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List of network protocols (OSI model)
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<h2 id="layer-1-physical-layer">Layer 1 (<a href="/facts/Physical_layer/WuATCrVw">physical layer</a>)</h2> <ul><li>Telephone network <a href="/facts/Modems/9H0Xwtq0">modems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Infrared_Data_Association/qf8bwPDD">IrDA</a> physical layer</li> <li><a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB</a> physical layer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Electronic_Industries_Alliance/CIxRjt05">EIA</a> <a href="/facts/RS-232/NCpvGuyq">RS-232</a>, <a href="/facts/EIA-422/le2rYC8T">EIA-422</a>, <a href="/facts/RS-423/T5xNBdT3">EIA-423</a>, <a href="/facts/RS-449/EWN90vFn">RS-449</a>, <a href="/facts/RS-485/YEABejzm">RS-485</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ethernet_physical_layer/xDwrgGXU">Ethernet physical layer</a> <a href="/facts/10BASE-T/2jRlgJb4">10BASE-T</a>, <a href="/facts/10BASE2/FfgUgSUz">10BASE2</a>, <a href="/facts/10BASE5/vxgB15fH">10BASE5</a>, <a href="/facts/100BASE-TX/YM5HjX0C">100BASE-TX</a>, <a href="/facts/100BASE-FX/YM5HjX0C">100BASE-FX</a>, <a href="/facts/1000BASE-T/1ItIoV2w">1000BASE-T</a>, <a href="/facts/1000BASE-SX/1ItIoV2w">1000BASE-SX</a> and other varieties</li> <li>Varieties of <a href="/facts/802.11/ryEGu6Vq">802.11</a> <a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">Wi-Fi</a> physical layers</li> <li><a href="/facts/Digital_subscriber_line/3pY5osov">DSL</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network/zcV99rUb">ISDN</a></li> <li>T1 and other <a href="/facts/T-carrier/tCsEdK72">T-carrier</a> links, and E1 and other <a href="/facts/E-carrier/h0MXcgXN">E-carrier</a> links</li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Telecommunication_Union/Yn8UKKkw">ITU</a> Recommendations: see <a href="/facts/ITU-T/9nJwkPYx">ITU-T</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IEEE_1394_interface/XYdQlxfy">IEEE 1394 interfaces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/TransferJet/eqyvgjwX">TransferJet</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Etherloop/uCrBxgKX">Etherloop</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ARINC_818/95PK7WDy">ARINC 818</a> Avionics Digital Video Bus</li> <li><a href="/facts/G.hn/Tf9P5x7s">G.hn</a>/<a href="/facts/G.9960/Tf9P5x7s">G.9960</a> physical layer</li> <li><a href="/facts/CAN_bus/EGxoS88W">CAN bus</a> (controller area network) physical layer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mobile_Industry_Processor_Interface/2ujIWUfQ">Mobile Industry Processor Interface</a> physical layer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Infrared/44XdJNcc">Infrared</a></li> <li>Frame Relay</li> <li>FO Fiber optics</li> <li><a href="/facts/X.25/yaGPqw2Y">X.25</a></li></ul> <h2 id="layer-2-data-link-layer">Layer 2 (<a href="/facts/Data_link_layer/K9yPufbt">data link layer</a>)</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/ARCnet/R7Cdkyse">ARCnet</a> Attached Resource Computer NETwork</li> <li><a href="/facts/Address_Resolution_Protocol/1QyKybkn">ARP</a> Address Resolution Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode/SzA8ewFL">ATM</a> Asynchronous Transfer Mode</li> <li><a href="/facts/Challenge-Handshake_Authentication_Protocol/N80U6AFs">CHAP</a> Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cisco_Discovery_Protocol/PtNxWMa5">CDP</a> Cisco Discovery Protocol</li> <li>DCAP Data Link Switching Client Access Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Distributed_Multi-Link_Trunking/n5D9HW90">Distributed Multi-Link Trunking</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Distributed_Split_Multi-Link_Trunking/n5D9HW90">Distributed Split Multi-Link Trunking</a></li> <li>DTP <a href="/facts/Dynamic_Trunking_Protocol/x7sennGm">Dynamic Trunking Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Econet/k9XP2CPH">Econet</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ethernet/nMfhU8tU">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fiber_distributed_data_interface/nowmb0ue">FDDI</a> Fiber Distributed Data Interface</li> <li><a href="/facts/Frame_Relay/bFdv0qIP">Frame Relay</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ITU-T/9nJwkPYx">ITU-T</a> <a href="/facts/G.hn/Tf9P5x7s">G.hn</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/High-Level_Data_Link_Control/aTndRUQ3">HDLC</a> High-Level Data Link Control</li> <li><a href="/facts/IEEE_802.11/ryEGu6Vq">IEEE 802.11</a> WiFi</li> <li><a href="/facts/IEEE_802.16/gQNlGXha">IEEE 802.16</a> WiMAX</li> <li><a href="/facts/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol/3BE3qHDT">LACP</a> Link Aggregation Control Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/LattisNet/JyKvtcl7">LattisNet</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LocalTalk/EaWtymmV">LocalTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/L2F/ftUo82mI">L2F</a> Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/L2TP/50sRGptx">L2TP</a> Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol/8EeXor0m">LLDP</a> Link Layer Discovery Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/LLDP-MED/8EeXor0m">LLDP-MED</a> Link Layer Discovery Protocol - Media Endpoint Discovery</li> <li><a href="/facts/Media_Access_Control/hFpNzFFD">MAC</a> Media Access Control</li> <li><a href="/facts/Message_Transfer_Part/tzNuwGfm">Q.710</a> Simplified <a href="/facts/Message_Transfer_Part/tzNuwGfm">Message Transfer Part</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Multi-link_trunking/n5D9HW90">Multi-link trunking</a> Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol/kEtX2uDb">NDP</a> Neighbor Discovery Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Port_Aggregation_Protocol/usH7RW40">PAgP</a> - Cisco Systems proprietary link aggregation protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Point-to-Point_Protocol/XLaU6D71">PPP</a> Point-to-Point Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Point-to-point_tunneling_protocol/jYb3uG0Y">PPTP</a> Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Password_Authentication_Protocol/YzWIg2yr">PAP</a> Password Authentication Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Resilient_Packet_Ring/VYcq0dVd">RPR</a> IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring</li> <li><a href="/facts/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocol/oqUaoA0f">SLIP</a> Serial Line Internet Protocol (obsolete)</li> <li><a href="/facts/StarLAN/o6bo5pWW">StarLAN</a></li> <li>Space Data Link Protocol, one of the norms for Space Data Link from the <a href="/facts/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems/4IWDUAvL">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Spanning_Tree_Protocol/ofHHMBuM">STP</a> Spanning Tree Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Split_multi-link_trunking/n5D9HW90">Split multi-link trunking</a> Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Token_Ring/mfQj6GSx">Token Ring</a> a protocol developed by IBM; the name can also be used to describe the <a href="/facts/Token_passing/9cw7bA4f">token passing</a> ring logical topology that it popularized.</li> <li>Virtual Extended Network (VEN) a protocol developed by iQuila.</li> <li><a href="/facts/VTP/lsg00Vd3">VTP</a> VLAN Trunking Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/VLAN/QhdJNaWX">VLAN</a> Virtual Local Area Network</li></ul> <h2 id="network-topology">Network Topology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode/SzA8ewFL">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</a> (ATM)</li> <li><a href="/facts/IS-IS/zaNkSwhW">IS-IS</a>, Intermediate System - Intermediate System (OSI)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Shortest_Path_Bridging/xslEBCKB">SPB</a> Shortest Path Bridging</li> <li><a href="/facts/Message_Transfer_Part/tzNuwGfm">MTP</a> Message Transfer Part</li> <li><a href="/facts/Signalling_Connection_Control_Part/I2srA0lK">NSP</a> Network Service Part</li> <li><a href="/facts/TRILL/7lHM52Xe">TRILL</a> (TRansparent Interconnection of Lots of Links)</li></ul> <h2 id="layer-25">Layer 2.5</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Address_Resolution_Protocol/1QyKybkn">ARP</a> Address Resolution Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Multiprotocol_Label_Switching/k7cx1PWw">MPLS</a> Multiprotocol Label Switching</li> <li><a href="/facts/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet/dSfSRACH">PPPoE</a> Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet</li> <li><a href="/facts/Transparent_Inter-process_Communication/0At90kGo">TIPC</a> Transparent Inter-process Communication</li></ul> <h2 id="layer-3-network-layer">Layer 3 (<a href="/facts/Network_layer/L2jAtJzQ">Network Layer</a>)</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/CLNP/2nrHGKdU">CLNP</a> Connectionless Networking Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/IPX/TEGGak0E">IPX</a> Internetwork Packet Exchange</li> <li><a href="/facts/Network_address_translation/nFweFNfN">NAT</a> Network Address Translation</li> <li><a href="/facts/R-SMLT/n5D9HW90">Routed-SMLT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Signalling_Connection_Control_Part/I2srA0lK">SCCP</a> Signalling Connection Control Part</li> <li>AppleTalk DDP</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hot_Standby_Router_Protocol/uw9NmWK2">HSRP</a> Hot Standby Router protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Virtual_Router_Redundancy_Protocol/ofllk8LE">VRRP</a> Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol</li> <li>IP <a href="/facts/Internet_Protocol/Qq6VeEal">Internet Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol/VnrV56J0">ICMP</a> Internet Control Message Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Address_Resolution_Protocol/1QyKybkn">ARP</a> Address Resolution Protocol</li> <li>RIP <a href="/facts/Routing_Information_Protocol/xGeIuGk6">Routing Information Protocol</a> (v1 and v2)</li> <li>OSPF <a href="/facts/Open_Shortest_Path_First/PACpGUHb">Open Shortest Path First</a> (v1 and v2)</li> <li>IPSEC <a href="/facts/IPsec/01MwcET1">IPsec</a></li></ul> <h2 id="layer-34-protocol-suites">Layer 3+4 (Protocol Suites)</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/AppleTalk/6j3NRgTl">AppleTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/DECnet/9wnFzPvn">DECnet</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IPX%2fSPX/LCEn03Af">IPX/SPX</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Internet_Protocol_Suite/KNkxtSpw">Internet Protocol Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Xerox_Network_Systems/2pfVfFgY">Xerox Network Systems</a></li></ul> <h2 id="layer-4-transport-layer">Layer 4 (<a href="/facts/Transport_layer/UmIGUCeK">Transport Layer</a>)</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/AppleTalk_Echo_Protocol/6j3NRgTl">AEP</a> AppleTalk Echo Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Authentication_Header/01MwcET1">AH</a> Authentication Header over IP or IPSec</li> <li><a href="/facts/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol/JyfrtQRn">DCCP</a> Datagram Congestion Control Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Encapsulating_Security_Payload/01MwcET1">ESP</a> Encapsulating Security Payload over IP or IPSec</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fibre_Channel_Protocol/MzwQK0Ef">FCP</a> Fibre Channel Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/NetBIOS/gUEcmTe2">NetBIOS</a> NetBIOS, File Sharing and Name Resolution</li> <li><a href="/facts/IL_Protocol/2Tqatafj">IL</a> Originally developed as transport layer for <a href="/facts/9P_(protocol)/NLNoq8mI">9P</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ISCSI/oxaQpYBc">iSCSI</a> Internet Small Computer System Interface</li> <li><a href="/facts/NetBIOS_Frames/HQG9DoCb">NBF</a> NetBIOS Frames protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol/s8tmzUhz">SCTP</a> Stream Control Transmission Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sinec_H1/jfjtVqy9">Sinec H1</a> for telecontrol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Telephone_User_Part/MLKPhcfp">TUP</a>, Telephone User Part</li> <li><a href="/facts/IPX%2fSPX/LCEn03Af">SPX</a> Sequenced Packet Exchange</li> <li><a href="/facts/AppleTalk/6j3NRgTl">NBP</a> Name Binding Protocol {for AppleTalk}</li> <li>TCP <a href="/facts/Transmission_Control_Protocol/WW4sPrt9">Transmission Control Protocol</a></li> <li>UDP <a href="/facts/User_Datagram_Protocol/dxLU0D6q">User Datagram Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/QUIC/nQt0oLRW">QUIC</a></li></ul> <h2 id="layer-5-session-layer">Layer 5 (<a href="/facts/Session_layer/Yxo8uqLr">Session Layer</a>)</h2> <p>This layer, presentation Layer and application layer are combined in <a href="/facts/TCP%2fIP_model/KNkxtSpw">TCP/IP model</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/9P_(protocol)/NLNoq8mI">9P</a> Distributed file system protocol developed originally as part of <a href="/facts/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs/pQjPlS7w">Plan 9</a></li> <li>ADSP AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol</li> <li>ASP AppleTalk Session Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/H.245/02zPFc1d">H.245</a> Call Control Protocol for Multimedia Communications</li> <li><a href="/facts/ISNS/ex8dxzgS">iSNS</a> Internet Storage Name Service</li> <li><a href="/facts/NetBIOS/gUEcmTe2">NetBIOS</a>, File Sharing and Name Resolution protocol - the basis of file sharing with Windows.</li> <li><a href="/facts/NetBEUI/gUEcmTe2">NetBEUI</a>, NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface</li> <li><a href="/facts/NetWare_Core_Protocol/EyfafDgW">NCP</a> NetWare Core Protocol</li> <li><a href="http://mirror.informatimago.com/next/developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/NetworkingOT/NetworkingWOT-75.html">PAP</a> Printer Access Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Remote_procedure_call/uMMb9CQw">RPC</a> Remote Procedure Call</li> <li><a href="/facts/RTP_Control_Protocol/grCfaxxe">RTCP</a> RTP Control Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sockets_Direct_Protocol/G2rA0jl9">SDP</a> Sockets Direct Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Server_message_block/pWM35pl8">SMB</a> Server Message Block</li> <li><a href="/facts/Short_Message_Peer-to-Peer/T6QnR9Qr">SMPP</a> Short Message Peer-to-Peer</li> <li><a href="/facts/SOCKS/kVEIma4v">SOCKS</a> "SOCKetS"</li> <li><a href="/facts/AppleTalk/6j3NRgTl">ZIP</a> Zone Information Protocol {For AppleTalk}</li> <li>This layer provides session management capabilities between hosts. For example, if some host needs a password verification for access and if credentials are provided then for that session password verification does not happen again. This layer can assist in synchronization, dialog control and critical operation management (e.g., an online bank transaction).</li></ul> <h2 id="layer-6-presentation-layer">Layer 6 (<a href="/facts/Presentation_layer/I8so1UBN">Presentation Layer</a>)</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Transport_Layer_Security/pGy16TnA">TLS</a> Transport Layer Security<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Secure_Socket_Tunneling_Protocol/14u41e9h">SSL</a> Secure Socket Tunneling<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Apple_Filing_Protocol/LVdUujjq">AFP</a> Apple Filing Protocol<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>Independent Computing Architecture (<a href="/facts/Independent_Computing_Architecture/9XxRCe14">ICA</a>), the Citrix system core protocol</li> <li>Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)</li> <li>Network Data Representation (NDR)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>Tox, The Tox protocol is sometimes regarded as part of both the presentation and application layer</li> <li>eXternal Data Representation (XDR)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>X.25 Packet Assembler/Disassembler Protocol (PAD)</li></ul> <h2 id="layer-7-application-layer">Layer 7 (<a href="/facts/Application_layer/FAFhLruA">Application Layer</a>)</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Simple_Object_Access_Protocol/vXlAMnjp">SOAP</a>, Simple Object Access Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/Simple_Service_Discovery_Protocol/MGAxA7ez">Simple Service Discovery Protocol</a>, A discovery protocol employed by UPnP</li> <li><a href="/facts/Transaction_Capabilities_Application_Part/AFMSBzUR">TCAP</a>, Transaction Capabilities Application Part</li> <li><a href="/facts/Universal_Plug_and_Play/nrUmlpGr">Universal Plug and Play</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/DHCP/lpASHnhz">DHCP</a> Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/DNS/rfxdWFsj">DNS</a> Domain Name System</li> <li><a href="/facts/BOOTP/GPEtMEgK">BOOTP</a> Bootstrap Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/HTTP/TWtvf7JD">HTTP</a> Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/HTTPS/MSWYz4zo">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Network_File_System/jWRRALVo">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/POP3/QCp6qJQm">POP3</a> Post Office Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/SMTP/TeCRKDpJ">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SNMP/UNYPVA1C">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/FTP/THuWgzfw">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Network_Time_Protocol/vS21KqT5">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IRC/oDr3VN9q">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Telnet/hxT0e85h">Telnet</a> Tele Communication Protocol</li> <li><a href="/facts/SSH/wjVRw5zv">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IMAP/QMnyvUwk">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gemini_(protocol)/RPg0D88r">Gemini</a></li></ul> <h2 id="other-protocols">Other protocols</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Controller_Area_Network/EGxoS88W">Controller Area Network</a></li></ul> <h2 id="protocol-description-languages">Protocol description languages</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Abstract_Syntax_Notation_One/ryUN7doc">Abstract Syntax Notation One</a> (ASN.1)</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_automation_protocols/PBsNE25a">List of automation protocols</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Systems_Network_Architecture/NlFaXaBC">Systems Network Architecture</a> (SNA) developed by IBM</li> <li><a href="/facts/Distributed_System_Security_Architecture/ETLhedv8">Distributed System Security Architecture</a> (DSSA)</li> <li><a href="/facts/OSI_model/oxN9Xhjz">OSI model</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D_GrQa2ZcLwC"><i>Network Protocols Handbook</i></a>. Javvin Technologies. 2005. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-9740945-2-6.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529200700/http://www.wildpackets.com/elements/misc/WP_encapsulation_chart.pdf">Protocol Encapsulation Chart</a> - A PDF file illustrating the relationship between common protocols and the <a href="/facts/OSI_model/oxN9Xhjz">OSI Reference Model</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://www.all-acronyms.com/tag/network_protocol">Network Protocols Acronyms and Abbreviations</a> - list of network protocols with abbreviations order by index.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Presentation Layer in OSI model". GeeksforGeeks. 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-model/" target="_blank">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-model/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Presentation Layer in OSI model". GeeksforGeeks. 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-model/" target="_blank">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-model/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Presentation Layer in OSI model". GeeksforGeeks. 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-model/" target="_blank">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-model/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Presentation Layer in OSI model". GeeksforGeeks. 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-model/" target="_blank">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-model/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Presentation Layer in OSI model". GeeksforGeeks. 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-model/" target="_blank">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-model/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Presentation Layer in OSI model". GeeksforGeeks. 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2022-08-15. <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-model/" target="_blank">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-model/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>