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Faecalibacterium
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Formerly assigned to the genus <i><a href="/facts/Fusobacterium/5Wkg8bDJ">Fusobacterium</a></i> in the <a href="/facts/Phylum/ELT3Jyax">phylum</a> <a href="/facts/Fusobacteriota/JhCYSFjp">Fusobacteriota</a>, <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> was re-assigned to its own genus when phylogenetic analysis of isolates showed it to be a member of the phylum <a href="/facts/Bacillota/FxP0p0n8">Bacillota</a>. It now is regarded as a member of the <a href="/facts/Oscillospiraceae/tq7CMo8Y">Oscillospiraceae</a> in <a href="/facts/Clostridium/HRXJyYCn">Clostridium cluster IV</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Although the Oscillospiraceae are largely <a href="/facts/Gram-negative_bacteria/S1PbVtp4">gram-negative bacteria</a>, <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> resembles a <a href="/facts/Gram-positive_bacteria/H6WYQ17e">gram-positive bacterium</a> in its staining.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> This can be ascribed to the fact that it lacks lipopolysaccharides in its outer membrane, so that, in its staining, it more closely resembles gram-positive bacteria, than gram-negative. </p> <h2 id="phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2> <p>The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the <a href="/facts/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature/9djL152L">List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature</a> (LPSN)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information/6Xj5wCbu">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="1">16S rRNA based <a href="/facts/The_All-Species_Living_Tree_Project/txMadzJv">LTP</a>_10_2024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></th><th colspan="1">120 marker proteins based <a href="/facts/Genome_Taxonomy_Database/hnEgBvVx">GTDB</a> 09-RS220<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td><i>Faecalibacterium</i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>F. gallinarum</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>F. hattorii</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii/pyweMtzx">F. prausnitzii</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>F. butyricigenerans</i> Zou et al. 2021</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>F. longum</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>F. duncaniae</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>F. hominis</i> Liu et al. 2023 non Afrizal et al. 2022</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table><tbody><tr><td><i>Faecalibacterium</i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii/pyweMtzx">F. prausnitzii</a></i> (Hauduroy et al. 1937) Duncan et al. 2002</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>F. longum</i> Zou et al. 2021</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>F. duncaniae</i> Sakamoto et al. 2022</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>F. hattorii</i> Sakamoto et al. 2022</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>"<i>Ca.</i> F. intestinavium" Gilroy et al. 2021</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>F. gallinarum</i> Sakamoto et al. 2022</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>"<i>Ca.</i> F. avium" Gilroy et al. 2021</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>"<i>Ca.</i> F. faecipullorum" Gilroy et al. 2021</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>"<i>Ca.</i> F. intestinigallinarum" Gilroy et al. 2021</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>"<i>Ca.</i> F. faecigallinarum" Gilroy et al. 2021</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>"<i>Ca.</i> F. gallistercoris" Gilroy et al. 2021</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Species incertae sedis: </p> <ul><li>"<i>F. faecis</i>" Hitch et al. 2024</li> <li>"<i>F. hominis</i>" Afrizal et al. 2022 non Liu et al. 2023</li> <li>"<i>F. intestinale</i>" Hitch et al. 2024</li> <li>"<i>F. langellae</i>" Plomp & Harmsen 2024</li> <li><i>F. taiwanense</i> Liou et al. 2024</li> <li>"<i>F. tardum</i>" Hitch et al. 2024</li> <li><i>F. wellingii</i> Plomp & Harmsen 2025</li></ul> <h2 id="genetics">Genetics</h2> <p><i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> has a genome 2,868,932 bp long and has a <a href="/facts/GC-content/nRoVl7gw">GC-content</a> of 56.9%. The bacterium has been found to have 2,707 coding sequences, including 77 RNAs encoding genes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> 128 metabolic pathways have been reconstructed, as well as 27 protein complexes and 64 tRNAs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Phylogenetically, the strains of <i>F. prausnitzii</i> compose phylogroups I and II. Most of the new isolates of this species isolated by Muhammad Tanweer Khan belong to phylogroup II.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> A protein produced by this bacterium has been linked to anti-inflammatory effects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="faecalibacterium-prausnitziiin-laboratory-conditions"><i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> in laboratory conditions</h2> <p>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is strictly <a href="/facts/Anaerobic_organism/bhQnlqCq">anaerobic</a>, and accordingly difficult to culture in the laboratory. However, with due attention to the requisite conditions and media, it is possible to culture the species <a href="/facts/In_vitro/evp3hAX6">in vitro</a>. The rich medium YCFA is very suitable for the growth of this bacterium in anaerobic conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Another media suitable for the growth of F. prausnitzii is YBHI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Any liquid media or agar plates should be pretreated beforehand for 24 hours in an anaerobic chamber, to ensure they are completely anaerobic. </p> <h2 id="clinical-relevance">Clinical relevance</h2> <p>In healthy adults, <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> represent approximately 5% of the total fecal microbiota but this can increase to around 15% in some individuals, making it one of the commonest of the gut bacteria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> The anti-inflammatory properties of its <a href="/facts/Metabolite/nAyywVtA">metabolites</a> may alleviate imbalances between intestinal bacterial populations that lead to <a href="/facts/Dysbiosis/nq80zc9d">dysbiosis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> It is one of the main producers of butyrate in the intestine. Since <a href="/facts/Butyrate/Sy5NrhK5">butyrate</a> inhibits the production of <a href="/facts/NF-%25CE%25BAB/qcpt5vuQ">NF-kB</a> and <a href="/facts/IFN-y/r51CXVph">IFN-y</a>, both involved in the pro-inflammatory response, <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> acts as an anti-inflammatory gut bacterium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> By blocking the <a href="/facts/NF-%25CE%25BAB/qcpt5vuQ">NF-kB</a> pathway, <i>F. prausnitzii</i> indirectly inhibts the production of the pro-inflammatory <a href="/facts/Interleukin_8/evhcrTme">IL-8</a>, secreted by the <a href="/facts/Intestinal_epithelium/32hWmspE">intestinal epithelial cells</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Other research has shown that there is a correlation between high populations of <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i>, low <a href="/facts/Interleukin_12/rCttxoLL">IL-12</a> abundance, and higher <a href="/facts/IL-10_family/CDjdrjmP">IL-10</a> production.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The upregulated IL-10 inhibts the secretion of <a href="/facts/IFN-y/r51CXVph">IFN-y</a>, <a href="/facts/TNF-alpha/7NWNIaCb">TNF-alpha</a>, <a href="/facts/Interleukin_6/FVQeAWkt">IL-6</a>, and <a href="/facts/Interleukin_12/rCttxoLL">IL-12</a>, which are all <a href="/facts/Proinflammatory_cytokines/eKSJ4Qw8">pro-inflammatory cytokines</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Apart from butyrate, <i>F. prausnitzii</i> produce <a href="/facts/Formate/Py3GhI7L">formate</a> and <a href="/facts/D-lactate/BsVRFx7s">D-lactate</a> as byproducts of fermentation of glucose and acetate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Lower than usual levels of <i>F. prausnitzii</i> in the intestines have been associated with <a href="/facts/Crohn%2527s_disease/zm55cBtd">Crohn's disease</a>, <a href="/facts/Obesity/RBF9y5Vl">obesity</a>, <a href="/facts/Asthma/7GkJvxn3">asthma</a> and <a href="/facts/Major_depressive_disorder/l2lQeWqr">major depressive disorder</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Higher than usual levels of the F06 <a href="/facts/Clade/XefyYmWn">clade</a> of <i>F. prausnitzii</i> have been associated with <a href="/facts/Atopic_dermatitis/DvmdVwWu">atopic dermatitis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> can improve <a href="/facts/Intestinal_permeability/zQThl74p">gut barrier function</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Supernatant of <i>F. prausnitzii</i> has been shown to improve the gut barrier by affecting the permeability of epithelial cells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Another way that <i>F. prausnitzii</i> improves the gut barrier is by improving the permeability and the expression of tightly bound proteins - <a href="/facts/Cadherin-1/u3MPHtKl">e-cadherin</a> and <a href="/facts/Occludin/FK34XS69">occludin</a>. Both of them increase the <a href="/facts/Tight_junction/CXxxM5H5">tight junctions</a> between cells, strengthen the gut barrier and alleviate inflammation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <h3><i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> and other bacteria</h3> <p>Studies show that <i>F. prausnitzii</i> interacts with other bacteria, which affects its butyrate production, and survival. When <i>F. prausnitzii</i> is cultured with <i><a href="/facts/Bacteroides_thetaiotaomicron/qQL7fxbj">Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</a></i>, it produces more butyric acid than standing alone,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> <i>F. prausnitzii</i> also benefits from growing with certain other bacteria. For example, in order to survive in the gut environment, it requires certain bacteria to be preexisting. <i>B. thetaiotaomicron</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Escherichia_coli/nR4Gvl56">Escherichia coli</a></i> are needed to create a suitable environment for <i>F. prausnitzii</i> by reducing the redox potential and alter the composition of the nutrients.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h3>Inflammatory bowel disease</h3> <p>In Crohn's disease, as of 2015 most studies (with one exception) found reduced levels of <i>F. prausnitzii</i>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> this has been found in both fecal and mucosal samples.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> The lower abundance of these bacteria is not only associated to the chance of developing <a href="/facts/Inflammatory_bowel_disease/RuxcPW5A">IBD</a>, but also to the chance of relapsing after a successful therapy. People with lower abundance are six times more likely to relapse in the future.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> However, it is a <a href="/facts/Fastidious_organism/dvPRsewQ">fastidious organism</a> sensitive to oxygen and difficult to deliver to the intestine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p><p>Exclusive <a href="/facts/Enteral_nutrition/X1tvvlxM">enteral nutrition</a>, which is known to induce remission in Crohn's, has been found to reduce <i>F. prausnitzii</i> in responders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> This could be due to the lack of specific nutrients, that the bacteria need to survive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p> <h3>Biomarker relevance</h3> <p><i>F. prausnitzii</i> can also serve as a biomarker discriminating between different intestinal inflammatory conditions. It is a good biomarker to differentiate between <a href="/facts/Crohn%2527s_disease/zm55cBtd">Crohn's disease</a> and <a href="/facts/Colorectal_cancer/nV592sW7">colorectal cancer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> An even better biomarker is <i>F. prausnitzii</i> in comparison to <i>E. coli</i> as a complementary indicator (F-E index). This index serves really well in differentiating between colorectal cancer and <a href="/facts/Ulcerative_colitis/BIkyFzRj">ulcerative colitis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p><p>Combining both the host serological data plus microbiological indicators could serve as good biomarker, since it has been reported that Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can be differentiated based on monitoring of <i>F. prausnitzii</i> in conjunction with <a href="/facts/White_blood_cell/vsDunUK0">leukocyte</a> count.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/IMPDH_RNA_motif/VnDTUEpm">IMPDH RNA motif</a>, a transcription regulator in <i>Faecalibacterium</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_bacterial_orders/ujvD930b">List of bacterial orders</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_bacteria_genera/a25ukgSb">List of bacteria genera</a></li></ul> <p>f</p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Zou, Yuanqiang; Lin, Xiaoqian; Xue, Wenbin; Tuo, Li; Chen, Ming-Sheng; Chen, Xiao-Hui; Sun, Cheng-hang; Li, Feina; Liu, Shao-wei; Dai, Ying; Kristiansen, Karsten; Xiao, Liang (2021-05-31). "Characterization and description of Faecalibacterium butyricigenerans sp. nov. and F. longum sp. nov., isolated from human faeces". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 11340. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90786-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8166934. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8166934" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8166934</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Sakamoto, Mitsuo; Sakurai, Naomi; Tanno, Hiroki; Iino, Takao; Ohkuma, Moriya; Endo, Akihito (2022). "Genome-based, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic classification of Faecalibacterium strains: proposal of three novel species Faecalibacterium duncaniae sp. nov., Faecalibacterium hattorii sp. nov. and Faecalibacterium gallinarum sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 72 (4): 005379. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005379. ISSN 1466-5034. <a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.005379" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.005379</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Martín R, Miquel S, Benevides L, Bridonneau C, Robert V, Hudault S, et al. (2017). "Functional Characterization of Novel Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Strains Isolated from Healthy Volunteers: A Step Forward in the Use of F. prausnitzii as a Next-Generation Probiotic". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1226. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01226. PMC 5492426. PMID 28713353. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5492426" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5492426</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Martín R, Miquel S, Benevides L, Bridonneau C, Robert V, Hudault S, et al. (2017). "Functional Characterization of Novel Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Strains Isolated from Healthy Volunteers: A Step Forward in the Use of F. prausnitzii as a Next-Generation Probiotic". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1226. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01226. PMC 5492426. PMID 28713353. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5492426" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5492426</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Khan MT, Duncan SH, Stams AJ, van Dijl JM, Flint HJ, Harmsen HJ (August 2012). "The gut anaerobe Faecalibacterium prausnitzii uses an extracellular electron shuttle to grow at oxic-anoxic interphases". The ISME Journal. 6 (8): 1578–1585. doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.5. PMC 3400418. PMID 22357539. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3400418" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3400418</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Bag S, Ghosh TS, Das B (November 2017). "Complete Genome Sequence of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Isolated from the Gut of a Healthy Indian Adult". Genome Announcements. 5 (46). doi:10.1128/genomeA.01286-17. PMC 5690339. PMID 29146862. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5690339" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5690339</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lopez-Siles M, Duncan SH, Garcia-Gil LJ, Martinez-Medina M (April 2017). "Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: from microbiology to diagnostics and prognostics". The ISME Journal. 11 (4): 841–852. doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.176. PMC 5364359. 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