silicon Valley in Mountain View, CA. The PowerPoint team has the responsibility for the design, implementation, and testing ... . <a href="https://careers.microsoft.com/jobdetails.aspx?ss=&pg=0&so=&rw=1&jid=305962&jlang=EN&pp=SS" target="_blank">https://careers.microsoft.com/jobdetails.aspx?ss=&pg=0&so=&rw=1&jid=305962&jlang=EN&pp=SS</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Microsoft Corp. (January 10, 2008). "Microsoft Announces Retirement and Transition Plan for Jeff Raikes, President of the Microsoft Business Division". Microsoft News Center. Archived from the original on November 28, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2017. MBD has grown to include ... the Microsoft Office system ... . <a href="http://news.microsoft.com/2008/01/10/microsoft-announces-retirement-and-transition-plan-for-jeff-raikes-president-of-the-microsoft-business-division/" target="_blank">http://news.microsoft.com/2008/01/10/microsoft-announces-retirement-and-transition-plan-for-jeff-raikes-president-of-the-microsoft-business-division/</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Microsoft Corporation (April 8, 2010). "The History of Microsoft—The Jeff Raikes Story, Part Two". Channel9 videos, Microsoft Developer Network. 05:42 to 07:18. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jeff Raikes talks ... about having an idea in 1987 for a presentation product before discovering Forethought, which had a product called PowerPoint. A transcript of the relevant section is also available.
 <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-jeff-raikes-story-part-two" target="_blank">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-jeff-raikes-story-part-two</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. Rounded unit sales figures are from the revenue tables (p. 403) adjusted to calendar years (p. 170) with the transfer pricing indicated (p. 182). <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Reimer, Jeremy (December 14, 2005). "Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2017. ... the IBM PC platform ... an 84% share in 1990. The Macintosh stabilized at about 6% market share ... . <a href="https://arstechnica.com/features/2005/12/total-share" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/features/2005/12/total-share</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">"Egghead Software Sales: ... Graphics/DOS". InfoWorld. Vol. 11, no. 1. January 2, 1989. p. 32. ISSN 0199-6649. Retrieved September 9, 2017. Graphics/DOS ... 1 Harvard Graphics (Software Publishing), 2 Freelance + (Lotus) ... . Alt URL <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT33" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=uzsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT33</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Watt, Peggy (January 27, 1986). "Software Publishing adds graphic package to Harvard line". Computerworld. Vol. XX, no. 4. IDG Communications. p. 10. ISSN 0010-4841. Archived from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017. ... graphics presentation program, Harvard Presentation Graphics, introduced last week. ... will be available in March ... . <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=33QfOHT69aMC&pg=PA10" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=33QfOHT69aMC&pg=PA10</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Schemenaur, PJ (October 27, 1986). "Lotus to Unveil Revision of Freelance". InfoWorld. Vol. 8, no. 43. p. 3. ISSN 0199-6649. Retrieved September 9, 2017. ... Freelance Plus, the first new release of Freelance since Lotus acquired the graphics package from Graphics Communications Inc. in June. Alt URL <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mTwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mTwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Howard, Bill; Kunkel, Gerard (September 27, 1988). "More Than Meets the Eye: Designing Great Graphics". PC Magazine. Vol. 7, no. 16. Ziff Davis. p. 95. ISSN 0888-8507. Retrieved September 8, 2017. Harvard Graphics gained the top spot this year, and now outsells Freelance Plus by a three-to-two margin. Alt URL <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UenCawr7OowC&pg=PA95" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UenCawr7OowC&pg=PA95</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">"Designing Great Graphics: Desktop Solutions". PC Magazine. Vol. 7, no. 16. Ziff Davis. September 27, 1988. pp. 109–179. ISSN 0888-8507. Retrieved September 8, 2017. 18 ... software packages reviewed ... . Alt URL <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UenCawr7OowC&pg=PA109" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UenCawr7OowC&pg=PA109</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Parker, Rachel (August 3, 1987). "Microsoft Acquires Forethought, Publisher of PowerPoint Package". News. InfoWorld. Vol. 9, no. 31. p. 8. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2017. [Microsoft president Jon] Shirley ... said that Microsoft has no firm plans currently to develop an MS-DOS version of PowerPoint. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1zsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Microsoft Corporation (April 8, 2010). "The History of Microsoft—The Jeff Raikes Story, Part Two". Channel9 videos, Microsoft Developer Network. 05:42 to 07:18. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jeff Raikes talks ... about having an idea in 1987 for a presentation product before discovering Forethought, which had a product called PowerPoint. A transcript of the relevant section is also available.
 <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-jeff-raikes-story-part-two" target="_blank">https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-jeff-raikes-story-part-two</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. Rounded unit sales figures are from the revenue tables (p. 403) adjusted to calendar years (p. 170) with the transfer pricing indicated (p. 182). <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. Rounded unit sales figures are from the revenue tables (p. 403) adjusted to calendar years (p. 170) with the transfer pricing indicated (p. 182). <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. Rounded unit sales figures are from the revenue tables (p. 403) adjusted to calendar years (p. 170) with the transfer pricing indicated (p. 182). <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" target="_blank">/wiki/John_J._McCusker</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. Rounded unit sales figures are from the revenue tables (p. 403) adjusted to calendar years (p. 170) with the transfer pricing indicated (p. 182). <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Gates, Bill (August 16, 1993). "Free market economics—not intervention—drives innovation". Letters to the Editor. InfoWorld. Vol. 15, no. 33. p. 44. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2017. Data from the Software Publishers Association and other sources show that in 1992, while overall sales of application products grew only 12 percent, sales of Windows-based applications grew by nearly 100 percent. At least a dozen companies besides Microsoft have sold more than 1 million units of Windows applications. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" target="_blank">/wiki/Bill_Gates</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. Rounded unit sales figures are from the revenue tables (p. 403) adjusted to calendar years (p. 170) with the transfer pricing indicated (p. 182). <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. Rounded unit sales figures are from the revenue tables (p. 403) adjusted to calendar years (p. 170) with the transfer pricing indicated (p. 182). <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. Rounded unit sales figures are from the revenue tables (p. 403) adjusted to calendar years (p. 170) with the transfer pricing indicated (p. 182). <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:104">Gaskins, Robert (December 2007). "PowerPoint at 20: Back to Basics". Viewpoint. Communications of the ACM. 50 (12): 15–17. doi:10.1145/1323688.1323710. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 48306. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2017. The first three versions are described in the sidebar, "Presentation Formats and PowerPoint," p. 17. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Gaskins, Robert (December 2007). "PowerPoint at 20: Back to Basics". Viewpoint. Communications of the ACM. 50 (12): 15–17. doi:10.1145/1323688.1323710. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 48306. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2017. The first three versions are described in the sidebar, "Presentation Formats and PowerPoint," p. 17. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:130">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017. <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:132">Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. Rounded unit sales figures are from the revenue tables (p. 403) adjusted to calendar years (p. 170) with the transfer pricing indicated (p. 182). <a href="978-0-9851424-0-7" target="_blank">978-0-9851424-0-7</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">Ziff Davis Market Intelligence (September 1998). "The 800-Pound Gorilla of the Presentation Market". Mobile Computing and Communications. 9 (9): 95. ISSN 1047-1952. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2017. ... in 1997, without question the market leader was Microsoft Corp.'s PowerPoint, which sold more than 4 million copies and controls 85 percent of the market. Additional archives: August 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.webcitation.org/6bxj2eryp?url=https://filetea.me/t1sEVBHlotISPCAVUKpeg2F5A" target="_blank">https://www.webcitation.org/6bxj2eryp?url=https://filetea.me/t1sEVBHlotISPCAVUKpeg2F5A</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">Gaskins, Robert (October 2016). "The Man Who Invented PowerPoint". Bento (Interview) (7). Interviewed by Clay Chandler. Hult International Business School. Archived from the original on September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017. PowerPoint succeeded so quickly because it spread rapidly by viral transmission from user to user ... every time early adopters used our product effectively, they demonstrated its value to other potential customers. PowerPoint made it especially easy for colleagues within the same company to share materials and incorporate one another's slides into their presentations with automatic formatting. This created networks of cooperation that benefited everyone. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Gerstner, Louis V. Jr. (2002). Who Says Elephants Can't Dance? Inside IBM's Historic Turnaround. HarperCollins. p. 43. ISBN 978-0060523794. [Gerstner:] By that afternoon an email about my hitting the Off button on the overhead projector was crisscrossing the world. Talk about consternation! It was as if the President of the United States had banned the use of English at White House meetings. <a href="978-0060523794" target="_blank">978-0060523794</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:141">Guernsey, Lisa (May 31, 2001). "PowerPoint Invades the Classroom". Technology. New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017. PowerPoint—the must-have presentation software of the corporate world—has infiltrated the schoolhouse. In the coming weeks, students from 12th grade to, yes, kindergarten will finish science projects and polish end-of-the-year presentations on computerized slide shows ... . Software designed for business people has found an audience among the spiral notebook set. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/31/technology/31POWE.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/31/technology/31POWE.html</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">Levasseur, David G.; Sawyer, J. Kanan (August 19, 2006). "Pedagogy Meets PowerPoint: A Research Review of the Effects of Computer-Generated Slides in the Classroom". Review of Communication. 6 (1–2): 101–123. doi:10.1080/15358590600763383. ISSN 1535-8593. S2CID 144022054. Higher education has certainly not been immune from the growing influence of presentation software. ... Five years ago, none of our department's classrooms were equipped to show multimedia slides. At present, all of our classrooms have been upgraded with such technology, and faculty are actively encouraged to incorporate slides into their lectures. Our institution is certainly not alone in this trend. A large number of educators in the United States use PowerPoint in their classrooms ... [with 84 references to earlier studies]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">Pinker, Steven (June 10, 2010). "Mind Over Mass Media". Opinion Pages. New York Times (New York ed.). p. A31. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017. These days scientists ... cannot lecture without PowerPoint. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" target="_blank">/wiki/Steven_Pinker</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">"Making a Large Format Scientific Poster Using PowerPoint" (PDF). University of Montana. February 1, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2017. PowerPoint ... can do all the basics [using PowerPoint 2000]. <a href="http://www.umt.edu/ugresearch/documents/make_posters.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.umt.edu/ugresearch/documents/make_posters.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">Watson, Jeremy (August 12, 2005). "Presentation software—worship at the click of a mouse". BRNow.org. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017. According to LifeWay, 'Statistics show that around 90 percent of churches that show multimedia during worship use Microsoft PowerPoint.' <a href="http://www.brnow.org/Resources/Archives-2000-2007/August-2005/Presentation-software-worship-at-the-click-of-a-mo" target="_blank">http://www.brnow.org/Resources/Archives-2000-2007/August-2005/Presentation-software-worship-at-the-click-of-a-mo</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">Armstrong, Ken (December 23, 2014). "The Sneakiest Way Prosecutors Get a Guilty Verdict: PowerPoint". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2017. The use of sophisticated visuals in the courtroom has boomed in recent years, thanks to research on the power of show-and-tell. ... In one civil case in Los Angeles County, a plaintiff spent $60,000 on a PowerPoint slide show. <a href="https://www.wired.com/2014/12/prosecutors-powerpoint-presentations/" target="_blank">https://www.wired.com/2014/12/prosecutors-powerpoint-presentations/</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">Gordon, David (2015). "David Gordon Choral Supertitles". David Gordon Supertitles. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2017. ... supertitles are simple PowerPoint presentations, completely compatible with PCs or Macs. <a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(tenor)" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Gordon_(tenor)</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">Bortman, Henry (October 13, 2005). "Making a List, Checking It Twice". Astrobiology Magazine. NASA. ISSN 2152-1239. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017. ... They're mounted in the helmet so that when you turn and look, there's this little screen that shows the checklist. Now in this case, I've written the checklists and put them in PowerPoint, so we just launch a PowerPoint slide show. ... It's a real treat to use. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923193329/https://www.astrobio.net/moon-to-mars/making-a-list-checking-it-twice/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170923193329/https://www.astrobio.net/moon-to-mars/making-a-list-checking-it-twice/</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">Jaffe, Greg (April 26, 2000). "What's Your Point, Lieutenant? Please, Just Cut to the Pie Charts". A-Hed. Wall Street Journal (US ed.). p. A1. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017. Old-fashioned slide briefings, designed to update generals on troop movements, have been a staple of the military since World War II. But in only a few short years PowerPoint has altered the landscape. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB956703757412556977" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB956703757412556977</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">Pece, Gregory S. (May 10, 2005). The PowerPoint Society: The Influence of PowerPoint in the U.S. Government and Bureaucracy (M.A. Thesis). Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. hdl:10919/33029. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2017. The standard method for presenting information in the military and political establishments of the US government is through the projection of data in bullet style and/or graphical formats onto an illuminated screen, using some sort of first analogue, or now, digital media. Since the late 1990s, the most common and expected form of presentation is via the most commonly pre-installed software of presentation genre: Microsoft PowerPoint. This style of presentation has become the norm of communication ... . <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33029" target="_blank">http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33029</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">Powell, Colin (February 5, 2003). "Iraq: Failing to Disarm (U.S. Secretary of State Powell's Presentation to the UN Security Council)" (PDF). The National Security Archive (George Washington University). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" target="_blank">/wiki/Colin_Powell</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">Peterson, Scott (July 9, 2012). "Iran makes its nuclear case—with PowerPoint". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017. The complete set of PowerPoint slides that Iran used during a meeting with world powers are now public. <a href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0709/Iran-makes-its-nuclear-case-with-PowerPoint" target="_blank">https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0709/Iran-makes-its-nuclear-case-with-PowerPoint</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">Egan, Jennifer (2010). A Visit from the Goon Squad. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 176–251. ISBN 978-0-307-59283-5. <a href="978-0-307-59283-5" target="_blank">978-0-307-59283-5</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">Stark, David; Paravel, Verena (February 2007). PowerPoint Demonstrations: Digital Technologies of Persuasion (Working Paper 07-04) (Report). Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy, Columbia University. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2017. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237291359" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237291359</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">Kelly, Maureen (August 7, 2007). "Interactive Prototypes with PowerPoint". Boxes and Arrows. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2017. ... many designers ... use PowerPoint for blocking out screens without ever discovering the interactive features for creating hyperlinks, buttons, and dynamic mouseover effects. Yes, PowerPoint can do all that. <a href="http://boxesandarrows.com/interactive-prototypes-with-powerpoint/" target="_blank">http://boxesandarrows.com/interactive-prototypes-with-powerpoint/</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">Greenberg, Andy (May 11, 2010). "The Underground Art Of PowerPoint". Forbes. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2017. ... a subculture of PowerPoint enthusiasts is teaching the old application new tricks, and may even be turning a dry presentation format into a full-fledged artistic medium. <a href="/wiki/Andy_Greenberg" target="_blank">/wiki/Andy_Greenberg</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">"5 Ways to Use PowerPoint as an Image Editor". February 27, 2018. <a href="https://blogs.articulate.com/rapid-elearning/5-ways-to-use-powerpoint-as-an-image-editor/" target="_blank">https://blogs.articulate.com/rapid-elearning/5-ways-to-use-powerpoint-as-an-image-editor/</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">Vienne, Veronique (August 17, 2003). "David Byrne's Alternate PowerPoint Universe". Art/Architecture. New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2017. With his newest project, David Byrne has tried not only to see it [PowerPoint] anew, but also to use it in the least likely of all applications: a medium for creative expression. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/books/art-architecture-david-byrne-s-alternate-powerpoint-universe.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/books/art-architecture-david-byrne-s-alternate-powerpoint-universe.html</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">Columbia Accident Investigation Board; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2003). "7. The Accident's Organizational Causes" (PDF). Report Volume I. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-16-067904-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2017. At many points during its investigation, the Board was surprised to receive similar presentation slides from NASA officials in place of technical reports. The Board views the endemic use of PowerPoint briefing slides instead of technical papers as an illustration of the problematic methods of technical communication at NASA. <a href="978-0-16-067904-9" target="_blank">978-0-16-067904-9</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Duarte, Nancy (July 27, 2015). "Why I Write in PowerPoint". Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2017. Because PowerPoint is so modular, it allows me to block out major themes (potential sections or chapters) and quickly see if I can generate ample ideas to support them. ... Working in slides, as opposed to one long document, helps me focus on organizing before I really begin writing. I think of the slides as index cards or sticky notes that can be arranged and rearranged until I'm sure my thoughts are in the right order. As I write, I can easily toggle back and forth from 'Slide View' to 'Slide Sorter' to get a sense of the whole and the parts. <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Duarte" target="_blank">/wiki/Nancy_Duarte</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">Keller, Julia (January 22, 2003). "Is PowerPoint the Devil?" (PDF). Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017. <a href="http://www.rasmusen.org/g751/06d-readings/Keller_%20Is%20PowerPoint%20the%20devil_.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rasmusen.org/g751/06d-readings/Keller_%20Is%20PowerPoint%20the%20devil_.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">Farkas, David K. (2006). "Toward a better understanding of PowerPoint deck design" (PDF). Information Design Journal. 14 (2): 162–171. doi:10.1075/idj.14.2.08far. ISSN 0142-5471. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2017. <a href="https://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/FarkasTowardUnderstandingPPT.pdf" target="_blank">https://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/FarkasTowardUnderstandingPPT.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">Gaskins, Robert (April 20, 2012). "Comments on Dilbert's History of PowerPoint" (PDF). PowerPoint History Documents (Draft). p. 59. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2017. It took ten to fifteen years for PowerPoint to become an everyday topic of popular discourse. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaskins" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Gaskins</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">Norvig, Peter (January 2000). "The Gettysburg PowerPoint Presentation". Peter Norvig personal website. Archived from the original on November 9, 2000. Retrieved September 22, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Norvig" target="_blank">/wiki/Peter_Norvig</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">Norvig, Peter (2008). "The Making of the Gettysburg PowerPoint Presentation". Peter Norvig personal website. Archived from the original on December 30, 2008. Retrieved September 22, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Norvig" target="_blank">/wiki/Peter_Norvig</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">Radosh, Daniel (2003). "The PowerPoint Anthology of Literature". Daniel Radosh personal website. Archived from the original on July 10, 2006. Retrieved September 22, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Radosh" target="_blank">/wiki/Daniel_Radosh</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:167">"Search Results for 'kw:powerpoint' > '1987..2017' [WorldCat.org]". OCLC WorldCat Global Catalog. September 29, 2017. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2017. All Formats (66,169) ... Print book (23,696), eBook (3,475), Thesis/dissertation (1,078) ... Article (18,085) ... Video (3,537) ... <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=kw%3Apowerpoint&fq=yr%3A1987..2017+%3E&dblist=638" target="_blank">https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=kw%3Apowerpoint&fq=yr%3A1987..2017+%3E&dblist=638</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">Kaplan, Sarah (2011). "Strategy and PowerPoint: An Inquiry into the Epistemic Culture and Machinery of Strategy Making". Organization Science. 22 (2): 320–346. doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0531. ISSN 1047-7039. S2CID 37755593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:169">Tufte, Edward (2006) [1st ed. 2003, 24 pg.]. The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint: Pitching Out Corrupts Within (2nd ed.). Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press LLC. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-9613921-6-1. <a href="978-0-9613921-6-1" target="_blank">978-0-9613921-6-1</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">Atkinson, Cliff; Mayer, Richard E. (April 23, 2004). "Five ways to reduce PowerPoint overload" (PDF). ResearchGate. Revision 1.1. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Mayer" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_E._Mayer</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">Kosslyn, Stephen M. (2007). Clear and to the Point: Eight Psychological Principles for Compelling PowerPoint Presentations. Oxford University Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-19-532069-5. <a href="978-0-19-532069-5" target="_blank">978-0-19-532069-5</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">Tufte, Edward (December 2014). "Edward R. Tufte, Resume" (PDF). Edward Tufte personal website. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2017. 1.9 million copies of 4 books and 422,000 copies of 4 booklets printed from 1983–2014, and continuing. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" target="_blank">/wiki/Edward_Tufte</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">Tufte, Edward (2006) [1st ed. 2003, 24 pg.]. The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint: Pitching Out Corrupts Within (2nd ed.). Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press LLC. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-9613921-6-1. <a href="978-0-9613921-6-1" target="_blank">978-0-9613921-6-1</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Tufte, Edward (2006) [1st ed. 2003, 24 pg.]. The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint: Pitching Out Corrupts Within (2nd ed.). Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press LLC. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-9613921-6-1. <a href="978-0-9613921-6-1" target="_blank">978-0-9613921-6-1</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">Tufte, Edward (2006) [1st ed. 2003, 24 pg.]. The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint: Pitching Out Corrupts Within (2nd ed.). Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press LLC. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-9613921-6-1. <a href="978-0-9613921-6-1" target="_blank">978-0-9613921-6-1</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">Tufte, Edward (2006) [1st ed. 2003, 24 pg.]. The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint: Pitching Out Corrupts Within (2nd ed.). Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press LLC. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-9613921-6-1. <a href="978-0-9613921-6-1" target="_blank">978-0-9613921-6-1</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">Parks, Bob (August 30, 2012). "Death to PowerPoint!". Bloomberg Businessweek. ISSN 0007-7135. Archived from the original on March 12, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2017. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-08-30/death-to-powerpoint" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-08-30/death-to-powerpoint</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">Kernbach, Sebastian; Bresciani, Sabrina (July 16–18, 2013). "10 Years after Tufte's "Cognitive Style of Power Point": Synthesizing its Constraining Qualities". 10 Years after Tufte's "Cognitive Style of PowerPoint": Synthesizing its Constraining Qualities. Information Visualisation (IV), 2013 17th International Conference. London: IEEE. pp. 345–350. doi:10.1109/IV.2013.44. ISBN 978-1-4799-0834-9. Archived from the original on April 28, 2015. <a href="978-1-4799-0834-9" target="_blank">978-1-4799-0834-9</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">Zuckerman, Laurence (April 17, 1999). "Words Go Right to the Brain, But Can They Stir the Heart?; Some Say Popular Software Debases Public Speaking". New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 23, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/17/arts/words-go-right-brain-but-can-they-stir-heart-some-say-popular-software-debases.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/17/arts/words-go-right-brain-but-can-they-stir-heart-some-say-popular-software-debases.html</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">Feith, David (July 31, 2009). "Speaking Truth to PowerPoint". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2017. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204619004574318473921093400" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204619004574318473921093400</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">Kernbach, Sebastian; Bresciani, Sabrina (July 16–18, 2013). "10 Years after Tufte's "Cognitive Style of Power Point": Synthesizing its Constraining Qualities". 10 Years after Tufte's "Cognitive Style of PowerPoint": Synthesizing its Constraining Qualities. Information Visualisation (IV), 2013 17th International Conference. London: IEEE. pp. 345–350. doi:10.1109/IV.2013.44. ISBN 978-1-4799-0834-9. Archived from the original on April 28, 2015. Because every day a huge number of people meet to exchange ideas and make decisions with PowerPoint slides being displayed on the wall, investigating the tool is enormously important ... . Despite the pervasiveness of PowerPoint in our culture there have been few empirical studies and most of the non-empirical work is based on casual essays and informal anecdotal reviews which very often take a polemic and overall negative position on PowerPoint, rather than conducting formal scholarship. This lack of rigorous studies and empirical research is surprising given the enormous complexity and importance of the PowerPoint tool. <a href="978-1-4799-0834-9" target="_blank">978-1-4799-0834-9</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:182">"Richard Mayer". Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, faculty directory. 2017. Archived from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017. Dr. Mayer is concerned with how to present information in ways that help people understand, including how to use words and pictures to explain scientific and mathematical concepts. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170617030504/https://www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/mayer" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170617030504/https://www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/mayer</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:183">Atkinson, Cliff; Mayer, Richard E. (April 23, 2004). "Five ways to reduce PowerPoint overload" (PDF). ResearchGate. Revision 1.1. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Mayer" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_E._Mayer</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:184">Tufte, Edward (2006) [1st ed. 2003, 24 pg.]. The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint: Pitching Out Corrupts Within (2nd ed.). Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press LLC. pp. 4, 15. ISBN 978-0-9613921-6-1. very little information per slide ... the text is grossly impoverished .. the PowerPoint slide typically shows 40 words ... . <a href="978-0-9613921-6-1" target="_blank">978-0-9613921-6-1</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:185">Atkinson, Cliff; Mayer, Richard E. (April 23, 2004). "Five ways to reduce PowerPoint overload" (PDF). ResearchGate. Revision 1.1. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2017. ... it is conventional wisdom to put no more than six lines of text on a PowerPoint slide, six words per line. But that convention is no longer wise in the light of research that shows that even that amount of text on a slide can be a recipe for information overload. <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Mayer" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_E._Mayer</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:186">Atkinson, Cliff; Mayer, Richard E. (April 23, 2004). "Five ways to reduce PowerPoint overload" (PDF). ResearchGate. Revision 1.1. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2017. <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Mayer" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_E._Mayer</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:187">Gallo, Carmine (2009). The Presentation Secrets of Steve Jobs. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-163608-7. <a href="978-0-07-163608-7" target="_blank">978-0-07-163608-7</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:188">Gallo, Carmine (September 7, 2012). "Jeff Bezos and The End of PowerPoint As We Know It". Forbes. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved September 24, 2017. And no, Steve Jobs did not invent the style. He just happened to use it very effectively. <a href="/wiki/Carmine_Gallo" target="_blank">/wiki/Carmine_Gallo</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:289">Bell, Killian (July 18, 2012). "Microsoft Won't Bring Office 2013 To Mac ..." Cult of Mac. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2017. Microsoft confirmed to us that there is no Office for Mac 2013 release planned. <a href="https://www.cultofmac.com/179541/microsoft-wont-bring-office-2013-to-mac-but-it-will-add-skydrive-integration-to-office-2011/" target="_blank">https://www.cultofmac.com/179541/microsoft-wont-bring-office-2013-to-mac-but-it-will-add-skydrive-integration-to-office-2011/</a> <a href="#fnref:289" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:311">"Microsoft Corp. will start shipping PowerPoint 4.0". InfoWorld. Vol. 16, no. 7. IDG. February 14, 1994. p. 19. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2017. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DoEAAAAMBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7DoEAAAAMBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:311" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:312">Halper, Mark (August 1, 1994). "Native Microsoft suite coming for Power Mac". Computerworld. Vol. 28, no. 31. IDG. p. 15. ISSN 0010-4841. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2017. ... the forthcoming version of PowerPoint 4.0, which is part of Office 4.2. ... Microsoft said it is packaging separate ... versions for 68000-based Macintoshes and for newer PowerPC-based Power Macintoshes, all in one shrink-wrapped box. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEU4Qex5594C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mEU4Qex5594C</a> <a href="#fnref:312" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Microsoft PowerPoint open-in-new

Microsoft PowerPoint