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Glossary of quantum computing
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<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <h3>Textbooks</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Scott_Aaronson/htGK5zuz">Aaronson, Scott</a> (2013). <i>Quantum Computing Since Democritus</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511979309">10.1017/CBO9780511979309</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-19956-8. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829706638">829706638</a>.</li> <li>Akama, Seiki (2014). <i>Elements of Quantum Computing: History, Theories and Engineering Applications</i>. Springer. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-08284-4">10.1007/978-3-319-08284-4</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-319-08284-4. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884786739">884786739</a>.</li> <li>Benenti, Giuliano; Casati, Giulio; Rossini, Davide; Strini, Giuliano (2019). <i>Principles of Quantum Computation and Information: A Comprehensive Textbook</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F10909">10.1142/10909</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-981-3237-23-0. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1084428655">1084428655</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62280636">62280636</a>.</li> <li>Bernhardt, Chris (2019). <i>Quantum Computing for Everyone</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-262-35091-4. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082867954">1082867954</a>.</li> <li>Hidary, Jack D. (2021). <i>Quantum Computing: An Applied Approach</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-83274-2">10.1007/978-3-030-83274-2</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-03-083274-2. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1272953643">1272953643</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238223274">238223274</a>.</li> <li>Hiroshi, Imai; Masahito, Hayashi, eds. (2006). <i>Quantum Computation and Information: From Theory to Experiment</i>. Topics in Applied Physics. Vol. 102. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-33133-6">10.1007/3-540-33133-6</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-540-33133-9.</li> <li>Hughes, Ciaran; Isaacson, Joshua; Perry, Anastasia; Sun, Ranbel F.; Turner, Jessica (2021). <a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-030-61601-4.pdf"><i>Quantum Computing for the Quantum Curious</i></a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-61601-4">10.1007/978-3-030-61601-4</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-03-061601-4. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1244536372">1244536372</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242566636">242566636</a>.</li> <li>Jaeger, Gregg (2007). <i>Quantum Information: An Overview</i>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-36944-0">10.1007/978-0-387-36944-0</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-387-36944-0. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186509710">186509710</a>.</li> <li>Johnston, Eric R.; Harrigan, Nic; Gimeno-Segovia, Mercedes (2019). <i>Programming Quantum Computers: Essential Algorithms and Code Samples</i>. O'Reilly Media, Incorporated. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4920-3968-6. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1111634190">1111634190</a>.</li> <li>Kaye, Phillip; <a href="/facts/Raymond_Laflamme/EJ8qQqot">Laflamme, Raymond</a>; <a href="/facts/Michele_Mosca/aMu3ceFt">Mosca, Michele</a> (2007). <i>An Introduction to Quantum Computing</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-857000-4. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/85896383">85896383</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alexei_Kitaev/yF6fPcey">Kitaev, Alexei Yu.</a>; Shen, Alexander H.; Vyalyi, Mikhail N. (2002). <i>Classical and Quantum Computation</i>. American Mathematical Soc. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8218-3229-5. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907358694">907358694</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/N._David_Mermin/ALGkFowC">Mermin, N. David</a> (2007). <i>Quantum Computer Science: An Introduction</i>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511813870">10.1017/CBO9780511813870</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-511-34258-5. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/422727925">422727925</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Academies_of_Sciences%2c_Engineering%2c_and_Medicine/AdYmBBGV">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a> (2019). Grumbling, Emily; Horowitz, Mark (eds.). <i>Quantum Computing : Progress and Prospects</i>. Washington, DC. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F25196">10.17226/25196</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-309-47970-7. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1091904777">1091904777</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125635007">125635007</a>.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Michael_Nielsen/hedbpYkS">Nielsen, Michael</a>; <a href="/facts/Isaac_L._Chuang/qEgqj9tt">Chuang, Isaac</a> (2010). <i><a href="/facts/Quantum_Computation_and_Quantum_Information/l2pYpSSj">Quantum Computation and Quantum Information</a></i> (10th anniversary ed.). <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511976667">10.1017/CBO9780511976667</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-511-99277-3. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/700706156">700706156</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59717455">59717455</a>.</li> <li>Stolze, Joachim; Suter, Dieter (2004). <i>Quantum Computing: A Short Course from Theory to Experiment</i>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9783527617760">10.1002/9783527617760</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-527-61776-0. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212140089">212140089</a>.</li> <li>Wichert, Andreas (2020). <i>Principles of Quantum Artificial Intelligence: Quantum Problem Solving and Machine Learning</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F11938">10.1142/11938</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-981-12-2431-7. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1178715016">1178715016</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225498497">225498497</a>.</li> <li>Wong, Thomas (2022). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129214631/http://www.thomaswong.net/introduction-to-classical-and-quantum-computing-1e.pdf"><i>Introduction to Classical and Quantum Computing</i></a> (PDF). Rooted Grove. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 979-8-9855931-0-5. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1308951401">1308951401</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.thomaswong.net/introduction-to-classical-and-quantum-computing-1e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2022-08-29.</li> <li>Zeng, Bei; Chen, Xie; Zhou, Duan-Lu; Wen, Xiao-Gang (2019). <i>Quantum Information Meets Quantum Matter</i>. <a href="/facts/ArXiv_(identifier)/H6EtgnBe">arXiv</a>:<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.02595">1508.02595</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-9084-9">10.1007/978-1-4939-9084-9</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4939-9084-9. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1091358969">1091358969</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118528258">118528258</a>.</li></ul> <h3>Academic papers</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Derek_Abbott/u5WD8BSv">Abbot, Derek</a>; <a href="/facts/Charles_R._Doering/eSycEjNy">Doering, Charles R.</a>; <a href="/facts/Carlton_M._Caves/z2DqbCmo">Caves, Carlton M.</a>; <a href="/facts/Daniel_Lidar/2ecGcreu">Lidar, Daniel M.</a>; <a href="/facts/Howard_Brandt/z3WcT7G2">Brandt, Howard E.</a>; <a href="/facts/Alexander_R._Hamilton/3q73qV4e">Hamilton, Alexander R.</a>; <a href="/facts/David_K._Ferry/bjyeRUvE">Ferry, David K.</a>; <a href="/facts/Julio_Gea-Banacloche/pP8vKT9A">Gea-Banacloche, Julio</a>; <a href="/facts/Sergey_M._Bezrukov/pFzLnVY0">Bezrukov, Sergey M.</a>; <a href="/facts/Laszlo_B._Kish/9fPcPucm">Kish, Laszlo B.</a> (2003). "Dreams versus Reality: Plenary Debate Session on Quantum Computing". <i>Quantum Information Processing</i>. 2 (6): 449–472. <a href="/facts/ArXiv_(identifier)/H6EtgnBe">arXiv</a>:<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0310130">quant-ph/0310130</a>. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003QuIP....2..449A">2003QuIP....2..449A</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AQINP.0000042203.24782.9a">10.1023/B:QINP.0000042203.24782.9a</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F45526">2027.42/45526</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34885835">34885835</a>.</li> <li>Berthiaume, Andre (1997). <a href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/article/berthiaume97quantum.html">"Quantum Computation"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_DiVincenzo/SS6CfUeQ">DiVincenzo, David P.</a> (2000). "The Physical Implementation of Quantum Computation". <i>Fortschritte der Physik</i>. 48 (9–11): 771–783. <a href="/facts/ArXiv_(identifier)/H6EtgnBe">arXiv</a>:<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0002077">quant-ph/0002077</a>. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ForPh..48..771D">2000ForPh..48..771D</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-3978%28200009%2948%3A9%2F11%3C771%3A%3AAID-PROP771%3E3.0.CO%3B2-E">10.1002/1521-3978(200009)48:9/11<771::AID-PROP771>3.0.CO;2-E</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15439711">15439711</a>.</li> <li>DiVincenzo, David P. (1995). "Quantum Computation". <i>Science</i>. 270 (5234): 255–261. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...270..255D">1995Sci...270..255D</a>. <a href="/facts/CiteSeerX_(identifier)/SceDmd3c">CiteSeerX</a> <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.242.2165">10.1.1.242.2165</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.270.5234.255">10.1126/science.270.5234.255</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220110562">220110562</a>. Table 1 lists switching and dephasing times for various systems.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Feynman/32vGFrtB">Feynman, Richard</a> (1982). "Simulating physics with computers". <i>International Journal of Theoretical Physics</i>. 21 (6–7): 467–488. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982IJTP...21..467F">1982IJTP...21..467F</a>. <a href="/facts/CiteSeerX_(identifier)/SceDmd3c">CiteSeerX</a> <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.45.9310">10.1.1.45.9310</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02650179">10.1007/BF02650179</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124545445">124545445</a>.</li> <li>Jeutner, Valentin (2021). <a href="https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/e034e7b7-d17c-4863-9cee-7e654f97225b">"The Quantum Imperative: Addressing the Legal Dimension of Quantum Computers"</a>. <i>Morals & Machines</i>. 1 (1): 52–59. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F2747-5174-2021-1-52">10.5771/2747-5174-2021-1-52</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236664155">236664155</a>.</li> <li>Mitchell, Ian (1998). <a href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/mitchell98computing.html">"Computing Power into the 21st Century: Moore's Law and Beyond"</a>.</li> <li>Simon, Daniel R. (1994). <a href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/simon94power.html">"On the Power of Quantum Computation"</a>. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Society Press.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Bacon, Dave (2006-01-30). "Operator quantum error-correcting subsystems for self-correcting quantum memories". Physical Review A. 73 (1): 012340. arXiv:quant-ph/0506023. Bibcode:2006PhRvA..73a2340B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.73.012340. S2CID 118968017. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Aly Salah A., Klappenecker, Andreas (2008). "Subsystem code constructions". 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. pp. 369–373. arXiv:0712.4321. doi:10.1109/ISIT.2008.4595010. ISBN 978-1-4244-2256-2. S2CID 14063318.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="978-1-4244-2256-2" target="_blank">978-1-4244-2256-2</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Egan, L., Debroy, D.M., Noel, C. (2021). "Fault-tolerant control of an error-corrected qubit". Phys. Rev. Lett. 598 (7880). Nature: 281–286. arXiv:2009.11482. Bibcode:2021Natur.598..281E. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03928-y. PMID 34608286. S2CID 238357892.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Michael Nielsen and Isaac Chuang (2000). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63503-9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Huang, Hsin-Yuan; Kueng, Richard; Preskill, John (2020). "Predicting many properties of a quantum system from very few measurements". Nat. Phys. 16 (10): 1050–1057. arXiv:2002.08953. Bibcode:2020NatPh..16.1050H. doi:10.1038/s41567-020-0932-7. S2CID 211205098. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Koh, D. E.; Grewal, Sabee (2022). "Classical Shadows with Noise". Quantum. 6: 776. arXiv:2011.11580. Bibcode:2022Quant...6..776K. doi:10.22331/q-2022-08-16-776. S2CID 227127118. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Struchalin, G.I.; Zagorovskii, Ya. A.; Kovlakov, E.V.; Straupe, S.S.; Kulik, S.P. (2021). "Experimental Estimation of Quantum State Properties from Classical Shadows". PRX Quantum. 2 (1): 010307. arXiv:2008.05234. doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.010307. S2CID 221103573. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Huang, Hsin-Yuan; Kueng, Richard; Preskill, John (2020). "Predicting many properties of a quantum system from very few measurements". Nat. Phys. 16 (10): 1050–1057. arXiv:2002.08953. Bibcode:2020NatPh..16.1050H. doi:10.1038/s41567-020-0932-7. S2CID 211205098. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Boixo, S.; et al. (2018). "Characterizing Quantum Supremacy in Near-Term Devices". Nature Physics. 14 (6): 595–600. arXiv:1608.00263. Bibcode:2018NatPh..14..595B. doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0124-x. 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