German cockroach

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Previously thought to be a native of Europe, the German cockroach later was considered to have emerged from the region of <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a> in Northeast Africa,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> but recent evidence indicates that it actually originated in South Asia or Southeast Asia, and diverged from <a href="/facts/Blattella_asahinai/xffrgqf3">Blattella asahinai</a> slightly over 2000 years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> The cockroach's sensitivity to cold might reflect its origin from such warm climates, and its spread as a domiciliary pest since ancient times has resulted from incidental human transport and shelter. The species now is <a href="/facts/Cosmopolitan_distribution/bXgocWnV">cosmopolitan</a> in distribution, occurring as a household pest on all continents except Antarctica, and on many major islands, as well. It accordingly has been given various names in the cultures of many regions.

<h2 id="biology-and-pest-status">Biology and pest status</h2>
The German cockroach occurs widely in human buildings, but is particularly associated with <a href="/facts/Restaurant/UHmMUjln">restaurants</a>, <a href="/facts/Food_processing/2vRFfCL9">food processing</a> facilities, <a href="/facts/Hotel/7B30LqSv">hotels</a>, and institutional establishments such as <a href="/facts/Nursing_home/mdB3nWJ4">nursing homes</a> and <a href="/facts/Hospital/WaryeVJd">hospitals</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> They can survive outside as well, though they are not commonly found in the wild.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> In cold climates, they occur only near human dwellings, because they cannot survive severe cold. However, German cockroaches have been found as <a href="/facts/Inquiline/GwWXG6to">inquilines</a> ("tenants") of human buildings as far north as <a href="/facts/Alert%2c_Nunavut/c5sa8oVN">Alert, Nunavut</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Similarly, they have been found as far south as southern <a href="/facts/Patagonia/HmNlUCh5">Patagonia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
Though <a href="/facts/Nocturnality/PqAkbpKf">nocturnal</a>, the German cockroach occasionally appears by day, especially if the population is crowded or has been disturbed. However, sightings are most frequent in the evening, when someone suddenly brings a light into a room deserted after dark, such as a kitchen where they have been scavenging.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> When excited or frightened, the species emits an unpleasant odor.

<h2 id="diet">Diet</h2>
German cockroaches are <a href="/facts/Omnivorous/b8zcsuJF">omnivorous</a> <a href="/facts/Scavenger/rfMKhUmh">scavengers</a>. They are attracted particularly to meats, <a href="/facts/Starch/gHAqGfJb">starches</a>, sugars, and fatty foods. Where a shortage of foodstuff exists, they may eat household items such as <a href="/facts/Soap/S3nJa1oY">soap</a>, <a href="/facts/Glue/shTfIJ0E">glue</a>, and <a href="/facts/Toothpaste/PMTIQxtj">toothpaste</a>. In famine conditions, they turn cannibalistic, chewing at each other's wings and legs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The German cockroach is an <a href="/facts/Host_(biology)/L6mop0kh">intermediate host</a> of the <a href="/facts/Acanthocephala/dJqMq426">Acanthocephalan</a> parasite <a href="/facts/Moniliformis_kalahariensis/gKNfFekP">Moniliformis kalahariensis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h2 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h2>
The German cockroach reproduces faster than any other residential cockroach,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> growing from egg to reproductive adult in roughly 50 – 60 days under ideal conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Once fertilized, a female German cockroach develops an <a href="/facts/Ootheca/EcESAyyJ">ootheca</a> in her abdomen. The abdomen swells as her eggs develop, until the translucent tip of the ootheca begins to protrude from the end of her abdomen, and by that time the eggs inside are fully sized, about 1/4 inch long with 16 segments. The ootheca, at first translucent, soon turns white and then within a few hours it turns pink, progressively darkening until, some 48 hours later, it attains the dark red-brown of the shell of a chestnut. The ootheca has a keel-like ridge along the line where the young emerge, and curls slightly towards that edge as it completes its maturation. A small percentage of the nymphs may hatch while the ootheca is still attached to the female, but the majority emerge some 24 hours after it has detached from the female's body. The newly hatched 3-mm-long black nymphs then progress through six or seven <a href="/facts/Instar/KRIfCFIn">instars</a> before becoming sexually mature, but <a href="/facts/Ecdysis/P4SN14xI">ecdysis</a> is such a hazardous process that nearly half the nymphs die of natural causes before reaching adulthood. Molted skins and dead nymphs are soon eaten by living nymphs present at the time of molting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>

<h2 id="pest-control">Pest control</h2>
The German cockroach is very successful at establishing an <a href="/facts/Ecological_niche/YnhNkL2e">ecological niche</a> in buildings, and is resilient in the face of many <a href="/facts/Pest-control/0ADEUBaF">pest-control</a> measures. Reasons include:

<ul><li>lack of natural <a href="/facts/Predator/JEGdrX3f">predators</a> in a human habitat</li>
<li>prolific reproduction</li>
<li>short reproductive cycle</li>
<li>the ability to hide in very small refuges</li>
<li>sexual maturity attained within several weeks, and</li>
<li>adaptation and resistance to some <a href="/facts/Chemical_pesticides/Uhf4KnwJ">chemical pesticides</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a></li></ul>
The German cockroach is resistant to 42 active ingredients from most major groups of synthetic <a href="/facts/Insecticide/1xYL3MSD">insecticides</a> such as organochlorides, <a href="/facts/Organophosphate/u4U9GS4z">organophosphates</a>, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, oxadiazines, and phenyl pyrazoles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> 
German cockroach resistance was first observed with <a href="/facts/Chlordane/xFBfk2f8">chlordane</a> in 1952. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> Because German cockroaches have a very high number of genes, they can adapt and evolve resistance to pesticides. They also have many receptors for smell and can sense new food sources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
German cockroaches are <a href="/facts/Thigmotactic/B6o4rlXA">thigmotactic</a>, meaning they prefer confined spaces, and they are small compared to other pest species, so they can hide within small cracks and crevices that are easy to overlook, thereby evading humans and their eradication efforts. Conversely, the seasoned pest controller is alert for cracks and crevices where it is likely to be profitable to place baits or spray surfaces.
To be effective, control measures must be comprehensive, sustained, and systematic; survival of just a few eggs is quite enough to regenerate a nearly exterminated pest population within a few generations, and recolonization from surrounding populations often is very rapid, too.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

Another problem in controlling German cockroaches is the nature of their population behavior. Though they are not social and practice no organized maternal care, females carry oothecae of 18-50 eggs (average about 32) during incubation until just before hatching, instead of dropping them as most other species of cockroaches do. This protects the eggs from certain classes of predation. Then, after hatching, nymphs largely survive by consuming excretions and molts from adults, thereby establishing their own internal microbial populations and avoiding contact with most insecticidal surface treatments and baits. One effective control is insect growth regulators (hydroprene, methoprene, etc.), which act by preventing molting, thus prevent maturation of the various instars. Caulking baseboards and around pipes may prevent the travel of adults from one apartment to another within a building.
As an <a href="/facts/Adaptation/5K2gNpDB">adaptive</a> consequence of pest control by poisoned glucose baits, a strain of German cockroaches has emerged that reacts to glucose as distastefully bitter. They refuse to eat baits sweetened with glucose, which presents an obstacle to their control, given that several common baits use glucose.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h2 id="comparison-of-three-common-cockroaches">Comparison of three common cockroaches</h2>
<table><tbody><tr><td>Roach</td><td>German cockroach</td><td><a href="/facts/Oriental_cockroach/YDsfswP6">Oriental cockroach</a></td><td><a href="/facts/American_cockroach/AsXdbV9u">American cockroach</a></td></tr><tr><td>Size</td><td>13–16 mm (0.51–0.63 in)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a></td><td>18–29 mm (0.71–1.14 in)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a></td><td>29–53 mm (1.1–2.1 in)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a></td></tr><tr><td>Preferred temperature</td><td>15–35 °C (59–95 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a></td><td>20–30 °C (68–86 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a></td><td>20–29 °C (68–84 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a></td></tr><tr><td>Nymphal development<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a></td><td>54–215 days(at 24–35 °C (75–95 °F))<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a></td><td>164–542 days(at 22–30 °C (72–86 °F))<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a></td><td>150–360 days(at 25–30 °C (77–86 °F))<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a></td></tr><tr><td>Lifespan</td><td>Around 200 days<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a></td><td>35–190 days<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></td><td>90–706 days<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a></td></tr><tr><td>Able to fly?</td><td>Uncommon<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a></td><td>No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a></td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="genome">Genome</h2>
The genome of the German cockroach was published in February 2018 in <a href="/facts/Nature_Ecology_and_Evolution/vjz3c71G">Nature Ecology and Evolution</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> The relatively large genome (2.0 Gb) harbours a very high number of proteins, of which most notably one group of <a href="/facts/Chemoreceptors/KC6IDxzf">chemoreceptors</a>, called the <a href="/facts/Ionotropic_receptors/gN9RkNC2">ionotropic receptors</a>, is particularly numerous. These chemoreceptors possibly allow the German cockroach to detect a broad range of chemical cues from toxins, food, pathogens, and pheromones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Blattellaquinone/VhHQhDMW">Blattellaquinone</a>, a sex pheromone of the German cockroach</li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blattella germanica.

<ul><li><a href="http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/roaches/german.htm">German cockroach</a> on the <a href="/facts/University_of_Florida/zGg0HXXs">UF</a> / <a href="/facts/Institute_of_Food_and_Agricultural_Sciences/x1JrXu0R">IFAS</a> Featured Creatures Web site</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/german_cockroach.htm">German cockroach fact sheet</a> from the <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania_State_University/WMQagtjM">Penn State</a> Extension</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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<li id="fn:4">Xavier Bonnefoy; Helge Kampen; Kevin Sweeney (2008). Public Health Significance of Urban Pests. World Health Organization. pp. 35–. ISBN 978-92-890-7188-8. <a href="978-92-890-7188-8" target="_blank">978-92-890-7188-8</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:26">Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5. <a href="978-0-521-81253-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-81253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5. <a href="978-0-521-81253-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-81253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5. <a href="978-0-521-81253-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-81253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Bassett, W.H. (12 October 2012). Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health. Routledge. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-135-81033-7. <a href="978-1-135-81033-7" target="_blank">978-1-135-81033-7</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5. <a href="978-0-521-81253-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-81253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Bassett, W.H. (12 October 2012). Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health. Routledge. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-135-81033-7. <a href="978-1-135-81033-7" target="_blank">978-1-135-81033-7</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Dependent on several factors, including temperature (significantly), sex, and nutrition. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5. <a href="978-0-521-81253-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-81253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5. <a href="978-0-521-81253-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-81253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5. <a href="978-0-521-81253-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-81253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5. <a href="978-0-521-81253-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-81253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5. <a href="978-0-521-81253-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-81253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5. <a href="978-0-521-81253-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-81253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">German cockroaches can glide, especially males, but powered flight is uncommon. <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5. <a href="978-0-521-81253-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-81253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5. <a href="978-0-521-81253-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-81253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">American cockroaches can fly short distances, usually starting from high places, but real flight is uncommon, despite popular belief. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5. <a href="978-0-521-81253-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-81253-5</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Harrison, Mark C.; Jongepier, Evelien; Robertson, Hugh M.; Arning, Nicolas; Bitard-Feildel, Tristan; Chao, Hsu; Childers, Christopher P.; Dinh, Huyen; Doddapaneni, Harshavardhan; Dugan, Shannon; Gowin, Johannes; Greiner, Carolin; Han, Yi; Hu, Haofu; Hughes, Daniel S. T.; Huylmans, Ann-Kathrin; Kemena, Carsten; Kremer, Lukas P. M.; Lee, Sandra L.; Lopez-Ezquerra, Alberto; Mallet, Ludovic; Monroy-Kuhn, Jose M.; Moser, Annabell; Murali, Shwetha C.; Muzny, Donna M.; Otani, Saria; Piulachs, Maria-Dolors; Poelchau, Monica; Qu, Jiaxin; Schaub, Florentine; Wada-Katsumata, Ayako; Worley, Kim C.; Xie, Qiaolin; Ylla, Guillem; Poulsen, Michael; Gibbs, Richard A.; Schal, Coby; Richards, Stephen; Belles, Xavier; Korb, Judith; Bornberg-Bauer, Erich (2018). "Hemimetabolous genomes reveal molecular basis of termite eusociality". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 557–566. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2..557H. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0459-1. PMC 6482461. PMID 29403074. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6482461" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6482461</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Harrison, Mark C.; Jongepier, Evelien; Robertson, Hugh M.; Arning, Nicolas; Bitard-Feildel, Tristan; Chao, Hsu; Childers, Christopher P.; Dinh, Huyen; Doddapaneni, Harshavardhan; Dugan, Shannon; Gowin, Johannes; Greiner, Carolin; Han, Yi; Hu, Haofu; Hughes, Daniel S. T.; Huylmans, Ann-Kathrin; Kemena, Carsten; Kremer, Lukas P. M.; Lee, Sandra L.; Lopez-Ezquerra, Alberto; Mallet, Ludovic; Monroy-Kuhn, Jose M.; Moser, Annabell; Murali, Shwetha C.; Muzny, Donna M.; Otani, Saria; Piulachs, Maria-Dolors; Poelchau, Monica; Qu, Jiaxin; Schaub, Florentine; Wada-Katsumata, Ayako; Worley, Kim C.; Xie, Qiaolin; Ylla, Guillem; Poulsen, Michael; Gibbs, Richard A.; Schal, Coby; Richards, Stephen; Belles, Xavier; Korb, Judith; Bornberg-Bauer, Erich (2018). "Hemimetabolous genomes reveal molecular basis of termite eusociality". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 557–566. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2..557H. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0459-1. PMC 6482461. PMID 29403074. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6482461" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6482461</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

German cockroach open-in-new

German cockroach