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Leptobos
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<h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>The range of <i>Leptobos</i> extended from the <a href="/facts/Iberian_Peninsula/ztFXI8zt">Iberian Peninsula</a> to northern China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> <i>L. merlai</i> is known from the Early Pleistocene of central Italy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>Species of <i>Leptobos</i> weighed on average 320 kilograms (710 lb).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="evolution">Evolution</h2> <p>The first appearance of <i>Leptobos</i> in Europe around 3.6-3.5 million years ago is considered to define the beginning of the <a href="/facts/Villafranchian/Hj6QykDY">Villafranchian</a> European faunal stage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> <i>Leptobos</i> is considered to be closely related to the insular genus <i>Epileptobos</i> from the Pleistocene of <a href="/facts/Java/2MNA2rLm">Java</a><i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></i>, and is considered to be ancestral to <i><a href="/facts/Bison/smQwevcN">Bison</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> <i>Leptobos</i> became extinct after being replaced by their descendant <i>Bison</i> during the Early Pleistocene, after a period of temporal overlap.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> "<i>Leptobos" syrticus</i> from Libya likely belongs in a different genus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="species">Species</h2> <ul><li><i>Leptobos brevicornis</i> (China)</li> <li><i>Leptobos crassus</i> (China)</li> <li><i>Leptobos falconeri</i> (Pakistan)</li> <li><i>Leptobos stenometopon</i> (France and Italy)</li> <li><i>Leptobos merlai</i> (France and Italy)</li> <li><i>Leptobos furtivus</i> (France also possibly Italy)</li> <li><i>Leptobos etruscus</i> (France, Italy, and Spain)</li> <li><i>Leptobos vallisarni</i> (Italy and China)</li></ul> <h2 id="palaeobiology">Palaeobiology</h2> <p>The dietary preference across the genus includes species that were <a href="/facts/Browsing_(herbivory)/CofkS0Nv">browsers</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Grazing_(behaviour)/u8jDhus8">grazers</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> and mixed feeders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Ecomorphological analysis of its <a href="/facts/Humerus/9h0R2GuY">humerus</a> suggests that <i>L. etruscus</i> was adapted for open grassland habitats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/eutheria/artiodactyla/bovioidea/boselaphini.html">http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/eutheria/artiodactyla/bovioidea/boselaphini.html</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.paleodb.org">Paleobiology Database</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Sorbelli, Leonardo; Alba, David M.; Cherin, Marco; Moullé, Pierre-Élie; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan (June 2021). "A review on Bison schoetensacki and its closest relatives through the early-Middle Pleistocene transition: Insights from the Vallparadís Section (NE Iberian Peninsula) and other European localities". Quaternary Science Reviews. 261: 106933. Bibcode:2021QSRv..26106933S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106933. S2CID 235527116. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379121001402" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379121001402</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Cherin, Marco; D’Allestro, Vittorio; Masini, Federico (9 December 2017). "New Bovid Remains from the Early Pleistocene of Umbria (Italy) and a Reappraisal of Leptobos merlai". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 26 (2): 201–224. doi:10.1007/s10914-017-9421-x. ISSN 1064-7554. Retrieved 22 February 2025 – via Springer Nature Link. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10914-017-9421-x" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10914-017-9421-x</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Brugal, Jean‑Philip; Croitor, Roman (2007-06-01). "Evolution, ecology and biochronology of herbivore associations in Europe during the last 3 million years". Quaternaire. 18 (2): 129152. doi:10.4000/quaternaire.1014. ISSN 1142-2904. <a href="http://journals.openedition.org/quaternaire/1014" target="_blank">http://journals.openedition.org/quaternaire/1014</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>van Kolfschoten, T. (2013-01-01), "QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHY | Continental Biostratigraphy", in Elias, Scott A.; Mock, Cary J. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (Second Edition), Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 206–214, ISBN 978-0-444-53642-6, retrieved 2021-10-31 <a href="978-0-444-53642-6" target="_blank">978-0-444-53642-6</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Mead, Jim I.; Jin, Changzhu; Wei, Guangbiao; Sun, Chengkai; Wang, Yuan; Swift, Sandra L.; Zheng, Longting (December 2014). "New data on Leptobos crassus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) from Renzidong Cave, Early Pleistocene (Nihewanian) of Anhui, China, and an overview of the genus". Quaternary International. 354: 139–146. Bibcode:2014QuInt.354..139M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.02.019. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618214001098" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618214001098</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Sorbelli, Leonardo; Alba, David M.; Cherin, Marco; Moullé, Pierre-Élie; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan (June 2021). "A review on Bison schoetensacki and its closest relatives through the early-Middle Pleistocene transition: Insights from the Vallparadís Section (NE Iberian Peninsula) and other European localities". Quaternary Science Reviews. 261: 106933. Bibcode:2021QSRv..26106933S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106933. 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Bibcode:2023QSRv..30107923S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107923. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379122005546" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379122005546</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Sorbelli, Leonardo; Alba, David M.; Cherin, Marco; Moullé, Pierre-Élie; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan (June 2021). "A review on Bison schoetensacki and its closest relatives through the early-Middle Pleistocene transition: Insights from the Vallparadís Section (NE Iberian Peninsula) and other European localities". Quaternary Science Reviews. 261: 106933. Bibcode:2021QSRv..26106933S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106933. 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"Three‐dimensional geometric morphometric analyses of humerus ecomorphology: New perspectives for paleohabitat reconstruction in carnivorans and ungulates". The Anatomical Record. 308 (3): 946–974. doi:10.1002/ar.25553. ISSN 1932-8486. PMC 11791394. PMID 39126145. Retrieved 22 February 2025 – via Wiley Online Library. <a href="https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ar.25553" target="_blank">https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ar.25553</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>