Resource depletion

<h2 id="history-of-resource-depletion">History of resource depletion</h2>
The depletion of resources has been an issue since the beginning of the 19th century amidst the <a href="/facts/Industrial_Revolution/B6E3Fasm">First Industrial Revolution</a>. The extraction of both renewable and non-renewable resources increased drastically, much further than thought possible pre-industrialization, due to the technological advancements and economic development that lead to an increased demand for natural resources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
Although resource depletion has roots in both colonialism and the Industrial Revolution, it has only been of major concern since the 1970s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>[better source needed] Before this, many people believed in the "myth of inexhaustibility", which also has roots in colonialism. This can be explained as the belief that both renewable and non-renewable natural resources cannot be exhausted because there is seemingly an overabundance of these resources. This belief has caused people to not question resource depletion and ecosystem collapse when it occurred, and continues to prompt society to simply find these resources in areas which have not yet been depleted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>

<h2 id="depletion-accounting">Depletion accounting</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Depletion_(accounting)/20ub4h5X">Depletion (accounting)</a>
In an effort to offset the depletion of resources, theorists have come up with the concept of depletion accounting. Related to <a href="/facts/Green_accounting/DxuklpWl">green accounting</a>, depletion accounting aims to account for nature's value on an equal footing with the market economy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Resource depletion accounting uses data provided by countries to estimate the adjustments needed due to their use and depletion of the <a href="/facts/Natural_capital/2bJT5npP">natural capital</a> available to them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Natural capital refers to natural resources such as mineral deposits or timber stocks. Depletion accounting factors in several different influences such as the number of years until resource exhaustion, the cost of resource extraction, and the demand for the resource.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Resource extraction industries make up a large part of the economic activity in <a href="/facts/Developing_country/eTfS4kxl">developing countries</a>. This, in turn, leads to higher levels of resource depletion and <a href="/facts/Environmental_degradation/MTI24T7B">environmental degradation</a> in developing countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> Theorists argue that the implementation of resource depletion accounting is necessary in developing countries. Depletion accounting also seeks to measure the social value of natural resources and <a href="/facts/Ecosystem/kVE8mSmR">ecosystems</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Measurement of social value is sought through <a href="/facts/Ecosystem_service/Fm4owYGV">ecosystem services</a>, which are defined as the benefits of nature to households, communities and economies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h3>Importance</h3>
There are many different groups interested in depletion accounting. <a href="/facts/Environmentalist/L1XexdzQ">Environmentalists</a> are interested in depletion accounting as a way to track the use of natural resources over time, hold governments accountable, or compare their environmental conditions to those of another country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> <a href="/facts/Economist/41nWfEgr">Economists</a> want to measure resource depletion to understand how financially reliant countries or corporations are on non-renewable resources, whether this use can be sustained and the financial drawbacks of switching to renewable resources in light of the depleting resources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>

<h3>Issues</h3>
Depletion accounting is complex to implement as nature is not as quantifiable as cars, houses, or bread.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> For depletion accounting to work, appropriate units of natural resources must be established so that natural resources can be viable in the market economy. The main issues that arise when trying to do so are, determining a suitable unit of account, deciding how to deal with the "collective" nature of a complete ecosystem, delineating the borderline of the ecosystem, and defining the extent of possible duplication when the resource interacts in more than one ecosystem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Some economists want to include measurement of the benefits arising from public goods provided by nature, but currently there are no market indicators of value.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> Globally, <a href="/facts/Environmental_economics/DdufVax9">environmental economics</a> has not been able to provide a consensus of measurement units of nature's services.

<h2 id="minerals-depletion">Minerals depletion</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Peak_minerals/Nx5Lt59J">Peak minerals</a>
<a href="/facts/Mineral/LkUFbNmv">Minerals</a> are needed to provide food, clothing, and housing. A <a href="/facts/United_States_Geological_Survey/nVaGtMjl">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS) study found a significant long-term trend over the 20th century for non-renewable resources such as minerals to supply a greater proportion of the raw material inputs to the non-fuel, non-food sector of the economy; an example is the greater consumption of crushed stone, sand, and gravel used in construction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
Large-scale exploitation of minerals began in the Industrial Revolution around 1760 in <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a> and has grown rapidly ever since. Technological improvements have allowed humans to dig deeper and access lower grades and different types of <a href="/facts/Ore/kgc9DssX">ore</a> over that time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Virtually all basic industrial metals (<a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">copper</a>, <a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">iron</a>, <a href="/facts/Bauxite/CJ10QPc6">bauxite</a>, etc.), as well as <a href="/facts/Rare_earth_mineral/lwsQA1sh">rare earth minerals</a>, face production output limitations from time to time,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> because supply involves large up-front investments and is therefore slow to respond to rapid increases in demand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
Minerals projected by some to enter production decline during the next 20 years:

<ul><li>Oil conventional (2005)</li>
<li>Oil all liquides (2017). Old expectation: <a href="/facts/Gasoline/lcnxq5BS">Gasoline</a> (2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a></li>
<li>Copper (2017). Old expectation: Copper (2024).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> Data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) suggest that it is very unlikely that copper production will peak before 2040.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a></li>
<li>Coal per KWh (2017). Old expectation per ton: (2060)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">Zinc</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Developments in <a href="/facts/Hydrometallurgy/RUW4cffs">hydrometallurgy</a> have transformed non-sulfide zinc deposits (largely ignored until now) into large low cost reserves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a></li></ul>
Minerals projected by some to enter production decline during the present century:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">Aluminium</a> (2057)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a></li>
<li>Iron (2068)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a></li></ul>
Such projections may change, as new discoveries are made<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> and typically misinterpret available data on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Phosphor/vTLjrGDE">Phosphor</a> (2048). The last 80% of world reserves are only one mine.</li></ul>
<h3>Petroleum</h3>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Oil_depletion/RR1lWYkH">Oil depletion</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_depletion&action=edit">edit</a>]
<a href="/facts/Oil_depletion/RR1lWYkH">Oil depletion</a> is the decline in oil production of a well, <a href="/facts/Oil_field/wYoSQmGN">oil field</a>, or geographic area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> The <a href="/facts/Hubbert_peak_theory/ml0R40Mj">Hubbert peak theory</a> makes predictions of production rates based on prior discovery rates and anticipated production rates. <a href="/facts/Hubbert_curve/aA8oE6Fr">Hubbert curves</a> predict that the production curves of non-renewing resources approximate a <a href="/facts/Normal_distribution/UapjjPyQ">bell curve</a>. Thus, according to this theory, when the <a href="/facts/Peak_oil/s0YlwPS6">peak of production</a> is passed, production rates enter an irreversible decline.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>
<h2 id="deforestation">Deforestation</h2>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Deforestation/L1TNhN9p">Deforestation</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deforestation&action=edit">edit</a>]

<a href="/facts/Deforestation/L1TNhN9p">Deforestation</a> or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a <a href="/facts/Forest/RnMtb31v">forest</a> or stand of trees from land that is then <a href="/facts/Land_conversion/W6dVvXjT">converted</a> to non-forest use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to <a href="/facts/Farm/EsIveRWU">farms</a>, <a href="/facts/Ranch/0rnYTjQK">ranches</a>, or <a href="/facts/Urban_area/fu9v8h5P">urban</a> use. About 31% of Earth's land surface is covered by <a href="/facts/Forest/RnMtb31v">forests</a> at present.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> This is one-third less than the <a href="/facts/Forest_cover/Ae0sgp0Q">forest cover</a> before the expansion of agriculture, with half of that loss occurring in the last century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> Between 15 million to 18 million <a href="/facts/Hectares/DPz2HDGr">hectares</a> of forest, an area the size of <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a>, are destroyed every year. On average 2,400 trees are cut down each minute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> Estimates vary widely as to the extent of deforestation in the <a href="/facts/Tropics/Iv1es8Ih">tropics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> In 2019, nearly a third of the overall tree cover loss, or 3.8 million hectares, occurred within humid tropical <a href="/facts/Primary_forests/kffLtWkA">primary forests</a>. These are areas of mature <a href="/facts/Rainforest/IEY5TMEc">rainforest</a> that are especially important for <a href="/facts/Biodiversity/GruakEzs">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/facts/Carbon_sequestration/WDBvr9eU">carbon storage</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>
The direct cause of most deforestation is agriculture by far.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> More than 80% of deforestation was attributed to agriculture in 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> Forests are being converted to plantations for <a href="/facts/Coffee/Q4Ko2C7I">coffee</a>, <a href="/facts/Palm_oil/n8zHXqoG">palm oil</a>, <a href="/facts/Rubber/CbsjJxhY">rubber</a> and various other popular products.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> Livestock <a href="/facts/Grazing/nxF45P2c">grazing</a> also drives deforestation. Further drivers are the <a href="/facts/Wood_industry/MysmUzCT">wood industry</a> (<a href="/facts/Logging/YnjEaap7">logging</a>), <a href="/facts/Urbanization/GQq0oqft">urbanization</a> and <a href="/facts/Mining/g6uDIFab">mining</a>. The <a href="/facts/Effects_of_climate_change/M5EvHf14">effects of climate change</a> are another cause via the increased risk of <a href="/facts/Wildfire/LU3797A0">wildfires</a> (see <a href="/facts/Deforestation_and_climate_change/IBYJuPPk">deforestation and climate change</a>).
Deforestation results in <a href="/facts/Habitat_destruction/pyPMkBCY">habitat destruction</a> which in turn leads to <a href="/facts/Biodiversity_loss/p7xI1P0G">biodiversity loss</a>. Deforestation also leads to <a href="/facts/Extinction/24p5NP2q">extinction</a> of animals and plants, changes to the local climate, and displacement of <a href="/facts/Indigenous_peoples/zyzBMXBS">indigenous people</a> who live in forests. Deforested regions often also suffer from other environmental problems such as <a href="/facts/Desertification/N7rdrzFy">desertification</a> and <a href="/facts/Soil_erosion/pbwuyY5H">soil erosion</a>.
Another problem is that deforestation reduces the uptake of carbon dioxide (<a href="/facts/Carbon_sequestration/WDBvr9eU">carbon sequestration</a>) from the atmosphere. This reduces the potential of forests to assist with <a href="/facts/Climate_change_mitigation/GgkoeWMk">climate change mitigation</a>. The role of forests in capturing and storing carbon and mitigating climate change is also important for the agricultural sector.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> The reason for this linkage is because the <a href="/facts/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture/ru4tQClx">effects of climate change on agriculture</a> pose new risks to global <a href="/facts/Food_system/UoD0y4Ax">food systems</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>

Since 1990, it is estimated that some <a href="/facts/Orders_of_magnitude_(area)/fLnM7db9">420 million hectares</a> of forest have been lost through <a href="/facts/Land_conversion/W6dVvXjT">conversion</a> to other <a href="/facts/Land_use/BAMqwQcG">land uses</a>, although the rate of deforestation has decreased over the past three decades. Between 2015 and 2020, the rate of deforestation was estimated at 10 million hectares per year, down from 16 million hectares per year in the 1990s. The area of primary forest worldwide has decreased by over 80 million hectares since 1990. More than 100 million hectares of forests are adversely affected by forest fires, pests, diseases, <a href="/facts/Invasive_species/Ya1v6RGx">invasive species</a>, <a href="/facts/Drought/LVW0rfuV">drought</a> and adverse weather events.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>
<h3>Controlling deforestation</h3>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/REDD_and_REDD%252B/03XBCQfY">REDD and REDD+</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=REDD_and_REDD%2B&action=edit">edit</a>]

<a href="/facts/REDD_and_REDD%252B/03XBCQfY">REDD+</a> (or REDD-plus) is a voluntary <a href="/facts/Climate_change_mitigation/GgkoeWMk">climate mitigation</a> framework developed by the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change/Tg7f18g3">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC).[38] It aims to encourage <a href="/facts/Developing_country/eTfS4kxl">developing countries</a> to reduce <a href="/facts/Greenhouse_gas_emissions/Cu9nXPHE">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and <a href="/facts/Deforestation/L1TNhN9p">deforestation</a>, enhance forest's removal of <a href="/facts/Greenhouse_gas/HXaHqrT8">greenhouse gases</a>, promote sustainable forest management, and financially incentivise these efforts.[39] The acronym refers to "reducing emissions from deforestation and <a href="/facts/Forest_degradation/6lg55I80">forest degradation</a> in developing countries." [40] The "+" refers the framework's forest conservation activities.[39]
<h2 id="overfishing">Overfishing</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Overfishing/fAxN80Jo">Overfishing</a>
Overfishing refers to the <a href="/facts/Overconsumption_(economics)/sVHKVL13">overconsumption</a> and/or depletion of fish populations which occurs when fish are caught at a rate that exceeds their ability to breed and replenish their population naturally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> Regions particularly susceptible to overfishing include <a href="/facts/Arctic/bxbuUz7Q">the Arctic</a>, <a href="/facts/East_Africa/WtsAyphI">coastal east Africa</a>, <a href="/facts/Coral_Triangle/YVfDmvzq">the Coral Triangle</a> (located between the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific</a> and <a href="/facts/Indian_Ocean/Kv0crwKG">Indian</a> oceans), <a href="/facts/Central_America/CXKgTuxC">Central</a> and <a href="/facts/Latin_America/Qmx9Jx2a">Latin America</a>, and <a href="/facts/Caribbean/zRI9aMCh">the Caribbean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> The depletion of fish stocks can lead to long-term negative consequences for marine ecosystems, economies, and food security.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> The depletion of resources hinders economic growth because growing economies leads to increased demand for natural, renewable resources like fish. Thus, when resources are depleted, it initiates a cycle of reduced resource availability, increased demand and higher prices due to scarcity, and lower economic growth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> Overfishing can lead to habitat and biodiversity loss, through specifically habitat degradation, which has an immense impact on marine/aquatic ecosystems. Habitat loss refers to when a natural habitat cannot sustain/support the species that live in it, and biodiversity loss refers to when there is a decrease in the population of a species in a specific area and/or the extinction of a species. Habitat degradation is caused by the depletion of resources, in which human activities are the primary driving force.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> One major impact that the depletion of fish stocks causes is a dynamic change and erosion to marine food webs, which can ultimately lead to ecosystem collapse because of the imbalance created for other marine species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> Overfishing also causes instability in marine ecosystems because these ecosystems are less biodiverse and more fragile. This occurs mainly because, due to overfishing, many fish species are unable to naturally sustain their populations in these damaged ecosystems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a>

Most common causes of overfishing:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>

<ul><li>Increasing consumption: According to the <a href="/facts/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization/13WV8JJK">United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)</a>, aquatic foods like fish significantly contribute to food security and initiatives to end worldwide hunger. However, global consumption of aquatic foods has increased at twice the rate of population growth since the 1960s, significantly contributing to the depletion of fish stocks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Climate_change/rEN4BDE7">Climate change</a>: Due to climate change and the sudden increasing temperatures of our oceans, fish stocks and other marine life are being negatively impacted. These changes force fish stocks to change their migratory routes, and without a reduction in fishing, this leads to overfishing and depletion because the same amount of fish are being caught in areas that now have lower fish populations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Illegal%2c_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing/FhpMlqJN">Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing</a>: Illegal fishing involves conducting fishing operations that break the laws and regulations at the regional and international levels around fishing, including fishing without a license or permit, fishing in protected areas, and/or catching protected species of fish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> Unreported fishing involves conducting fishing operation which are not reported, or are misreported to authorities according to the International and Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs). Unregulated fishing involves conducting fishing operations in areas which do not have conservation measures put in place, and cannot be effectively monitored because of the lack of regulations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fisheries_subsidy/Nk1rDFvG">Fisheries subsidies</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> A <a href="/facts/Subsidy/W9lLudyn">subsidy</a> is financial assistance paid by the government to support a particular activity, industry, or group. Subsidies are often provided to reduce start up costs, stimulate production, or encourage consumption. In the case of fisheries subsidies, it enables <a href="/facts/Fishing_fleet/hQl4uMsD">fishing fleets</a> to catch more fish by fishing further out in a body of water, and fish for longer periods of time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="wetlands">Wetlands</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Wetland/9abbP7CR">Wetland</a><a href="/facts/Wetland/9abbP7CR">Wetlands</a> are ecosystems that are often saturated by enough <a href="/facts/Surface_water/KQCY5RcY">surface</a> or <a href="/facts/Groundwater/JYM2IDS2">groundwater</a> to sustain <a href="/facts/Vegetation/nAHr9kjk">vegetation</a> that is usually adapted to saturated soil conditions, such as <a href="/facts/Cattails/069AClzk">cattails</a>, <a href="/facts/Bulrush/c9n1y5uc">bulrushes</a>, <a href="/facts/Red_maple/uojT1DDe">red maples</a>, <a href="/facts/Wild_rice/bVRC2Nga">wild rice</a>, <a href="/facts/Blackberries/MVD1DHFR">blackberries</a>, <a href="/facts/Cranberry/Nj5EuTY1">cranberries</a>, and <a href="/facts/Peat_moss/IawBHtmW">peat moss</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> Because some varieties of wetlands are rich in minerals and nutrients and provide many of the advantages of both land and water environments, they contain diverse species and provide a distinct basis for the <a href="/facts/Food_chain/mvDKQTGu">food chain</a>. Wetland habitats contribute to environmental health and biodiversity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> Wetlands are a nonrenewable resource on a human timescale and in some environments cannot ever be renewed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> Recent studies indicate that global loss of wetlands could be as high as 87% since 1700 AD, with 64% of wetland loss occurring since 1900.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> Some loss of wetlands resulted from natural causes such as erosion, <a href="/facts/Sedimentation/qUgHGvhd">sedimentation</a>, <a href="/facts/Subsidence/EIwtz9w9">subsidence</a>, and a rise in the sea level.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a>

Wetlands provide <a href="/facts/Ecosystem_service/Fm4owYGV">environmental services</a> for:

<ol><li>Food and habitat</li>
<li>Improving <a href="/facts/Water_quality/PcEERmpX">water quality</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Commercial_fishing/8XF3oLTc">Commercial fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Floodwater/FDQjJeXW">Floodwater</a> reduction</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Shoreline/yRlfT1Q6">Shoreline</a> stabilization</li>
<li>Recreation</li></ol>
<h3>Resources in wetlands</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Wetland_conservation/KJcTP9Ul">Wetland conservation</a>
Some of the world's most successful agricultural areas are wetlands that have been drained and converted to farmland for large-scale agriculture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> Large-scale draining of wetlands also occurs for <a href="/facts/Real_estate_development/8L0Kz9cc">real estate development</a> and <a href="/facts/Urbanization/GQq0oqft">urbanization</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> In contrast, in some cases wetlands are also flooded to be converted to recreational lakes or <a href="/facts/Hydropower/Adx1E5ha">hydropower</a> generation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> In some countries ranchers have also moved their property onto wetlands for grazing due to the nutrient rich vegetation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> Wetlands in Southern America also prove a fruitful resource for <a href="/facts/Poaching/UgYKJV0E">poachers</a>, as animals with valuable hides such a <a href="/facts/Jaguar/Sn2espqI">jaguars</a>, <a href="/facts/Maned_wolf/CgDWosW7">maned wolves</a>, <a href="/facts/Caiman/Wl5dW8M1">caimans</a>, and <a href="/facts/Snake/YhA2gcn0">snakes</a> are drawn to wetlands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> The effect of the removal of large predators is still unknown in South African wetlands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a>
Humans benefit from wetlands in indirect ways as well. Wetlands act as natural water filters, when runoff from either natural or man-made processes pass through, wetlands can have a neutralizing effect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> If a wetland is in between an agricultural zone and a <a href="/facts/Freshwater_ecosystem/G5xqs19j">freshwater ecosystem</a>, fertilizer runoff will be absorbed by the wetland and used to fuel the slow processes that occur happen, by the time the water reaches the freshwater ecosystem there will not be enough fertilizer to cause destructive <a href="/facts/Algal_bloom/TTP5g2Ah">algal blooms</a> that poison freshwater ecosystems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a>

<h3>Non-natural causes of wetland degradation</h3>
<ul><li>Hydrologic alteration<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Drainage/thEd3nfB">drainage</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dredging/81sUKhnF">dredging</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Stream_channelization/jLfX5fJ4">stream channelization</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ditching/MHgaT7rL">ditching</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Levee/99xdvoVg">levees</a></li>
<li>deposition of <a href="/facts/Fill_material/hgvhc7m5">fill material</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Diversion_dam/8QoMpnAp">stream diversion</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Groundwater_drainage/azk7fYBJ">groundwater drainage</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dam/BroJFhEI">impoundment</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Urbanization/GQq0oqft">Urbanization</a> and <a href="/facts/Urban_development/dcuv8eTp">urban development</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Marina/wUUegkPR">Marinas</a>/boats</li>
<li>Industrialization and <a href="/facts/Industrial_development/h3QXzS6C">industrial development</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Agriculture/TGztqzJs">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Silviculture/ERfNCtHu">Silviculture</a>/Timber harvest</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mining/g6uDIFab">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Atmospheric_deposition/HDd7adq7">Atmospheric deposition</a></li></ul>
To preserve the resources extracted from wetlands, current strategies are to rank wetlands and prioritize the conservation of wetlands with more environmental services, create more efficient irrigation for wetlands being used for agriculture, and restricting access to wetlands by tourists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a>

<h2 id="groundwater">Groundwater</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Overdrafting/0sjvv3VS">Overdrafting</a>
Water is an essential resource needed for survival. Water access has a profound influence on a society's prosperity and success.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> <a href="/facts/Groundwater/JYM2IDS2">Groundwater</a> is water that is in saturated zones underground, the upper surface of the saturated zone is called the water table.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> Groundwater is held in the pores and fractures of underground materials like sand, gravel and other rock, these rock materials are called aquifers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> Groundwater can either flow naturally out of rock materials or can be pumped out. Groundwater supplies wells and aquifers for private, agricultural, and public use and is used by more than a third of the world's population every day for their drinking water. Globally there is 22.6 million cubic kilometers of groundwater available; of this, only 0.35 million of that is renewable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a>

<h3>Groundwater as a non-renewable resource</h3>
Groundwater is considered to be a non-renewable resource because less than six percent of the water around the world is replenished and renewed on a human timescale of 50 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> People are already using non-renewable water that is thousands of years old, in areas like Egypt they are using water that may have been renewed a million years ago which is not renewable on human timescales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> Of the groundwater used for agriculture, 16–33% is non-renewable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> It is estimated that since the 1960s groundwater extraction has more than doubled, which has increased groundwater depletion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> Due to this increase in depletion, in some of the most depleted areas use of groundwater for irrigation has become impossible or cost prohibitive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a>

<h3>Environmental impacts</h3>
Overusing groundwater, old or young, can lower subsurface water levels and dry up streams, which could have a huge effect on ecosystems on the surface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> When the most easily recoverable fresh groundwater is removed this leaves a residual with inferior water quality. This is in part from induced leakage from the land surface, confining layers or adjacent aquifers that contain saline or contaminated water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> Worldwide the magnitude of groundwater depletion from storage may be so large as to constitute a measurable contributor to sea-level rise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a>

<h3>Mitigation</h3>
Currently, societies respond to water-resource depletion by shifting management objectives from location and developing new supplies to augmenting conserving and reallocation of existing supplies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> There are two different perspectives to groundwater depletion, the first is that depletion is considered literally and simply as a reduction in the volume of water in the saturated zone, regardless of water quality considerations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> A second perspective views depletion as a reduction in the usable volume of fresh groundwater in storage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a>
Augmenting supplies can mean improving water quality or increasing water quantity. Depletion due to quality considerations can be overcome by treatment, whereas large volume metric depletion can only be alleviated by decreasing discharge or increasing recharge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> Artificial recharge of storm flow and treated municipal wastewater, has successfully reversed groundwater declines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> In the future improved infiltration and recharge technologies will be more widely used to maximize the capture of runoff and treated wastewater.

<h2 id="resource-depletion-and-the-future">Resource depletion and the future</h2>
<h3>Earth Overshoot Day</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Earth_Overshoot_Day/7cPdoYzL">Earth Overshoot Day</a>
Earth Overshoot Day (EOD) is the date when humanity's demand for ecological resources exceeds Earth's ability to regenerate these resources in a given year. EOD is calculated by the Global Footprint Network, and organization that develops annual impact reports, based on data bout resource use in the previous year. EOD is announced each year on June 5, which is World Environment Day, and continues to get earlier each year. For example, Earth Overshoot Day 2023 was August 2, compared to in 2010 where it fell on August 10 and in 2000 where it fell on September 17.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> The Global Footprint Network calculates Earth Overshoot Day by dividing world biocapacity by world ecological footprint and multiplying that by 365 days (366 days during a leap year).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> World biocapacity refers to the total amount of natural resources that Earth can regenerate in a year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> World ecological footprint refers to the total amount of resource that society consumes in a year, including things like energy, food, water, agricultural land, forest land, etc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> Earth Overshoot Day can be calculated for Earth as a whole, but also for each country individually. For example, in a middle income country like Morocco, their 2023 country specific overshoot day was December 22, compared to a high income country like the United States of America which consumes a lot more resources, their 2023 country specific overshoot day was March 14.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> The goal is to push Earth Overshoot Day back far enough to where humanity would be living within Earth's ecological means and not surpassing what it can sustainably provide each year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a>

<h3>The World Counts</h3>
According to The World Counts, a source which collects data from a number of organizations, research institutes, and news services, and produces statistical countdown clocks that illustrate the negative trends related to the environment and other global challenges, humanity is in trouble if current consumption patterns continue. At society's current consumption rate, approximately 1.8 Earths are needed in order to provide resources in a sustainable capacity, and there is just under 26 years until resources are depleted to a point where Earth's capacity to support life may collapse. It is also estimated that approximately 29% of all species on Earth are currently at risk of extinction. As well, 25 billion tons of resources have been extracted this year alone, this includes but is not limited to natural resources like fish, wood, metals, minerals, water, and energy. The World Counts shows that there is 15 years until Earth is exhausted of freshwater, and 23 years until there are no more fish in the oceans. They also estimate that 15 billion trees are cut down every year, while only 2 billion trees are planted every year, and that there is only 75 years until rainforests are completely gone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a>

<h2 id="resource-scarcity-as-a-moral-problem">Resource scarcity as a moral problem</h2>

Researchers who produced an update of the <a href="/facts/Club_of_Rome/v8hnwuNF">Club of Rome</a>'s <a href="/facts/The_Limits_to_Growth/Qdz05kCU">Limits to Growth</a> report find that many people deny the existence of the problem of <a href="/facts/Scarcity/CcQvXJHt">scarcity</a>, including many leading scientists and politicians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> This may be due, for example, to an unwillingness to change one's own consumption patterns or to share scarce natural resources more equally, or to a psychological defence mechanism.
The scarcity of resources raises a central moral problem concerning the distribution and allocation of natural resources. Competition means that the most advanced get the most resources, which often means the developed West. The problem here is that the West has developed partly through colonial slave labour and violence, and partly through protectionist policies, which together have left many other, non-Western countries underdeveloped.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> 
In the future, international cooperation in sharing scarce resources will become increasingly important. Where scarcity is concentrated on the non-renewable resources that play the most important role in meeting needs, the most essential element for the realisation of human rights is an adequate and equitable allocation of scarcity. <a href="/facts/Economic_inequality/2Kb0kBH5">Inequality</a>, taken to its extreme, causes intense discontent, which can lead to social unrest and even armed conflict. Many experts believe that ensuring equitable development is the only sure way to a peaceful distribution of scarcity.
Another approach to resource depletion is a combined process of de-resourcification and resourcification. Where one strives to put an end to the social processes of turning unsustainable things into resources, for example, non-renewable natural resources, and the other strives to instead develop processes of turning sustainable things into resources, for example, renewable human resources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Ecological_economics/t2N5upyK">Ecological economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Holocene_extinction/C1LzDDy7">Holocene extinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jevons_paradox/g99mehfc">Jevons paradox</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Malthusianism/jbR6UF1B">Malthusianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Overexploitation/35n60afL">Overexploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Overfishing/fAxN80Jo">Overfishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Overpopulation/gIz6l0KQ">Overpopulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peak_coal/zUYwzS3r">Peak coal</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peak_copper/mh3XR4Tx">Peak copper</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peak_gas/RukqIsGv">Peak gas</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peak_gold/nWt2VIS4">Peak gold</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peak_minerals/Nx5Lt59J">Peak minerals</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peak_phosphorus/l3YbmWjS">Peak phosphorus</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peak_uranium/xYJe66PH">Peak uranium</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peak_water/GWRbE8U1">Peak water</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peak_wheat/wChGLua6">Peak wheat</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Planetary_boundaries/th3MzcsM">Planetary boundaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Progress_trap/7x5CUGL2">Progress trap</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Resource_war/MPluTbJ0">Resource war</a></li></ul>

Look up Depletion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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<li id="fn:83">Keddy, Paul A. (2010). Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521739672. <a href="9780521739672" target="_blank">9780521739672</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:87">Kachur, Torah (2 February 2017). "Don't drain the swamp! Why wetlands are so important". CBC. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2019. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/don-t-drain-the-swamp-why-wetlands-are-so-important-1.3962917" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/don-t-drain-the-swamp-why-wetlands-are-so-important-1.3962917</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2001, September). Threats to wetlands. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-01/documents/threats_to_wetlands.pdf Archived 2024-02-02 at the Wayback Machine <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-01/documents/threats_to_wetlands.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-01/documents/threats_to_wetlands.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Keddy, Paul A. (2010). Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521739672. <a href="9780521739672" target="_blank">9780521739672</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Peterson, Erik; Posner, Rachel (January 2010). "The World's Water Challenge". Current History. 109 (723): 31–34. doi:10.1525/curh.2010.109.723.31. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcurh.2010.109.723.31" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcurh.2010.109.723.31</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">"What is groundwater?". USGS. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-04-02. <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-groundwater?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products" target="_blank">https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-groundwater?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">"What is groundwater?". USGS. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-04-02. <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-groundwater?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products" target="_blank">https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-groundwater?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Chung, Emily. "Most Groundwater is Effectively a Non-renewable Resource, Study Finds". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2017-07-08. <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137" target="_blank">http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:95">Chung, Emily. "Most Groundwater is Effectively a Non-renewable Resource, Study Finds". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2017-07-08. <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137" target="_blank">http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:99">Chung, Emily. "Most Groundwater is Effectively a Non-renewable Resource, Study Finds". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2017-07-08. <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137" target="_blank">http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/groundwater-study-1.3318137</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Konikow, Leonard F.; Kendy, Eloise (2005-03-01). "Groundwater depletion: A global problem". Hydrogeology Journal. 13 (1): 317–320. Bibcode:2005HydJ...13..317K. doi:10.1007/s10040-004-0411-8. ISSN 1435-0157. S2CID 21715061. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Wada, Yoshihide; Beek, Ludovicus P. H. van; Kempen, Cheryl M. van; Reckman, Josef W. T. M.; Vasak, Slavek; Bierkens, Marc F. P. (2010). "Global depletion of groundwater resources" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 37 (20): n/a. Bibcode:2010GeoRL..3720402W. doi:10.1029/2010GL044571. hdl:1874/209122. ISSN 1944-8007. S2CID 42843631. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-04-22. Retrieved 2019-09-02. <a href="https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/209122/1/2010GL044571.pdf" target="_blank">https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/209122/1/2010GL044571.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Konikow, Leonard F.; Kendy, Eloise (2005-03-01). "Groundwater depletion: A global problem". Hydrogeology Journal. 13 (1): 317–320. Bibcode:2005HydJ...13..317K. doi:10.1007/s10040-004-0411-8. ISSN 1435-0157. S2CID 21715061. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Konikow, Leonard F.; Kendy, Eloise (2005-03-01). "Groundwater depletion: A global problem". Hydrogeology Journal. 13 (1): 317–320. Bibcode:2005HydJ...13..317K. doi:10.1007/s10040-004-0411-8. ISSN 1435-0157. S2CID 21715061. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Konikow, Leonard F.; Kendy, Eloise (2005-03-01). "Groundwater depletion: A global problem". Hydrogeology Journal. 13 (1): 317–320. Bibcode:2005HydJ...13..317K. doi:10.1007/s10040-004-0411-8. ISSN 1435-0157. S2CID 21715061. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Konikow, Leonard F.; Kendy, Eloise (2005-03-01). "Groundwater depletion: A global problem". Hydrogeology Journal. 13 (1): 317–320. Bibcode:2005HydJ...13..317K. doi:10.1007/s10040-004-0411-8. ISSN 1435-0157. S2CID 21715061. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Konikow, Leonard F.; Kendy, Eloise (2005-03-01). "Groundwater depletion: A global problem". Hydrogeology Journal. 13 (1): 317–320. Bibcode:2005HydJ...13..317K. doi:10.1007/s10040-004-0411-8. ISSN 1435-0157. S2CID 21715061. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">"About Earth Overshoot Day - #MoveTheDate of Earth Overshoot Day". Earth Overshoot Day. Archived from the original on 2024-04-12. Retrieved 2024-04-10. <a href="https://overshoot.footprintnetwork.org/about-earth-overshoot-day/" target="_blank">https://overshoot.footprintnetwork.org/about-earth-overshoot-day/</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">"About Earth Overshoot Day - #MoveTheDate of Earth Overshoot Day". Earth Overshoot Day. Archived from the original on 2024-04-12. Retrieved 2024-04-10. <a href="https://overshoot.footprintnetwork.org/about-earth-overshoot-day/" target="_blank">https://overshoot.footprintnetwork.org/about-earth-overshoot-day/</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:111">"About Earth Overshoot Day - #MoveTheDate of Earth Overshoot Day". Earth Overshoot Day. Archived from the original on 2024-04-12. Retrieved 2024-04-10. <a href="https://overshoot.footprintnetwork.org/about-earth-overshoot-day/" target="_blank">https://overshoot.footprintnetwork.org/about-earth-overshoot-day/</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">"About Earth Overshoot Day - #MoveTheDate of Earth Overshoot Day". Earth Overshoot Day. Archived from the original on 2024-04-12. Retrieved 2024-04-10. <a href="https://overshoot.footprintnetwork.org/about-earth-overshoot-day/" target="_blank">https://overshoot.footprintnetwork.org/about-earth-overshoot-day/</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:115">Meadows, D. & Randers, J. & Meadows, D. 2004 A synopsis. Limits to growth, the 30-years update Archived 2010-12-27 at the Wayback Machine. <a href="http://www.mnforsustain.org/meadows_limits_to_growth_30_year_update_2004.htm" target="_blank">http://www.mnforsustain.org/meadows_limits_to_growth_30_year_update_2004.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">see Hall, S. 2005 Identiteetti. Tampere, Finland: Vastapaino <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Corvellec, Hervé; Paulsson, Alexander (2023-03-01). "Resource shifting: Resourcification and de-resourcification for degrowth". Ecological Economics. 205: 107703. Bibcode:2023EcoEc.20507703C. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107703. ISSN 0921-8009. S2CID 254388285. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2022.107703" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2022.107703</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Resource depletion open-in-new

Resource depletion