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Verbascum thapsus
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p><i>V. thapsus</i> is a <a href="/facts/Dicotyledon/yat51Ncq">dicotyledonous</a> plant that produces a <a href="/facts/Rosette_(botany)/JUUYffG2">rosette</a> of leaves in its first year of growth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The leaves are large, up to 50 cm long. The second-year plants normally produce a single unbranched stem, usually 1–2 m tall. In the eastern part of its range in China, it is, however, only reported to grow up to 1.5 m tall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The tall, pole-like stems end in a dense <a href="/facts/Raceme/lXl4udlJ">spike</a> of flowers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> that can occupy up to half the stem length. All parts of the plants are covered with star-shaped <a href="/facts/Trichome/tLjKSfvm">trichomes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> This cover is particularly thick on the leaves, giving them a silvery appearance. The species' <a href="/facts/Chromosome_number/U8zl4AQe">chromosome number</a> is 2n = 36.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>On flowering plants, the leaves are alternately arranged up the stem. They are thick and <a href="/facts/Decurrent/XqRVljzo">decurrent</a>, with much variation in leaf shape between the upper and lower leaves on the stem, ranging from <a href="/facts/Leaf_shape/GfSyEn7C">oblong to oblanceolate</a>, and reaching sizes up to 50 cm long and 14 cm across (19 inches long and 5 inches wide).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> They become smaller higher up the stem,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> and less strongly decurrent down the stem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The flowering stem is solid and 2–2.5 cm (nearly an inch) across, and occasionally branched just below the <a href="/facts/Inflorescence/CvpNd4vS">inflorescence</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> usually following damage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> After flowering and seed release, the stem and fruits usually persist in winter,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> drying into dark brown, stiff structures of densely packed, ovoid-shaped, and dry seed capsules. The dried stems may persist into the following spring or even the next summer. The plant produces a shallow <a href="/facts/Taproot/b2Us8xW8">taproot</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <p>Flowers are pentamerous with (usually) five <a href="/facts/Stamen/MzNPVK3D">stamen</a>, a five-lobed <a href="/facts/Calyx_tube/rFYnXN4d">calyx tube</a>, and a five-petalled <a href="/facts/Corolla_(flower)/DQMkpRSm">corolla</a>, the latter bright yellow and an 1.5–3 cm (0.59–1.18 in) wide. The flowers are almost <a href="/facts/Sessility_(botany)/ySFsrG7S">sessile</a>, with very short <a href="/facts/Pedicel_(botany)/qPgkGFkJ">pedicels</a> (2 mm, 0.08 in). The five stamens are of two types, with the three upper stamens being shorter, their filaments covered by yellow or whitish hairs, and having smaller <a href="/facts/Anther/MzNPVK3D">anthers</a>, while the lower two stamens have <a href="/facts/Glossary_of_botanical_terms/RjjcIGWp">glabrous</a> filaments and larger anthers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> The plant produces small, ovoid (6 mm, 0.24 in) <a href="/facts/Capsule_(fruit)/nSgcw6KK">capsules</a> that split open by way of two valves, each capsule containing large numbers of minute, brown <a href="/facts/Seed/a4xGSLxJ">seeds</a> less than 1 mm (0.04 in)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> in size, marked with longitudinal ridges. A white-flowered form, <i>V. thapsus</i> f. <i>candicans</i>, is known to occur.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Flowering lasts up to three months from early to late summer (June to August in northern Europe),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> with flowering starting at the bottom of the spike and progressing irregularly upward; each flower opens for part of a day and only a few open at the same time around the stem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>For the purpose of <a href="/facts/Botanical_nomenclature/7KmBSwV8">botanical nomenclature</a>, <i>Verbascum thapsus</i> was first described by <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a> in his 1753 <i><i><a href="/facts/Species_Plantarum/SKwpspkt">Species Plantarum</a></i></i>. The <a href="/facts/Specific_name_(botany)/31ckrsXv">specific epithet</a> <i>thapsus</i> had been first used by <a href="/facts/Theophrastus/YEeQeInW">Theophrastus</a> (as Θάψος, <i><i>Thapsos</i></i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> for an unspecified herb from the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greece/PTVBrWXq">Ancient Greek</a> settlement of <a href="/facts/Thapsos/SzGAYQAD">Thapsos</a>, near modern <a href="/facts/Syracuse%2c_Sicily/d6TtVugX">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/facts/Sicily/E6fug03z">Sicily</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> though it is often assimilated to the ancient <a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisian</a> city of <a href="/facts/Thapsus/M5nKUAAa">Thapsus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>At the time, no <a href="/facts/Type_specimen/mTM1beKX">type specimen</a> was specified, as the practice only arose later, in the 19th century. When a lectotype (type selected amongst original material) was designated, it was assigned to specimen 242.1 of Linnaeus' herbarium, the only <i>V. thapsus</i> specimen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The species had previously been designated as <a href="/facts/Type_species/kL03T6V4">type species</a> for <i><a href="/facts/Verbascum/HAEJISkd">Verbascum</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> European plants exhibit considerable <a href="/facts/Phenotype/vxWXKGLj">phenotypical</a> variation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> which has led to the plant acquiring many <a href="/facts/Synonym_(taxonomy)/BHLdox7E">synonyms</a> over the years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Introduced American populations show much less variation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>The taxonomy of <i>Verbascum</i> has not undergone any significant revision since Svanve Mürbeck's monographs in the 1930s, with the exception of the work of Arthur Huber-Morath, who used informal grouping in organizing the genus for the florae of Iran and Turkey to account for many intermediate species. Since Huber-Morath's groups are not taxonomical, Mürbeck's treatment is the most current one available, as no study has yet sought to apply genetic or molecular data extensively to the genus. In Mürbeck's classification, <i>V. thapsus</i> is placed in sect. <i>Bothrospermae</i> subsect. <i>Fasciculata</i> alongside species such as <i><a href="/facts/Verbascum_nigrum/CSYBAr0b">Verbascum nigrum</a></i> (black or dark mullein), <i><a href="/facts/Verbascum_lychnitis/rGVIkgzz">Verbascum lychnitis</a></i> (white mullein), and <i><a href="/facts/Verbascum_sinuatum/LrRRCnW0">Verbascum sinuatum</a></i> (wavy-leaved mullein).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> As <i>Verbascum thapsus</i> is the type species of the genus the application of article 22 of the <a href="/facts/ICNafp/EbaUF9P5">ICNafp</a> gives sect. <i>Verbascum</i> subsect. <i>Verbascum</i> as the correct nomenclature for this placement. </p> <h3>Subspecies and hybrids</h3> Hybrids of <i>Verbascum thapsus</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th>Hybrid name</th><th>Otherparent species</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><i>V.</i> × <i>duernsteinense</i> Teyber</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Verbascum_speciosum/zgq0BBEp">V. speciosum</a></i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>V.</i> × <i>godronii</i> Boreau</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Verbascum_pulverulentum/gkWVDaCf">V. pulverulentum</a></i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>V.</i> × <i>kerneri</i> Fritsch</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Verbascum_phlomoides/pk8mH8ll">V. phlomoides</a></i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>V.</i> × <i>lemaitrei</i> Boreau</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Verbascum_virgatum/jmBqJmPI">V. virgatum</a></i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>V.</i> × <i>pterocaulon</i> Franch.</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Verbascum_blattaria/AcI6gFGy">V. blattaria</a></i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>V.</i> × <i>thapsi</i> L.</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Verbascum_lychnitis/rGVIkgzz">V. lychnitis</a></i></td><td>syn. <i>V.</i> × <i>spurium</i> W.D.J.Koch, may be a<i><a href="/facts/Nomen_ambiguum/pxPDpId7">nomen ambiguum</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>V. × semialbum</i> Chaub.</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Verbascum_nigrum/CSYBAr0b">V. nigrum</a></i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>none</td><td><i>V. pyramidatum</i></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The three usually recognized <a href="/facts/Subspecies/4L9jFacF">subspecies</a> are: </p> <ul><li><i>V. t. thapsus</i>; type, widespread.</li> <li><i>V. t. crassifolium</i> (Lam.) Murb.; Mediterranean region and to 2000 metres in southwestern Austria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> (syn. subsp. <i>montanum</i> (Scrad.) Bonnier & Layens)</li> <li><i>V. t. giganteum</i> (Willk.) Nyman; Spain, endemic.</li></ul> <p>In all subspecies but the type, the lower stamens are also hairy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> In <i>V. t. crassifolium</i>, the hairiness is less dense and often absent from the upper part of the anthers, while lower leaves are hardly decurrent and have longer petioles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> In <i>V. t. giganteum</i>, the hairs are densely white tomentose, and lower leaves are strongly decurrent. <i>V. t. crassifolium</i> also differs from the type in having slightly larger flowers, which measure 15–30 mm wide, whereas in the type, they are 12–20 mm in diameter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Both <i>V. t. giganteum</i> and <i>V. t. crassifolium</i> were originally described as species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> Due to its morphological variation, <i>V. thapsus</i> has had a great many subspecies described. A recent revision led its author to maintain <i>V. giganteum</i> but sink <i>V. crassifolium</i> into synonymy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p><p>The plant is also parent to several hybrids (<i>see table</i>). Of these, the most common is <i>V.</i> × <i>semialbum</i> Chaub. (× <i>V. nigrum</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> All occur in Eurasia,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> and three, <i>V.</i> × <i>kerneri</i> Fritsch, <i>V.</i> × <i>pterocaulon</i> Franch. and <i>V.</i> × <i>thapsi</i> L. (<a href="/facts/Synonym_(taxonomy)/BHLdox7E">syn.</a> <i>V.</i> × <i>spurium</i> W.D.J.Koch), have also been reported in North America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p> <h3>Common names</h3> <p><i>V. thapsus</i> is known by a variety of names. European reference books call it "great mullein".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> In North America, "common mullein" is used<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> while western United States residents commonly refer to mullein as "cowboy toilet paper".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p><p>In the 19th century, it had well over 40 different common names in English alone. Some of the more whimsical ones included "hig candlewick", "Indian rag weed", "bullicks lungwort", "Adams-rod", "hare's-beard", and "ice-leaf".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Vernacular names include innumerable references to the plant's hairiness: "woolly mullein", "velvet mullein", or "blanket mullein",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> "beggar's blanket", "Moses' blanket", "poor man's blanket", "Our Lady's blanket", or "old man's blanket",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> and "feltwort", and so on ("flannel" is another common generic name). "Mullein" itself derives from the French word for "soft".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p><p>Some names refer to the plant's size and shape: "shepherd's club(s)" or "staff", "<a href="/facts/Aaron%2527s_rod/fFTUC0c3">Aaron's rod</a>"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> (a name it shares with a number of other plants with tall, yellow inflorescences), and a plethora of other "X's staff" and "X's rod".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> The name "velvet dock" or "mullein dock" is also recorded, where "dock" is a British name applied to any broad-leaved plant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2> <p><i>V. thapsus</i> has a wide native range including Europe, northern Africa, and Asia, from the <a href="/facts/Azores/yWF1EGs8">Azores</a> and <a href="/facts/Canary_Islands/7lfpqymu">Canary Islands</a> east to western <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, north to the <a href="/facts/British_Isles/4fBquvMU">British Isles</a>, <a href="/facts/Scandinavia/KpLQ40kl">Scandinavia</a>, and <a href="/facts/Siberia/oaCoPEjF">Siberia</a>, and south to the <a href="/facts/Himalayas/eRSf0yyE">Himalayas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> In northern Europe, it grows from sea level up to 1,850 m altitude,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> while in China it grows at 1,400–3,200 m altitude.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> </p><p>It has been introduced throughout the temperate world, and is <a href="/facts/Naturalisation_(biology)/6lc476BI">established</a> as a <a href="/facts/Weed/Dog4Ifol">weed</a> in <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a>, tropical Asia, <a href="/facts/La_R%25C3%25A9union/8088YvSY">La Réunion</a>, North America, <a href="/facts/Hawaii/ImxFefeK">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a>, <a href="/facts/Hispaniola/fPKbRTcD">Hispaniola</a>, and <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> It has also been reported in <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> </p><p>In the United States, it was imported very early in the 18th<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> century and cultivated for its medicinal and <a href="/facts/Piscicide/MhRgIy8h">piscicide</a> properties. By 1818, it had begun spreading so much that <a href="/facts/Amos_Eaton/uDpMzhNS">Amos Eaton</a> thought it was a native plant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> In 1839, it was already reported in <a href="/facts/Michigan/bCurmfT2">Michigan</a> and in 1876, in <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> It is now found commonly in all the states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a>, it is most common in the <a href="/facts/Maritime_Provinces/edkHavUV">Maritime Provinces</a> and southern <a href="/facts/Quebec/4hhNvb4t">Quebec</a>, <a href="/facts/Ontario/HUkxk5Rf">Ontario</a>, and <a href="/facts/British_Columbia/Ty3e3g1Q">British Columbia</a>, with scattered populations in between.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> </p><p>Great mullein most frequently grows as a colonist of bare and disturbed soil, usually on sandy or chalky ones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> It grows best in dry, sandy, or gravelly soils, although it can grow in a variety of habitats, including banksides, meadows, roadsides, forest clearings, and pastures. This ability to grow in a wide range of habitats has been linked to strong <a href="/facts/Phenotype/vxWXKGLj">phenotype variation</a> rather than <a href="/facts/Adaptation/5K2gNpDB">adaptation</a> capacities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2> <p>Great mullein is a biennial and generally requires <a href="/facts/Vernalization/NyTmYjsR">winter dormancy</a> before it can flower.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> This dormancy is linked to <a href="/facts/Starch/gHAqGfJb">starch</a> degradation activated by low temperatures in the root, and <a href="/facts/Gibberellin/aylcEBCH">gibberellin</a> application bypasses this requirement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> Seeds germinate almost solely in bare soil, at temperatures between 10 and 40 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> While they can germinate in total darkness if proper conditions are present (tests give a 35% germination rate under ideal conditions), in the wild, they in practice only do so when exposed to light, or very close to the soil surface, which explains the plant's habitat preferences. While it can also grow in areas where some vegetation already exists, growth of the rosettes on bare soil is four to seven times more rapid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> </p><p>Seeds germinate in spring and summer. Those that germinate in autumn produce plants that overwinter if they are large enough, while rosettes less than 15 cm (6 in) across die in winter. After flowering, the entire plant usually dies at the end of its second year,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> but some individuals, especially in the northern parts of the range, require a longer growth period and flower in their third year. Under better growing conditions, some individuals flower in the first year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> Triennial individuals have been found to produce fewer seeds than biennial and annual ones. While year of flowering and size are linked to the environment, most other characteristics appear to be genetic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> </p><p>A given flower is open only for a single day, opening before dawn and closing in the afternoon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> Flowers are <a href="/facts/Reproduction/nNu0F5Dy">self-fecundating</a> and <a href="/facts/Dichogamy/bmLKYyg6">protogynous</a> (with female parts maturing first),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> and will self-pollinate if they have not been <a href="/facts/Pollination/u383g7XJ">pollinated</a> by insects during the day. While many insects visit the flowers, only some bees actually accomplish pollination. The flowering period of <i>V. thapsus</i> lasts from June to August in most of its range, extending to September or October in warmer climates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> Visitors include <a href="/facts/Halictidae/STlVBnMU">halictid</a> bees and <a href="/facts/Hoverfly/8ShGezPP">hoverflies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> The hair on lower stamens may serve to provide footholds for visitors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> </p> <p>The seeds maintain their germinative powers for decades, up to 100 years, according to some studies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> Because of this, and because the plant is an extremely prolific seed bearer (each plant produces hundreds of capsules, each containing up to 700 seeds,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> with a total up to 180,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a> or 240,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a> seeds), it remains in the <a href="/facts/Soil_seed_bank/N6axKFub">soil seed bank</a> for extended periods of time, and can sprout from apparently bare ground,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> or shortly after <a href="/facts/Forest_fire/LU3797A0">forest fires</a> long after previous plants have died.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> Its population pattern typically consists of an ephemeral adult population followed by a long period of dormancy as seeds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> Great mullein rarely establishes on new grounds without human intervention because its seeds do not disperse very far. <a href="/facts/Biological_dispersal/aju7c9ku">Seed dispersion</a> requires the stem to be moved by wind or animal movement; 75% of the seeds fall within 1 m of the parent plant, and 93% fall within 5 m.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Megachilidae/FRkPVQTE">Megachilid</a> bees of the genus <i><a href="/facts/Anthidium/kMtNWX66">Anthidium</a></i> use the hair (amongst that of various woolly plants) in making their <a href="/facts/Nest/7tq5lt4V">nests</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> The seeds are generally too small for birds to feed on,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a> although the <a href="/facts/American_goldfinch/rXKYIeHG">American goldfinch</a> has been reported to consume them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> Other bird species have been reported to consume the leaves (<a href="/facts/Hawaiian_goose/lRuVes47">Hawaiian goose</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> or flowers (<a href="/facts/Palila/fB3qbbLb">palila</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> or to use the plant as a source when <a href="/facts/Foraging/o2u7xmHD">foraging</a> for insects (<a href="/facts/White-headed_woodpecker/daXUklTJ">white-headed woodpecker</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a> Additionally, deer and elk eat the leaves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="fossil-record">Fossil record</h2> <p>Seeds of <i>V. thapsus</i> have been recorded from part of the <a href="/facts/Cromer_Forest_Bed/Sn13zkGd">Cromer Forest Bed</a> series and at <a href="/facts/West_Wittering/zLPFzGJd">West Wittering</a> in <a href="/facts/Sussex/8oev4Jwv">Sussex</a> from some parts of the <a href="/facts/Ipswichian_interglacial/BV8sxf5m">Ipswichian interglacial</a> layers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="agricultural-impacts-and-control">Agricultural impacts and control</h2> <p>Because it cannot compete with established plants, great mullein is no longer considered a serious agricultural weed and is easily crowded out in cultivation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> except in areas where vegetation is sparse to begin with, such as <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">Californian</a> semidesertic areas of the eastern <a href="/facts/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)/tKcI8PeH">Sierra Nevada</a> in the USA. In such ecological contexts, it crowds out native herbs and grasses; its tendency to appear after forest fires also disturbs the normal <a href="/facts/Ecological_succession/4LbHrU2s">ecological succession</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a> Although not an agricultural threat, its presence can be very difficult to eradicate and is especially problematic in <a href="/facts/Overgrazing/nkzowGh1">overgrazed</a> pastures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> The species is legally listed as a <a href="/facts/Noxious_weed/p3HbdjKN">noxious weed</a> in the US state of <a href="/facts/Colorado/IgIHrJI5">Colorado</a> (class C)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a> and Hawaii,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a> and the Australian state of <a href="/facts/Victoria%2c_Australia/76P2nqtz">Victoria</a> (regionally prohibited in the <a href="/facts/West_Gippsland/84MWWb5m">West Gippsland</a> region, and regionally controlled in several others).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a> </p><p>Despite not being an agricultural weed in itself, it <a href="/facts/Host_(biology)/L6mop0kh">hosts</a> a number of insects and <a href="/facts/Disease/55eeQlGL">diseases</a>, including both <a href="/facts/Pest_(organism)/mXGHJ8s7">pests</a> and <a href="/facts/Beneficial_insects/zrBeX2nN">beneficial insects</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> It is also a potential reservoir of the <a href="/facts/Cucumber_mosaic_virus/LdqFwyoW">cucumber mosaic virus</a>, <i>Erysiphum cichoraceum</i> (the cucurbit <a href="/facts/Powdery_mildew/qAl00hYE">powdery mildew</a>) and <a href="/facts/Texas_root_rot/tkfztqRW">Texas root rot</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> A study found <i>V. thapsus</i> hosts insects from 29 different <a href="/facts/Family_(biology)/qTrn6E8E">families</a>. Most of the pests found were <a href="/facts/Western_flower_thrips/hTTKM6L6">western flower thrips</a> (<i>Frankliniella occidentalis</i>), <i><a href="/facts/Lygus/BzInsbKY">Lygus</a></i> species such as the <a href="/facts/Tarnished_plant_bug/8FmXjHB9">tarnished plant bug</a> (<i>L. lineolaris</i>), and various spider mites from the family <a href="/facts/Tetranychidae/BMEHEYW8">Tetranychidae</a>. These make the plant a potential reservoir for <a href="/facts/Overwintering/mnMLo6SQ">overwintering</a> pests.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> </p><p>Other insects commonly found on great mullein feed exclusively on <i>Verbascum</i> species in general or <i>V. thapsus</i> in particular. They include mullein thrips (<i><a href="/facts/Haplothrips/41F7LykD">Haplothrips</a> verbasci</i>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a> <i>Gymnaetron tetrum</i> (whose larva consume the seeds), and the <a href="/facts/Mullein_moth/7r6yMxy0">mullein moth</a> (<i>Cucullia verbasci</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a> Useful insects are also hosted by great mullein, including predatory mites of the genera <i><a href="/facts/Galendromus/nrKqkxPx">Galendromus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Typhlodromus/sv8PlC0w">Typhlodromus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/Amblyseius/N0pL4vbv">Amblyseius</a></i>, the <a href="/facts/Minute_pirate_bug/Ww5LrYUE">minute pirate bug</a> <i>Orius tristicolor</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> and the mullein plant bug (<i>Campylomma verbasci</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a> The plant's ability to host both pests and beneficials makes it potentially useful to maintain stable populations of insects used for biological control in other cultures, like <i>Campylomma verbasci</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Dicyphus_hesperus/3uzq8Afn">Dicyphus hesperus</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Miridae/TNkTIWfp">Miridae</a>), a predator of <a href="/facts/Whitefly/bRRLAfTU">whiteflies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a> A number of pest <a href="/facts/Lepidoptera/yPFPsQmL">Lepidoptera</a> species, including the <a href="/facts/Stalk_borer/tpc2owoA">stalk borer</a> (<i>Papaipema nebris</i>) and <a href="/facts/Gray_hairstreak/5Egx8rkH">gray hairstreak</a> (<i>Strymon melinus</i>), also use <i>V. thapsus</i> as a host plant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a> </p> <p>Control of the plant, when desired, is best managed via mechanical means, such as hand pulling and hoeing, preferably followed by sowing of native plants. Animals rarely <a href="/facts/Grazing/nxF45P2c">graze</a> it because of its irritating hairs, and liquid <a href="/facts/Herbicide/FN93bvrk">herbicides</a> require <a href="/facts/Surfactant/zgVX6g8o">surfactants</a> to be effective, as the hair causes water to roll off the plant, much like the <a href="/facts/Lotus_effect/Ja0XDepW">lotus effect</a>. Burning is ultimately ineffective, as it only creates new bare areas for <a href="/facts/Seedling/4v0rv1CT">seedlings</a> to occupy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a> <i>G. tetrum</i> and <i>Cucullia verbasci</i> usually have little effect on <i>V. thapsus</i> populations as a whole.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> Goats and chickens have also been proposed to control mullein.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a> Effective (when used with a surfactant) contact herbicides include <a href="/facts/Glyphosate/dS72T7VY">glyphosate</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Triclopyr/GcSKkyJu">triclopyr</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a> and sulfurometuron-methyl.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a> Ground herbicides, like <a href="/facts/Tebuthiuron/Uh3VNMXd">tebuthiuron</a>, are also effective, but they result in bare ground – ideal conditions for growing more mullein – and therefore require repeated application to prevent regrowth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <h3>Phytochemicals</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Phytochemical/Txrr3QVx">Phytochemicals</a> in <i>V. thapsus</i> flowers and leaves include <a href="/facts/Saponin/0cqUdnJM">saponins</a>, <a href="/facts/Polysaccharide/lqXq2cJU">polysaccharides</a>, <a href="/facts/Mucilage/y7Da78J4">mucilage</a>, <a href="/facts/Flavonoid/J7FEAtLE">flavonoids</a>, <a href="/facts/Tannin/vKIvHoTX">tannins</a>, <a href="/facts/Iridoid/PaeSlXUo">iridoid</a> and <a href="/facts/Lignin/CdaxpB3b">lignin</a> <a href="/facts/Glycoside/z11RwaaB">glycosides</a>, and <a href="/facts/Essential_oil/cq8V5ocP">essential oils</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a> The plant's leaves, in addition to the seeds, have been reported to contain <a href="/facts/Rotenone/tme1MQ2E">rotenone</a>, although quantities are unknown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a> </p> <h3>Traditional medicine</h3> <p>Although long used in <a href="/facts/Herbal_medicine/aFHY8zCD">herbal medicine</a>, no <a href="/facts/Prescription_drug/a2zNYPMq">drugs</a> are manufactured from its components.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Pedanius_Dioscorides/FzDmURv3">Dioscorides</a> first recommended the plant 2000 years ago, considering it useful as a <a href="/facts/Traditional_medicine/WLUmXCHz">folk medicine</a> for pulmonary diseases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a> Leaves were smoked to attempt to treat lung ailments, a tradition that in America was rapidly transmitted to <a href="/facts/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States/lr8Qmd6N">Native American</a> peoples.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Zuni_people/hQR5QJmS">Zuni people</a>, however, use the plant in <a href="/facts/Poultice/yl3MMd3G">poultices</a> of powdered root applied to <a href="/facts/Ulcer_(dermatology)/ALY0IW1n">sores</a>, <a href="/facts/Rash/W97qGpq6">rashes</a>, and skin infections. An infusion of the root is also used to treat <a href="/facts/Athlete%2527s_foot/PdCHxFTx">athlete's foot</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a> All preparations meant to be drunk have to be finely filtered to eliminate the irritating hairs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a> </p><p>Oil from the flowers was used against <a href="/facts/Catarrh/UlPbbzub">catarrhs</a>, <a href="/facts/Colic/xMrsSYHS">colics</a>, <a href="/facts/Earache/HkqTTxhj">earaches</a>, <a href="/facts/Frostbite/jUf83CpY">frostbite</a>, <a href="/facts/Eczema/JwlyQBa2">eczema</a>, and other external conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a> Topical application of various <i>V. thapsus</i>-based preparations was recommended for the treatment of <a href="/facts/Wart/j16Nwpl7">warts</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Boil/ykr0kfQu">boils</a>, <a href="/facts/Carbuncle/HI0yKqJ9">carbuncles</a>, hemorrhoids, and <a href="/facts/Chilblain/eGGNSnlv">chilblains</a>, amongst others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Glycyrrhizin/4TaXfYrV">Glycyrrhizin</a> compounds with <a href="/facts/Bactericide/X1XwY97r">bactericide</a> effects in vitro were isolated from flowers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a> The German <a href="/facts/Commission_E/9w1fGn1g">Commission E</a> describes uses of the plant for respiratory infections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a> It was also part of the <a href="/facts/National_Formulary/TWXJwSJr">National Formulary</a> in the United States<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a> and United Kingdom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a> </p><p>The plant has been used in an attempt to treat colds, <a href="/facts/Croup/gVhfHCEW">croup</a>, sunburn, and other skin irritations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a> </p> <h3>Other uses</h3> <p>Roman soldiers are said to have dipped the plant stalks in grease for use as torches. Other cultures use the leaves as wicks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a> Native Americans and American colonists lined their shoes with leaves from the plant to keep out the cold.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a> </p><p>Mullein may be cultivated as an <a href="/facts/Ornamental_plant/ImyCDwMW">ornamental plant</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a> As for many plants, (<a href="/facts/Pliny_the_Elder/grx67ghR">Pliny the Elder</a> described it in his <i><a href="/facts/Natural_History_(Pliny)/bMp2te1A">Naturalis Historia</a></i>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a> great mullein was linked to <a href="/facts/Witch/kdbQwmBD">witches</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a> although the relationship remained generally ambiguous, and the plant was also widely held to ward off <a href="/facts/Curse/VhHCHBXj">curses</a> and <a href="/facts/Evil_spirit/eAz75uzo">evil spirits</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a> The seeds contain several compounds (<a href="/facts/Saponin/0cqUdnJM">saponins</a>, <a href="/facts/Glycoside/z11RwaaB">glycosides</a>, <a href="/facts/Coumarin/bW8bsSzK">coumarin</a>, <a href="/facts/Rotenone/tme1MQ2E">rotenone</a>) that are toxic to fish, and have been widely used as <a href="/facts/Piscicide/MhRgIy8h">piscicide</a> for <a href="/facts/Fishing/EBVEPvhI">fishing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a> </p><p>Due to its weedy capacities, the plant, unlike other species of the genus (such as <i><a href="/facts/Verbascum_phoeniceum/FteLkwCg">V. phoeniceum</a></i>), is not often cultivated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Further reading</h3> <ul><li>Watts, Donald (2000). <i>Elsevier's Dictionary of Plant Names and their Origin</i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-444-50356-0.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <a href="/facts/Wikiversity/buV7CGAn">Wikiversity</a> has bloom time data for <i>Verbascum thapsus</i> on the Bloom Clock Wikimedia Commons has media related to Verbascum thapsus. <ul><li><a href="http://www.Verbascum.org">Verbascum.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/linnaean-typification/detailimage.dsml?ID=925400">The type specimen of <i>Verbascum thapsus</i></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artfeb06/bj-mullein.html">Microphotographies of great mullein</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725094157/http://botanyjohn.org/gallery2/v/ubcbgseed/2006_680_0131.jpg.html">Seeds picture</a> from the <a href="/facts/University_of_British_Columbia/8QCl5YGd">UBC</a> collection</li> <li><a href="http://www.jlindquist.com/mullein.html">JLindquist.com: webpage with pictures of tall specimens</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Verbascum thapsus (common mullein)". CABI. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2019. <a href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56652" target="_blank">https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56652</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Verbascum thapsus (common mullein)". CABI. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2019. <a href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56652" target="_blank">https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56652</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Mullein". Drugs.com. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/npp/mullein.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/npp/mullein.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Verbascum thapsus (common mullein)". CABI. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2019. <a href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56652" target="_blank">https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56652</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Ferguson, Ian Keith (1972). "V. thapsus". In Tutin, Thomas Gaskell; et al. (eds.). Flora Europaea. Vol. 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 211. ISBN 0-521-08489-X. <a href="0-521-08489-X" target="_blank">0-521-08489-X</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Blamey, M., & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-40170-2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Verbascum thapsus". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200021301" target="_blank">http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200021301</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Ferguson, Ian Keith (1972). "V. thapsus". In Tutin, Thomas Gaskell; et al. (eds.). Flora Europaea. Vol. 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 211. ISBN 0-521-08489-X. <a href="0-521-08489-X" target="_blank">0-521-08489-X</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Verbascum thapsus". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200021301" target="_blank">http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200021301</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Wetherwax, M. (1993). "Verbascum thapsus L." Jepson Manual online. University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7177,7595,7598" target="_blank">http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7177,7595,7598</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Stace, C. van der Meijden, R.; de Kort, I. (eds.). "Verbascum thapsus (Mullein, Great)". Interactive Flora of NW Europe. World Biodiversity Database. Archived from the original on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2011-11-20. <a href="/wiki/Clive_Stace" target="_blank">/wiki/Clive_Stace</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Remaley, Tom (1998). "Verbascum thapsus". Plant Conservation Alliance's Alien Plant Working Group. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/veth1.htm" target="_blank">http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/veth1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Ferguson, Ian Keith (1972). "V. thapsus". In Tutin, Thomas Gaskell; et al. (eds.). Flora Europaea. Vol. 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 211. ISBN 0-521-08489-X. <a href="0-521-08489-X" target="_blank">0-521-08489-X</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Blamey, M., & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-40170-2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Ferguson, Ian Keith (1972). "V. thapsus". In Tutin, Thomas Gaskell; et al. (eds.). Flora Europaea. Vol. 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 211. ISBN 0-521-08489-X. <a href="0-521-08489-X" target="_blank">0-521-08489-X</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Blamey, M., & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-40170-2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Hoshovsky, Marc C. (August 2001). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Verbascum thapsus" (PDF). The Global Invasive Species Initiative. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="http://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/tncweeds/verbtha.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/tncweeds/verbtha.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Hilty, John. "Great Mullein". Weedy Wildflowers of Illinois. Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/great_mullein.htm" target="_blank">http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/great_mullein.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Remaley, Tom (1998). "Verbascum thapsus". Plant Conservation Alliance's Alien Plant Working Group. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/veth1.htm" target="_blank">http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/veth1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Wetherwax, M. (1993). "Verbascum thapsus L." Jepson Manual online. University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7177,7595,7598" target="_blank">http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7177,7595,7598</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>They are all hairy in subspecies V. crassifolium and V. giganteum. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Pitcairn, Michael. "Verbascum thapsus". Invasive Plants of California's Wildland. California Invasive Plant Council. Archived from the original on 2011-03-12. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110312005513/http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/management/ipcw/pages/detailreport.cfm%40usernumber%3D87%26surveynumber%3D182.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110312005513/http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/management/ipcw/pages/detailreport.cfm%40usernumber%3D87%26surveynumber%3D182.php</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Pennel, Francis Whittier (1935). The Scrophulariaceae of eastern temperate North America. Philadelphia: George W. Carpenter Fund. pp. 173–174. OCLC 852625. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Blamey, M., & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-40170-2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Hilty, John. "Great Mullein". Weedy Wildflowers of Illinois. Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/great_mullein.htm" target="_blank">http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/great_mullein.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Carnoy, A. (1959). Dictionnaire étymologique des noms grecs de plantes (in French). Louvain: Publications Universitaires. OCLC 3284108. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Carnoy, A. (1959). Dictionnaire étymologique des noms grecs de plantes (in French). Louvain: Publications Universitaires. OCLC 3284108. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>(in Swedish) Den virtuella Floran: Verbascum thapsus, retrieved on November 6, 2009. <a href="http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/scrophularia/verba/verbtha.html" target="_blank">http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/scrophularia/verba/verbtha.html</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Charters, Michael L. "Plant name: T". California Plant Names: Latin and Greek Meanings and Derivations. Calflora.net. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pageT.html#thapsus" target="_blank">http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pageT.html#thapsus</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>The lectotypification is usually attributed to Arthur Huber-Morath (1971) Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 87:43. Some disagree since Huber-Morath did not specifically cite sheet 242.1, and credit instead L. H. Cramer, in Dassanayake & Fosberg (1981) A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 3:389.[17] <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Natural History Museum (2022). "Verbascum thapsus". Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project. Natural History Museum. doi:10.5519/qwv6u7j5. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/linnaean-typification/detail.dsml?ID=925400" target="_blank">http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/linnaean-typification/detail.dsml?ID=925400</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Gross, Katherine L.; Patricia A. Werner (April 1978). "The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 28. Verbascum thapsus L. and V. blattaria L". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 58 (2): 401–413. doi:10.4141/cjps78-062. Reprinted in Mulligan, G.A. (1979), The Biology of Canadian Weeds I, ISBN 0-662-10668-7, pp. 320–331. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4141%2Fcjps78-062" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4141%2Fcjps78-062</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"Verbascum thapsus: citation". Atlas of Florida vascular Plants. Institute for Systematic Botany. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="http://www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1757" target="_blank">http://www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1757</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"Verbascum thapsus synonymy". Northern Ontario Plant Database. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/chklst.cfm?speciesid=1004482" target="_blank">http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/chklst.cfm?speciesid=1004482</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Gross, Katherine L.; Patricia A. Werner (April 1978). "The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 28. Verbascum thapsus L. and V. blattaria L". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 58 (2): 401–413. doi:10.4141/cjps78-062. Reprinted in Mulligan, G.A. (1979), The Biology of Canadian Weeds I, ISBN 0-662-10668-7, pp. 320–331. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4141%2Fcjps78-062" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4141%2Fcjps78-062</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Sotoodeh, Arash (2014). "Verbascum oreophilum var. oreophilum and Verbascum cheiranthifolium var. asperulum (Scrophulariaceae) two new records for the flora of Iran". Phytotaxa. 178 (3): 205–210. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.178.3.6. S2CID 86267331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Sotoodeh, Arash; Civeyrel, L.; Attar, F. (19 March 2015). "Verbascum shahsavarensis (Scrophulariaceae), a new species for Flora of Iran". Phytotaxa. 203 (1): 76. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.203.1.8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Attar, Farideh; et al. (2007). "Micromorphological studies on Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in Iran with emphasis on seed surface, capsule ornamentation and trichomes". Flora – Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants. 202 (2): 169–175. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2006.04.001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Benedí Gonzalez, Carles (2009). "Verbascum" (PDF). Flora Iberica (in Spanish). Vol. XIII: Plantaginaceae-Scrophulariaceae. Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico. pp. 49–97. ISBN 978-84-00-08747-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-13. <a href="978-84-00-08747-0" target="_blank">978-84-00-08747-0</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Stace, C. van der Meijden, R.; de Kort, I. (eds.). "Verbascum thapsus (Mullein, Great)". Interactive Flora of NW Europe. World Biodiversity Database. Archived from the original on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2011-11-20. <a href="/wiki/Clive_Stace" target="_blank">/wiki/Clive_Stace</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Kartesz, John (1994). A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland (Volume 1: Checklist). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 588. ISBN 0-88192-204-8. <a href="0-88192-204-8" target="_blank">0-88192-204-8</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Natural History Museum (2022). "Verbascum × thapsi". Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project. Natural History Museum. doi:10.5519/qwv6u7j5. Retrieved 2007-05-14. <a href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/linnaean-typification/detail.dsml?ID=925200" target="_blank">http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/linnaean-typification/detail.dsml?ID=925200</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Schmeil, Otto; Fitschen, Jost; Seybold, Siegmund (2006). Flora von Deutschland, 93. Auflage. Wiebelsheim: Quelle & Meyer Verlag. p. 496. ISBN 3-494-01413-2. <a href="3-494-01413-2" target="_blank">3-494-01413-2</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>"Verbascum thapsus L. subsp. montanum (Schrad.) Bonnier et layens". Herbario Virtual del Mediterráneo Occidental (in Catalan). Universitat de les Illes Balears. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 211. ISBN 0-521-08489-X. <a href="0-521-08489-X" target="_blank">0-521-08489-X</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Benedí Gonzalez, Carles (2009). "Verbascum" (PDF). Flora Iberica (in Spanish). Vol. XIII: Plantaginaceae-Scrophulariaceae. Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico. pp. 49–97. ISBN 978-84-00-08747-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-13. <a href="978-84-00-08747-0" target="_blank">978-84-00-08747-0</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Stace, C. van der Meijden, R.; de Kort, I. (eds.). "Verbascum thapsus (Mullein, Great)". Interactive Flora of NW Europe. World Biodiversity Database. Archived from the original on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2011-11-20. <a href="/wiki/Clive_Stace" target="_blank">/wiki/Clive_Stace</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Stace, C. van der Meijden, R.; de Kort, I. (eds.). 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