Jawed Karim

<h2 id="early-life-and-education">Early life and education</h2>
Jawed Karim was born on October 28, 1979, in <a href="/facts/Merseburg/9xo6E5kL">Merseburg</a>, <a href="/facts/East_Germany/PwI902Q6">East Germany</a>, to a <a href="/facts/Bangladeshis/Mj4SVCCE">Bangladeshi</a> father and a <a href="/facts/Germans/F7mBCrJ4">German</a> mother.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> His father Naimul Karim (<a href="/facts/Bengali_language/twpKobqA">Bengali</a>: নাইমুল করিম) is a Bangladeshi who is a researcher at <a href="/facts/3M/lNDcCRkX">3M</a>, and his mother, Christine, is a German biochemistry scientist at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Minnesota/vN1uQvP5">University of Minnesota</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> He was the elder of two boys.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> He crossed the <a href="/facts/Inner_German_border/Cr4FTHbB">inner German border</a> with his family in the early 1980s due to experiencing <a href="/facts/Racism_in_Germany/rLc6UxBc">racism</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> growing up in <a href="/facts/Neuss/L4npusaB">Neuss</a>, <a href="/facts/West_Germany/oCydk787">West Germany</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> Facing racism there as well,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Karim moved with his family to <a href="/facts/Saint_Paul%2c_Minnesota/xamlBwUm">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a>, United States, in 1992.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> 
He graduated from <a href="/facts/Saint_Paul_Central_High_School/Uhg5c06Y">Saint Paul Central High School</a> in 1997,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> and attended the <a href="/facts/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign/gusw7HoS">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> He left campus prior to graduating to become an early employee at <a href="/facts/PayPal/tlShukIa">PayPal</a>. He continued his coursework,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> earning his bachelor's degree in <a href="/facts/Computer_science/lN3pEyPz">computer science</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> He subsequently earned a master's degree in computer science from <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> In addition to his native language German, he speaks English and Bengali.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="career">Career</h2>

In university, Karim served an Internship at <a href="/facts/Silicon_Graphics/DKvkrfLX">Silicon Graphics</a>, Inc., where he worked on 3D voxel data management for very large data sets for <a href="/facts/Volume_rendering/cpfXEhYo">volume rendering</a>, including the data for the <a href="/facts/Visible_Human_Project/67QF2LC8">Visible Human Project</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> While working at PayPal in 2002, he met <a href="/facts/Chad_Hurley/E9lWK1Vw">Chad Hurley</a> and <a href="/facts/Steve_Chen_(YouTube)/lwTQm3ag">Steve Chen</a>. Three years later, in 2005, they founded the video-sharing website YouTube.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Karim created the first account on YouTube, "jawed", on April 23, 2005 <a href="/facts/PST_Time_Zone/v04MPIjz">PDT</a> (April 24, 2005 <a href="/facts/UTC/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> and uploaded the website's first video, "<a href="/facts/Me_at_the_zoo/s9IUd5RW">Me at the zoo</a>", the same day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
After co-founding the company and developing the YouTube concept and website with <a href="/facts/Chad_Hurley/E9lWK1Vw">Chad Hurley</a> and <a href="/facts/Steve_Chen/lwTQm3ag">Steve Chen</a>, Karim enrolled as a graduate student in computer science at Stanford University while acting as an adviser to YouTube. When the site was introduced in February 2005, Karim agreed not to be an employee and simply be an informal adviser, and that he was focusing on his studies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> As a result, he took a much lower share in the company compared to Hurley and Chen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> 
Because of his smaller role in the company, Karim was mostly unknown to the public as the third founder until <a href="/facts/YouTube/db276jst">YouTube</a> was acquired by Google in 2006. Despite his lower share in the company, the purchase was still large enough that he received 137,443 shares of stock, worth about $64 million based on Google's closing stock price at the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
In October 2006, Karim gave a lecture about the history of YouTube at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Illinois/gusw7HoS">University of Illinois</a> annual ACM Conference entitled YouTube From Concept to Hyper growth. Karim returned again to the <a href="/facts/University_of_Illinois_Chicago/YcKYWzyp">University of Illinois</a> in May 2008 as the 136th and youngest commencement speaker in the school's history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h2 id="investments">Investments</h2>
In March 2008, Karim launched a venture fund called Youniversity Ventures (now known as YVentures) with partners <a href="/facts/Keith_Rabois/k8MTUcHK">Keith Rabois</a> and <a href="/facts/Kevin_Hartz/Ve7oek03">Kevin Hartz</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> Karim is one of <a href="/facts/Airbnb/EP95k6Rr">Airbnb</a>'s first investors, investing in the company's initial <a href="/facts/Seed_money/RDEjrBJ6">seed round</a> in April 2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> Y Ventures has also invested in <a href="/facts/Palantir_Technologies/Kwr2cPV0">Palantir</a>, <a href="/facts/Reddit/PAJjm63I">Reddit</a> and <a href="/facts/Eventbrite/ThKAujmS">Eventbrite</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>

<h2 id="responses-to-youtube">Responses to YouTube</h2>
Occasionally, Karim has updated the video description of "<a href="/facts/Me_at_the_zoo/s9IUd5RW">Me at the zoo</a>" to criticize decisions made by YouTube.
On November 6, 2013, YouTube began requiring that commenting on its videos be done via a <a href="/facts/Google%252B/YpruHrEK">Google+</a> account, a move that was widely opposed by the YouTube community. An online petition to revert the change garnered over 240,000 signatures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
In response to Google requiring YouTube members to use Google+ for its comment system, Karim wrote on his YouTube account, "why the fuck do i need a Google+ account to comment on a video?", and updated the video description on his first video titled "Me at the zoo" to "I can't comment here anymore, since i don't want a Google+ account".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
In response to pressure from the YouTube community, <a href="/facts/Google/GT9Sugza">Google</a> publicly apologized for forcing Google+ users to use their real names, which was one of the reasons the Google+ integration was unpopular with YouTube users.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Google subsequently dropped its Google+ requirement across all products, beginning with YouTube.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> Google announced in October 2018 its intention to permanently shut down Google+, as it had failed to achieve broad consumer or developer adoption,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> and because of a vulnerability that exposed 500,000 users data.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> Google+ was closed for personal accounts on April 2, 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>
In November 2021, Jawed updated the "Me at the zoo" video description to include "When every YouTuber agrees that removing dislikes is a stupid idea, it probably is. Try again, YouTube🤦‍♂️."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> A few days later, Karim updated the description again to a more detailed condemnation of YouTube's decision.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> In February 2025, Jawed updated the "Me at the zoo" video's description to refer to the danger of microplastics to the brain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/PayPal_Mafia/9dAN9TM6">PayPal Mafia</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/History_of_YouTube/0WpKRqDn">History of YouTube</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jawed Karim.

<a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:Jawed Karim

<ul><li><a href="https://www.jawed.com/">Jawed Karim's Personal Website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/jawed">Jawed Karim's YouTube Profile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508185217/https://www.youtube.com/user/jawed">Cache of Jawed Karim's YouTube Profile in 2008</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.yventures.com/">Youniversity Ventures</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828032440/http://www.news-gazette.com/news/opinions/editorials/2006/10/16/he_went_off_to_college_to_make_his">"He went off to college to make his fortune"</a> – The News-Gazette (October 16, 2006)</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Alam, Zoheb (April 28, 2024). "YouTube's first-ever video was published 19 years ago and it was filmed at a zoo". GOOD Magazine. Retrieved September 19, 2024. <a href="https://www.good.is/you-tubes-first-ever-video-was-published-19-years-ago-and-it-was-filmed-at-a-zoo" target="_blank">https://www.good.is/you-tubes-first-ever-video-was-published-19-years-ago-and-it-was-filmed-at-a-zoo</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Big data company Palantir is now officially a public company — and it's one of nearly a dozen major tech firms that can trace its roots to PayPal". Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/big-data-company-palantir-is-now-officially-a-public-company-x2014-and-itaposs-one-of-nearly-a-dozen-major-tech-firms-that-can-trace-its-roots-to-paypal/slidelist/78465316.cms" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/big-data-company-palantir-is-now-officially-a-public-company-x2014-and-itaposs-one-of-nearly-a-dozen-major-tech-firms-that-can-trace-its-roots-to-paypal/slidelist/78465316.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Jawed Karim, Co-founder of Youtube". Real Leaders. April 14, 2018. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718134153/https://real-leaders.com/jawed-karim-co-founder-youtube/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210718134153/https://real-leaders.com/jawed-karim-co-founder-youtube/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Surprise! There's a third YouTube co-founder". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 5, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2017. <a href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm" target="_blank">http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Keese, Christoph (October 22, 2006). "Sergey Brin und Jawed Karim – zwei Karierren". Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2017. Der andere heißt Jawed Karim und wurde 1979 in Merseburg/DDR geboren. Sein Vater kam aus Bangladesch, seine Mutter aus dem Harz. Die Karims waren als Ausländer verpönt und wanderten deswegen 1982 in den Westen aus. In Neuss schlug ihnen wieder Fremdenhass entgegen; deshalb zogen sie in die USA <a href="https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article89110/Sergey-Brin-und-Jawed-Karim-zwei-Karierren.html" target="_blank">https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article89110/Sergey-Brin-und-Jawed-Karim-zwei-Karierren.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Sources vary regarding the year that the family moved from East Germany to West Germany. The New York Times says 1980.[7] Star Weekend Magazine says at the end of summer 1981.[8] Die Welt says 1982.[6] <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Keese, Christoph (October 22, 2006). "Sergey Brin und Jawed Karim – zwei Karierren". Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2017. Der andere heißt Jawed Karim und wurde 1979 in Merseburg/DDR geboren. Sein Vater kam aus Bangladesch, seine Mutter aus dem Harz. Die Karims waren als Ausländer verpönt und wanderten deswegen 1982 in den Westen aus. In Neuss schlug ihnen wieder Fremdenhass entgegen; deshalb zogen sie in die USA <a href="https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article89110/Sergey-Brin-und-Jawed-Karim-zwei-Karierren.html" target="_blank">https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article89110/Sergey-Brin-und-Jawed-Karim-zwei-Karierren.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Helft, Miguel (October 12, 2006). "With YouTube, Student Hits Jackpot Again". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 15, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/12/technology/12tube.html?hp&ex=1160712000&en=c6ddbc2fdb0a4dea&ei=5094" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/12/technology/12tube.html?hp&ex=1160712000&en=c6ddbc2fdb0a4dea&ei=5094</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Rahman, Muhit (December 8, 2006). "The Greatest Possibilities: The Jawed Karim Story". Star Weekend Magazine. Archived from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429163238/https://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2006/12/02/sfeature.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230429163238/https://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2006/12/02/sfeature.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Christensen, Tesha M. (September 5, 2016). "Year-long events mark Central High School 150th anniversary". Monitor St. Paul. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017. <a href="http://www.monitorsaintpaul.com/year-long-events-mark-central-high-school-150th-anniversary/" target="_blank">http://www.monitorsaintpaul.com/year-long-events-mark-central-high-school-150th-anniversary/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Rahman, Muhit (December 8, 2006). "The Greatest Possibilities: The Jawed Karim Story". Star Weekend Magazine. Archived from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429163238/https://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2006/12/02/sfeature.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230429163238/https://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2006/12/02/sfeature.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Helft, Miguel (October 12, 2006). "With YouTube, Student Hits Jackpot Again". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 15, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/12/technology/12tube.html?hp&ex=1160712000&en=c6ddbc2fdb0a4dea&ei=5094" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/12/technology/12tube.html?hp&ex=1160712000&en=c6ddbc2fdb0a4dea&ei=5094</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"YouTube co-founder to be commencement speaker at Illinois" (Press release). University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. March 27, 2007. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017. <a href="https://news.illinois.edu/blog/view/6367/206692" target="_blank">https://news.illinois.edu/blog/view/6367/206692</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Planet Cardinal". Stanford Magazine. January 2007. Archived from the original on May 14, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514112515/https://stanfordmag.org/contents/planet-cardinal-4886" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200514112515/https://stanfordmag.org/contents/planet-cardinal-4886</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"::: Star Weekend Magazine :::". archive.thedailystar.net. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved April 3, 2021. <a href="https://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2006/12/02/sfeature.htm" target="_blank">https://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2006/12/02/sfeature.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Speakers, Graphics Conference". Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919130455/https://www-s.acm.illinois.edu/conference/1998/jawed_k.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160919130455/https://www-s.acm.illinois.edu/conference/1998/jawed_k.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Video websites pop up, invite postings Archived July 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, USA Today, November 21, 2005 <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-11-21-video-websites_x.htm" target="_blank">https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-11-21-video-websites_x.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Extract Meta Data". citizenevidence.amnestyusa.org. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2018. <a href="https://citizenevidence.amnestyusa.org/" target="_blank">https://citizenevidence.amnestyusa.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Asmelash, Leah (April 23, 2020). "The first ever YouTube video was uploaded 15 years ago today. Here it is". CNN. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423180431/https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/23/tech/youtube-first-video-jawed-karim-trnd/index.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200423180431/https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/23/tech/youtube-first-video-jawed-karim-trnd/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Karim, Jawed (April 23, 2005). "Me at the zoo". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Helft, Miguel (October 12, 2006). "With YouTube, Student Hits Jackpot Again". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 15, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/12/technology/12tube.html?hp&ex=1160712000&en=c6ddbc2fdb0a4dea&ei=5094" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/12/technology/12tube.html?hp&ex=1160712000&en=c6ddbc2fdb0a4dea&ei=5094</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Jawed Who? Meet YouTube's silent partner". Silicon Valley Watcher. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016. <a href="http://www.siliconvalleywatcher.com/mt/archives/2006/10/jawed_who_meet.php" target="_blank">http://www.siliconvalleywatcher.com/mt/archives/2006/10/jawed_who_meet.php</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Helft, Miguel (February 7, 2007). "YouTube's Payoff: Hundreds of Millions for the Founders". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/07/technology/07cnd-google.html?ex=1328504400&en=96fcc0326d0a7ef6&ei=5088" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/07/technology/07cnd-google.html?ex=1328504400&en=96fcc0326d0a7ef6&ei=5088</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Welcome to Engineering at Illinois Archived May 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, University of Illinois <a href="http://www.engr.uiuc.edu/about/dwelcome.php" target="_blank">http://www.engr.uiuc.edu/about/dwelcome.php</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">136th Commencement Address Archived April 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, University of Illinois, May 13, 2007. <a href="http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/mm/videos/articles/Karim2007commencement.html" target="_blank">http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/mm/videos/articles/Karim2007commencement.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"YouTube Co-Founder Starts Venture Capital Firm". Mashable. March 20, 2008. Archived from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2013. <a href="http://mashable.com/2008/03/20/youniversity-ventures/" target="_blank">http://mashable.com/2008/03/20/youniversity-ventures/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Gallagher, Leigh (February 14, 2017). "The Hustle". The Airbnb Story: How Three Ordinary Guys Disrupted an Industry, Made Billions. and Created Plenty of Controversy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-544-95387-1. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved November 8, 2017. <a href="978-0-544-95387-1" target="_blank">978-0-544-95387-1</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:29">"YouTube faces backlash for Google+ integration". CNN. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2014. <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/08/tech/social-media/youtube-comment-backlash/" target="_blank">http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/08/tech/social-media/youtube-comment-backlash/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Jawed Karim open-in-new

Jawed Karim