Hybrid computer

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
The first desktop hybrid computing system was the Hycomp 250, released by Packard Bell in 1961.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> Another early example was the HYDAC 2400, an integrated hybrid computer released by <a href="/facts/Electronic_Associates/uczmStjg">EAI</a> in 1963.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> In the 1980s, Marconi Space and Defense Systems Limited (under <a href="/facts/Peggy_Hodges/ANAEmo2e">Peggy Hodges</a>) developed their "Starglow Hybrid Computer", which consisted of three EAI 8812 analog computers linked to an EAI 8100 digital computer, the latter also being linked to an SEL 3200 digital computer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> Late in the 20th century, hybrids dwindled with the increasing capabilities of digital computers including <a href="/facts/Digital_signal_processor/YuBXweos">digital signal processors</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
In general, <a href="/facts/Analog_computer/3NhYoCML">analog computers</a> are extraordinarily fast, since they are able to solve most mathematically complex equations at the rate at which a signal traverses the circuit, which is generally an appreciable fraction of the speed of light. On the other hand, the <a href="/facts/Precision_(computer_science)/6rgoFI6d">precision</a> of analog computers is not good; they are limited to three, or at most, four digits of precision.
<a href="/facts/Digital_computer/SQe1aK05">Digital computers</a> can be built to take the solution of equations to almost unlimited precision, but quite slowly compared to analog computers. Generally, complex mathematical equations are approximated using <a href="/facts/Iterative_method/uKMAJhEh">iterative methods</a> which take huge numbers of iterations, depending on how good the initial "guess" at the final value is and how much precision is desired. (This initial guess is known as the numerical "seed".) For many <a href="/facts/Real-time_computing/p9HxgL4L">real-time</a> operations in the 20th century, such digital calculations were too slow to be of much use (e.g., for very high frequency <a href="/facts/Phased_array_radar/5wvA9WLV">phased array radars</a> or for weather calculations), but the precision of an analog computer is insufficient.
Hybrid computers can be used to obtain a very good but relatively <a href="/facts/Accuracy_and_precision/JQ47xXDq">imprecise</a> 'seed' value, using an analog computer front-end, which is then fed into a digital computer iterative process to achieve the final desired degree of precision. With a three or four digit, highly accurate numerical seed, the total digital computation time to reach the <a href="/facts/Significant_figures/RUfYtpgo">desired precision</a> is dramatically reduced, since many fewer iterations are required. One of the main technical problems to be overcome in hybrid computers is minimizing digital-computer <a href="/facts/Noise_(electronics)/Izbv38Rr">noise</a> in analog computing elements and grounding systems.
Consider that the <a href="/facts/Nervous_system/CDxRKU2U">nervous system</a> in animals is a form of hybrid computer. Signals pass across the <a href="/facts/Synapses/vdMRJCUn">synapses</a> from one <a href="/facts/Nerve_cell/G7CyTVdH">nerve cell</a> to the next as discrete (digital) packets of chemicals, which are then summed within the nerve cell in an analog fashion by building an electro-chemical potential until its <a href="/facts/Threshold_potential/VTnHFuGo">threshold</a> is reached, whereupon it discharges and sends out a series of digital packets to the next nerve cell. The advantages are at least threefold: noise within the system is minimized (and tends not to be additive), no common grounding system is required, and there is minimal degradation of the signal even if there are substantial differences in activity of the cells along a path (only the signal delays tend to vary). The individual nerve cells are analogous to analog computers; the synapses are analogous to digital computers.
Hybrid computers are distinct from <a href="/facts/Hybrid_systems/wk7Dfdup">hybrid systems</a>. The latter may be no more than a digital computer equipped with an <a href="/facts/Analog-to-digital_converter/8YYNsMFg">analog-to-digital converter</a> at the input and/or a <a href="/facts/Digital-to-analog_converter/5loEvAeb">digital-to-analog converter</a> at the output, to convert analog signals for ordinary digital signal processing, and conversely, e.g., for driving physical control systems, such as <a href="/facts/Servomechanism/lS3l6sY2">servomechanisms</a>.

<h2 id="vlsi-hybrid-computer-chip">VLSI hybrid computer chip</h2>
In 2015, researchers at Columbia University published a paper<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> on a small scale hybrid computer in 65 nm CMOS technology. This 4th-order VLSI hybrid computer contains 4 integrator blocks, 8 multiplier/gain-setting blocks, 8 fanout blocks for distributing current-mode signals, 2 ADCs, 2 DACs and 2 SRAMs blocks. Digital controllers are also implemented on the chip for executing the external instructions. A robot experiment in the paper demonstrates the use of the hybrid computing chip in today's emerging low-power embedded applications.

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/UW/UW-idx?type=div&did=UW.WIEv105no2.DGreco&isize=M">A New Tool For Science</a> By Daniel Greco and Ken Kuehl, The Wisconsin Engineer, Nov 1972, reprinted Feb 2001</li>
<li>Nadel LD, Kramer MR, Shultheis DC, McCulloh TA (April 1977). "A hybrid computer system for use in cardiology". Med Prog Technol. 4 (4): 185–91. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/865418">865418</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computersA_6121266">"HYBRID COMPUTATION: WHAT AND WHY?"</a>. Computers and Automation. XII (10): <a href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computersA_6121266/page/n9">10</a>–17. Oct 1963.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"HYCOMP"250-THE FIRST DESK TOP HYBRlD ANALOG/Digital COMPUTING SYSTEM" (PDF). <a href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Packard_Bell/PackardBell.HYCOMP250.1961.102646194.pdf" target="_blank">http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Packard_Bell/PackardBell.HYCOMP250.1961.102646194.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"HYDAC 2400 Hybrid Digital/Analog Computer" (PDF). <a href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/EAI/EAI.HYDAC2400.1963.102646295.pdf" target="_blank">http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/EAI/EAI.HYDAC2400.1963.102646295.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">AGARDograph No. 279 Survey of Missile Simulation and Flight Mechanics Facilities in NATO (PDF). NATO. 1983.[permanent dead link] <a href="https://www.sto.nato.int/publications/AGARD/AGARD-AG.../AGARD-AG-279.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.sto.nato.int/publications/AGARD/AGARD-AG.../AGARD-AG-279.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">The Analogue Alternative, the Electronic Analog Computer in Britain and the USA, 1930-1975, by James S Small <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71ayYLt_1MkC&dq=hybrid+computers+obsolete&pg=PA265" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=71ayYLt_1MkC&dq=hybrid+computers+obsolete&pg=PA265</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Guo, Ning; Huang, Yipeng; Mai, Tao; Patil, S.; Cao, Chi; Seok, Mingoo; Sethumadhavan, S.; Tsividis, Y. (2015-09-01). "Continuous-time hybrid computation with programmable nonlinearities". ESSCIRC Conference 2015 - 41st European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC). pp. 279–282. doi:10.1109/ESSCIRC.2015.7313881. ISBN 978-1-4673-7470-5. S2CID 16523767. <a href="978-1-4673-7470-5" target="_blank">978-1-4673-7470-5</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Hybrid computer open-in-new

Hybrid computer