Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Amenemhat I
open-in-new
<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <p>Amenemhat I's <a href="/facts/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)/nvlFuxg1">praenomen</a> occupies the first entry of the third row of the <a href="/facts/Karnak_King_List/7yk1Y4Vm">Karnak King List</a> from the <a href="/facts/Festival_Hall_of_Thutmose_III/rlFXB1Cv">Festival Hall</a> of <a href="/facts/Thutmose_III/edxr341W">Thutmose III</a> (c. 1479–1425 BC).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/Abydos_king_list/GLPyvv3q">Abydos king list</a> from <a href="/facts/Temple_of_Seti_I_(Abydos)/znNvYfpn">the temple</a> of <a href="/facts/Seti_I/hzqEhVhW">Seti I</a> (c. 1290–1279 BC)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> in <a href="/facts/Abydos%2c_Egypt/7ab7kGCq">Abydos</a>, Amenemhat I's praenomen <i>Sehetep-ib-re</i> occupies the fifty-ninth entry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> It must also have occupied the same position in the king list at the temple of <a href="/facts/Ramesses_II/xfRGwfTu">Ramesses II</a> (c. 1279–1213 BC)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> though it has been lost in a lacuna.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/Saqqara_Tablet/PYGmW7gC">Saqqara Tablet</a> from the tomb of the chief lector priest and chief of works <a href="/facts/Tjuneroy/Uzcc9AmI">Tjuneroy</a>, Amenemhat I's praenomen occupies the fifteenth entry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Turin_Canon/Y7PCu5Fn">Turin Canon</a> partially preserves Amenemhat I's praenomen in the twentieth entry of the fifth column and accords him a reign of 29 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The line immediately above mentions the 'kings of the residence of Iti-tawy'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Amenemhat I is also mentioned in <a href="/facts/Manetho/3TLqgvWT">Manetho</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Aegyptiaca/3TLqgvWT">Aegyptiaca</a></i>, originally composed circa the 3rd century BC, tentatively dated to the reign of <a href="/facts/Ptolemy_II/UjxDL2h9">Ptolemy II</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> The original work is no longer extant, but has persisted through the writings of <a href="/facts/Josephus/RgFoKIYH">Josephus</a>, <a href="/facts/Sextus_Julius_Africanus/FBNmtpqf">Africanus</a>, <a href="/facts/Eusebius/JvkeIKcS">Eusebius</a>, and <a href="/facts/George_Syncellus/4WsLJels">George Syncellus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> He is accorded a reign of 16 years under the name <i>Άμμενέμης</i> (romanized Ammenemês) by both Africanus and Eusebius, though he is placed at the end of the <a href="/facts/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt/jR4NnIcH">Eleventh Dynasty</a> instead of at the start of the Twelfth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Syncellus accords him a reign of 26 years under the name <i>Σταμμενέμης ά</i> (romanized Stammenemês I) as the thirty-second king of <a href="/facts/Thebes%2c_Egypt/SkdRYU22">Thebes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="family">Family</h2> <h3>Origin</h3> <p>Amenemhat was the son of a Senusret and a Nefret,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> who were not <a href="/facts/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt/jR4NnIcH">of the royal family</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> His mother is attested to on an offering table that was found at Amenemhat I's pyramid at El-Lisht which also provides her title 'king's mother' and likely in the 'Prophecy of Neferty' in which she is identified as a woman from the <a href="/facts/Upper_Egypt/D5NeTQhE">Upper Egyptian</a> nome of <a href="/facts/Ta-Seti/9LRX531y">Ta-Seti</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> His father is attested to on a block from <a href="/facts/Karnak/WereaCCV">Karnak</a> and held the title 'god's father'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h3>Relationship to Mentuhotep IV</h3> <p>The relationship between Amenemhat I and his predecessors, particularly <a href="/facts/Mentuhotep_IV/Wxalougn">Mentuhotep IV</a>, remains unclear, although he may be identical to the vizier Amenemhat under Mentuhotep IV that is mentioned in inscriptions from <a href="/facts/Wadi_Hammamat/x87bbzcK">Wadi Hammamat</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> The inscriptions here record two prophetic events. The birth of a gazelle calf on the stone which became Mentuhotep IV's sarcophagus lid, and a sudden rainstorm that revealed a well brimming with water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> The Egyptologist Gae Callender notes that, presuming the vizier and king to be identical, the report of these miracles were intended to 'signal that he was the one for whom miracles were performed' and indicated that he 'had been favoured by the gods'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> There is also an inscription on a bowl from El-Lisht bearing the names of both kings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> It led the Egyptologist William Murnane to propose that a period of co-regency was instantiated to legitimize Amenemhat I's accession to the throne,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> though the Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal considers the posited co-regency to be fictitious.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Instead, the Egyptologist Wolfram Grajetzki believes it to indicate the respect Amenemhat I had for his predecessor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> There are indicators of possible unrest attested to in texts from Deir el-Bersha possibly dating to the period that led to Amenemhat I's reign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> There were also two other claimants – an Inyotef and a <a href="/facts/Segerseni/w9jQ6LFv">Sergeseni</a> – that vied for the throne at this time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h3>Wife and children</h3> <p>Amenemhat I had one presumed wife, a Neferitatjenen, who is known from a statuette of her son, presumed to be <a href="/facts/Senusret_I/1JYdVuFG">Senusret I</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> The statuette bore the inscription 'King Senusret born to King Amenemhat and born of the king's mother Neferitatjenen'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> The statuette has since been lost, stolen from the Louvre in 1830.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> The name 'Neferitatjenen' is not otherwise known from the Middle Kingdom leading Grajetzki to question the accuracy of the transcription, and furthermore it may refer instead to the mother of <a href="/facts/Senusret_II/SmTG0HDR">Senusret II</a> whose father was <a href="/facts/Amenemhat_II/aCp67jA3">Amenemhat II</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Amenemhat I had one known son, his successor on the throne <a href="/facts/Senusret_I/1JYdVuFG">Senusret I</a>. Three of his daughters are also known: Neferu III who is attested to in the <i><a href="/facts/Story_of_Sinuhe/K2V8S1Uw">Story of Sinuhe</a></i> and was the wife of Senusret I; and Neferusherit and Kayet who are named on artefacts found in Amenemhat I's pyramid complex.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="early-reign">Early reign</h2> <p>There's some evidence that the early reign of Amenemhat I was beset with political turmoil, as indicated by the inscriptions of Nehri, a local governor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> There were some naval battles where an associate of Amenemhat I by the name of <a href="/facts/Khnumhotep_I/4SQyCQEk">Khnumhotep I</a> was involved, and helped to procure victory. Later, Khnumhotep was appointed as an important local governor at <a href="/facts/Beni_Hasan/y2273Ngo">Beni Hasan</a>, and he founded a dynasty of local governors there. His grandson was <a href="/facts/Khnumhotep_III/jkVGKtkE">Khnumhotep III</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p><p>In the inscriptions by Khnumhotep, mention is also made of military campaigns against the Asiatics and the Nubians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="name">Name</h2> <p>Amenemhat I's name is associated with one of only two <i><a href="/facts/Sebayt/lxPD44UH">sebayt</a></i> or ethical "teachings" attributed to Egyptian monarchs, entitled the <i><a href="/facts/Instructions_of_Amenemhat/fIQMLWvc">Instructions of Amenemhat</a></i>, though it is generally thought today that it was composed by a scribe at the behest of the king.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p><p>Amenemhat I's <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary/2lLrtx58">Horus name</a>, <i>Wehemmesu</i>, which means renaissance or rebirth, is an allusion to the <a href="/facts/Old_Kingdom/3Egn5RJd">Old Kingdom</a> period, whose cultural icons and models (such as pyramidal tombs and Old Kingdom artistic motifs) were emulated by the Twelfth Dynasty kings after the end of the <a href="/facts/First_Intermediate_Period/qBa1rnLj">First Intermediate Period</a>. The cult of the king was also promoted during this period, which witnessed a steady return to a more centralized government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="pyramid">Pyramid</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Pyramid_of_Amenemhat_I/Yxy4URlI">Pyramid of Amenemhat I</a></p> <p>Amenemhat I built his pyramid (<a href="/facts/Egyptian_language/mSqys6jC">Ancient Egyptian</a>: <i>Swt-ḫꜥu Ỉmn-m-hꜣt</i> meaning 'Cult places of Amenemhat's appearance'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a>) at <a href="/facts/El-Lisht/3udMapDk">El-Lisht</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> The pyramid had a core constructed from roughly hewn limestone blocks with gaps plugged with sand, debris, and mudbrick. Curiously, the core also contained relief-decorated blocks pilfered from the monuments of the Old Kingdom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> The core was then encased by fine limestone blocks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> The pyramid had a base length of 84 m (276 ft; 160 cu) inclined at approximately 54°27' toward an apex either 55 m (180 ft; 105 cu) or 58 m (190 ft; 111 cu) high and had a volume of 129,360 m3 (4,568,000 cu ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> As a result of the poor construction manner and the use of low quality materials, coupled with the activity of grave robbers, the pyramid has now been reduced to a 20 m (66 ft) tall ruined mound. The decision to use inferior materials may have arisen from economic and practical considerations. In particular, Faiyum has abundant clay deposits which could be sourced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p><p>Before the pyramid, on its east side, lay the mortuary temple that carried its own name independent of the pyramid. In the Old Kingdom, mortuary complexes were given a single name. Amenemhat I broke with this tradition instead choosing to provide names for the individual components. The temple was named 'High [rises up] Amenemhat's beauty'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> The temple was built on a lower level than the pyramid – perhaps in reference to the terraced mortuary temple of <a href="/facts/Mentuhotep_II/WdSeYQtu">Mentuhotep II</a> – and was of a smaller size compared against Old Kingdom temples.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> There are few remains of the temple preventing a detailed reconstruction, and only its courtyard has been properly investigated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> It appears that the temple was rebuilt during the reign of <a href="/facts/Senusret_I/1JYdVuFG">Senusret I</a>, as attested to by inscriptions bearing his name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> There is no evidence of a cult pyramid extant, though the causeway and valley temple – which has not been investigated and is now buried under a local cemetery<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> – have been identified.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> Within its perimeter wall are the grave sites of family members and officials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> These include his mother, Nefret; wife, Neferitatjenen; and a daughter, Neferu;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> along with a vizier, Intefiqer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> </p><p>Beneath the pyramid, entered from the north chapel, is the substructure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> The north chapel contained a red granite <a href="/facts/False_door/DxPjPQxQ">false door</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> behind which lay the descending corridor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> The pink granite lined corridor plugged with blocks leads to a square chamber with a shaft in its centre that leads to the burial chamber.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> This chamber has filled with ground water and has never been accessed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="assassination">Assassination</h2> <p>Two literary works dating from the end of the reign give a picture about Amenemhat I's death. The <i><a href="/facts/Instructions_of_Amenemhat/fIQMLWvc">Instructions of Amenemhat</a></i> were supposedly counsels that the deceased king gave to his son during a dream. In the passage where he warns Senusret I against too great intimacy with his subjects, he tells the story of his own death as a reinforcement: </p> <blockquote><p>It was after supper, when night had fallen, and I had spent an hour of happiness. I was asleep upon my bed, having become weary, and my heart had begun to follow sleep. When weapons of my counsel were wielded, I had become like a snake of the necropolis. As I came to, I awoke to fighting, and found that it was an attack of the bodyguard. If I had quickly taken weapons in my hand, I would have made the wretches retreat with a charge! But there is none mighty in the night, none who can fight alone; no success will come without a helper. Look, my injury happened while I was without you, when the entourage had not yet heard that I would hand over to you when I had not yet sat with you, that I might make counsels for you; for I did not plan it, I did not foresee it, and my heart had not taken thought of the negligence of servants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p>This passage refers to a conspiracy in which Amenemhat was killed by his own guards, when his son and co-regent Senusret I was leading a campaign in Libya. Another account of the following events is given in the <i><a href="/facts/Story_of_Sinuhe/K2V8S1Uw">Story of Sinuhe</a></i>, a famous text of Egyptian literature: </p> <blockquote><p>Year 30, third month of the Inundation season, day 7, the god mounted to his horizon, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Sehetepibre went aloft to heaven and became united with the sun's disk, the limb of the god being merged in him who made him; whilst the Residence was hushed, hearts were in mourning, the Great Gates were closed, the courtiers crouched, head on lap, and the nobles grieved. Now His Majesty had sent an army to the land of the Tjemeh (Libyans), his eldest son as the captain thereof, the god Senusret. He had been sent to smite the foreign countries, and to take prisoner the dwellers in the Tjehnu-land, and now indeed he was returning and had carried off living prisoners of the Tjehnu and all kinds of cattle limitless. And the Companions of the Palace sent to the western side to acquaint the king's son concerning the position that had arisen in the Royal Apartments, and the messengers found him upon the road, they reached him at time of night. Not a moment did he linger, the falcon flew off with his followers, not letting his army know. But the king's children who accompanied him in this army had been sent for and one of them had been summoned. (...)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></p></blockquote> <h2 id="succession">Succession</h2> <p>Amenemhat I is considered to be the first king of Egypt to have had a <a href="/facts/Coregency/1onB70Wc">coregency</a> with his son, <a href="/facts/Senusret_I/1JYdVuFG">Senusret I</a>. A double dated stele from <a href="/facts/Abydos%2c_Egypt/7ab7kGCq">Abydos</a> and now in the <a href="/facts/Cairo_Museum/2xg6CWxL">Cairo Museum</a> (CG 20516) is dated to the Year 30 of Amenemhat I and to the Year 10 of Senusret I, which establishes that Senusret was made co-regent in Amenemhat's Year 20.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="officials">Officials</h2> <p>There are few known officials from Amenemhat I's reign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)/uNJpIJLf">vizier</a> <a href="/facts/Ipi_(vizier)/VqRWWXlP">Ipi</a> is presumed to have held office during the middle of Amenemhat I's reign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> He is known from his tomb TT 315 / MMA 516 at Deir el-Bahri.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> He held many offices and titles during his lifetime including those of treasurer, steward, and seal-bearer for the king of Lower Egypt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> A further vizier datable to the reign is <a href="/facts/Intefiqer/fXNAhRXg">Intefiqer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> </p><p>Two <a href="/facts/Treasurer_(Ancient_Egypt)/QuN1qR77">treasurers</a> can be placed under this king: another Ipi and <a href="/facts/Rehuerdjersen/0hFqVfsD">Rehuerdjersen</a>. Two high stewards, <a href="/facts/Meketre/7pMFYf7X">Meketre</a> and <a href="/facts/Sobeknakht/pcJajnq1">Sobeknakht</a>, have also been identified. </p> <h2 id="modern-adaptation">Modern adaptation</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Naguib_Mahfouz/4CD3wKjC">Naguib Mahfouz</a>, the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature/wWVXbIbp">Nobel Prize</a>-winning Egyptian novelist, includes Amenemhat I in one of his stories published in 1941 entitled "Awdat Sinuhi". The story appeared in an English translation by <a href="/facts/Raymond_Stock/8NFhvEBj">Raymond Stock</a> in 2003 as "The Return of Sinuhe" in the collection of Mahfouz's short stories entitled <i>Voices from the Other World</i>. The story is based directly on the "<a href="/facts/Story_of_Sinuhe/K2V8S1Uw">Story of Sinuhe</a>", although adding details of a lovers' triangle romance involving Amenemhat I and Sinuhe that does not appear in the original. Mahfouz also includes the pharaoh in his account of Egypt's rulers "Facing the Throne". In this work, the Nobel laureate has the Ancient Egyptian gods judge the country's rulers from Pharaoh <a href="/facts/Menes/jBIEBy8g">Mena</a> to President <a href="/facts/Anwar_Sadat/3Xs5rdMR">Anwar Sadat</a>. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amenemhat I. <ul><li><a href="/facts/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree/r3jM18uY">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_pyramids/q2oQrcS2">List of Egyptian pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_megalithic_sites/KmP7CDsW">List of megalithic sites</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Callender, Gae (2003). "The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c. 2055–1650 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw"><i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 137–171. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-815034-3.</li> <li><a href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010035431">"Chambre des Ancêtres"</a>. <i>Louvre</i>. n.d. Retrieved 20 August 2021.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_A._Clayton/9KyYHYxu">Clayton, Peter A.</a> (1994). <a href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay"><i>Chronicle of the Pharaohs</i></a>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-500-05074-3.</li> <li>Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). <i>The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt</i>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312">602048312</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA117">"EA117"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i>. n.d. Retrieved 20 August 2021.</li> <li>Franke, Detlef (2001). "Amenemhat I". In <a href="/facts/Donald_B._Redford/reuFUB80">Redford, Donald B.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 1</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 68–69. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-510234-5.</li> <li>Grajetzki, Wolfram (2006). <i>The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society</i>. London: Duckworth. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7156-3435-6.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nicolas_Grimal/KK1KoBC6">Grimal, Nicolas</a> (1992). <i>A History of Ancient Egypt</i>. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-631-19396-8.</li> <li>Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David A. (2006). "The Editors: Royal Annals". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (eds.). <i>Ancient Egyptian Chronology</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 19–25. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-11385-5.</li> <li>Ilin-Tomich, Alexander (n.d.). <a href="https://pnm.uni-mainz.de">"Persons and Names of the Middle Kingdom"</a>. <i>Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz</i>. Retrieved July 12, 2022.</li> <li>Kitchen, Kenneth A. (1975). <i>Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-903563-08-8.</li> <li>Kitchen, Kenneth A. (1979). <i>Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical</i>. Vol. 2. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/258591788">258591788</a>.</li> <li>Kitchen, Kenneth A. (1980). <i>Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical</i>. Vol. 3. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/254744548">254744548</a>.</li> <li>Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2001). "King Lists". In <a href="/facts/Donald_B._Redford/reuFUB80">Redford, Donald B.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 234–238. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-510234-5.</li> <li>Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (2006). "Conclusions and Chronological Tables". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (eds.). <i>Ancient Egyptian Chronology</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 473–498. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-11385-5.</li> <li>Lehner, Mark (2008). <i>The Complete Pyramids</i>. New York: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-500-28547-3.</li> <li>Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). <i>The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary</i>. Writings from the ancient world. Vol. 33. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-58983-736-2.</li> <li>Morales, Antonio J. (n.d.). <a href="https://thebanproject.com/en/tomb-of-ipi-tt-315/">"Tomb of Ipi (TT 315)"</a>. <i>Middle Kingdom Theban Project</i>. Retrieved July 12, 2022.</li> <li>Murnane, William (1977). <i>Ancient Egyptian Coregencies</i>. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. Vol. 40. Chicago, IL: The Oriental Institute. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/462126791">462126791</a>.</li> <li>Oppenheim, Adela; <a href="/facts/Dorothea_Arnold/8DSMctM0">Arnold, Dorothea</a>; Arnold, Dieter; Yamamoto, Kumiko, eds. (2015). <i>Ancient Egypt Transformed: the Middle Kingdom</i>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781588395641.</li> <li>Redford, Donald B. (1986). <i>Pharaonic King-lists, Annals, and Day-books</i>. Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 4. Mississauga: Benben Rubl. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0920168078.</li> <li>Redford, Donald B. (2001). "Manetho". In <a href="/facts/Donald_B._Redford/reuFUB80">Redford, Donald B.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 336–337. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-510234-5.</li> <li>Schneider, Thomas (2006). "The Relative Chronology of the Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos Period (Dyns. 12-17)". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (eds.). <i>Ancient Egyptian Chronology</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 168–196. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-11385-5.</li> <li>Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). <a href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw"><i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-815034-3.</li> <li>Simpson, William Kelly (2001). "Twelfth Dynasty". In <a href="/facts/Donald_B._Redford/reuFUB80">Redford, Donald B.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 453–457. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-510234-5.</li> <li>Verner, Miroslav (2001). <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern"><i>The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments</i></a>. New York: Grove Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8021-1703-8.</li> <li>von Beckerath, Jürgen (1984). <i>Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen</i>. München: Deutscher Kunstverlag. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9783422008328.</li> <li>Waddell, William Gillan (1964) [1940]. Page, Thomas Ethelbert; Capps, Edward; Rouse, William Henry Denham; Post, Levi Arnold; Warmington, Eric Herbert (eds.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/manethowithengli00maneuoft/page/n103/mode/2up"><i>Manetho with an English Translation</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/610359927">610359927</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Mahfouz, Naguib. The Return of Sinuhe in Voices from the Other World (translated by Robert Stock), Random House, 2003.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html">Ancient-Egypt.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.aldokkan.com/egypt/amenemhet.htm"><i>Amenemhet</i></a>, Similarities between The Testament of Amenemhet and Machiavelli's Prince</li> <li><a href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/82622/rec/1">Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh</a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Amenemhat I (see index)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Stiebing, William H. (2016) [2009]. Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture (2nd ed.). London; New York: Routledge. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-321-42297-2. OCLC 1004426779. Retrieved June 21, 2020. <a href="978-0-321-42297-2" target="_blank">978-0-321-42297-2</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>E. Hornung, History of Ancient Egypt, 1999 p.50 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Amenemhat I Sehetibre | Ancient Egypt Online". Retrieved 2020-10-13. <a href="https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/amenemhati/" target="_blank">https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/amenemhati/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, 1973 p.139 <a href="/wiki/M._Lichtheim" target="_blank">/wiki/M._Lichtheim</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, 1973 p.135 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>General History of Africa Volume II - Ancient civilizations of Africa (ed. G Moktar). UNESCO. p. 152. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lobban, Richard A. Jr. (10 April 2021). Historical Dictionary of Ancient Nubia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538133392. <a href="9781538133392" target="_blank">9781538133392</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021). A history of ancient Egypt (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex. p. 99. ISBN 978-1119620877.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-1119620877" target="_blank">978-1119620877</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Louvre n.d., Chambre des Ancêtres. - "Chambre des Ancêtres". Louvre. n.d. Retrieved 20 August 2021. <a href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010035431" target="_blank">https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010035431</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Redford 1986, p. 34. - Redford, Donald B. (1986). Pharaonic King-lists, Annals, and Day-books. Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 4. Mississauga: Benben Rubl. ISBN 0920168078. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Krauss & Warburton 2006, p. 492. - Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (2006). "Conclusions and Chronological Tables". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (eds.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Leiden: Brill. pp. 473–498. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Krauss & Warburton 2006, p. 493. - Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (2006). "Conclusions and Chronological Tables". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (eds.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Leiden: Brill. pp. 473–498. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Kitchen 1975, pp. 177 & 179. - Kitchen, Kenneth A. (1975). Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical. Vol. 1. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-903563-08-8. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Krauss & Warburton 2006, p. 493. - Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (2006). "Conclusions and Chronological Tables". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (eds.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Leiden: Brill. pp. 473–498. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>The British Museum n.d., EA117. - "EA117". The British Museum. n.d. Retrieved 20 August 2021. <a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA117" target="_blank">https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA117</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Kitchen 1979, pp. 539–541. - Kitchen, Kenneth A. (1979). Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical. Vol. 2. Oxford: Blackwell. OCLC 258591788. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/258591788" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/258591788</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Kitchen 1980, pp. 479–481. - Kitchen, Kenneth A. (1980). Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical. Vol. 3. Oxford: Blackwell. OCLC 254744548. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/254744548" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/254744548</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Kitchen 2001, p. 237. - Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2001). "King Lists". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 234–238. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Kitchen 1979, pp. 827 & 834. - Kitchen, Kenneth A. (1979). Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical. Vol. 2. Oxford: Blackwell. OCLC 258591788. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/258591788" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/258591788</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Schneider 2006, p. 174. - Schneider, Thomas (2006). "The Relative Chronology of the Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos Period (Dyns. 12-17)". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (eds.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Leiden: Brill. pp. 168–196. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Kitchen 1979, pp. 827 & 834. - Kitchen, Kenneth A. (1979). Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical. Vol. 2. Oxford: Blackwell. OCLC 258591788. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/258591788" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/258591788</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Simpson 2001, p. 453. - Simpson, William Kelly (2001). "Twelfth Dynasty". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 453–457. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Waddell 1964, p. vii. - Waddell, William Gillan (1964) [1940]. Page, Thomas Ethelbert; Capps, Edward; Rouse, William Henry Denham; Post, Levi Arnold; Warmington, Eric Herbert (eds.). Manetho with an English Translation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. OCLC 610359927. <a href="https://archive.org/details/manethowithengli00maneuoft/page/n103/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/manethowithengli00maneuoft/page/n103/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Redford 2001, p. 336. - Redford, Donald B. (2001). "Manetho". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 336–337. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Hornung, Krauss & Warburton 2006, p. 34. - Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David A. (2006). "The Editors: Royal Annals". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (eds.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Leiden: Brill. pp. 19–25. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Hornung, Krauss & Warburton 2006, p. 35. - Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David A. (2006). "The Editors: Royal Annals". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (eds.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Leiden: Brill. pp. 19–25. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Waddell 1964, pp. 63 & 64. - Waddell, William Gillan (1964) [1940]. Page, Thomas Ethelbert; Capps, Edward; Rouse, William Henry Denham; Post, Levi Arnold; Warmington, Eric Herbert (eds.). Manetho with an English Translation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. OCLC 610359927. <a href="https://archive.org/details/manethowithengli00maneuoft/page/n103/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/manethowithengli00maneuoft/page/n103/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Waddell 1964, p. 223. - Waddell, William Gillan (1964) [1940]. Page, Thomas Ethelbert; Capps, Edward; Rouse, William Henry Denham; Post, Levi Arnold; Warmington, Eric Herbert (eds.). Manetho with an English Translation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. OCLC 610359927. <a href="https://archive.org/details/manethowithengli00maneuoft/page/n103/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/manethowithengli00maneuoft/page/n103/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Syncellus attributes his list to Apollodorus, whom himself attributed to Eratosthenes, and himself attributed to 'the scribes of Diospolis', but which is ultimately supposed to originate from none of these, and was instead derived from an Egyptian king list.[39] <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus" target="_blank">/wiki/Apollodorus</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Callender 2003, p. 146. - Callender, Gae (2003). "The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c. 2055–1650 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 137–171. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Grajetzki 2006, p. 29. - Grajetzki, Wolfram (2006). The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3435-6. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Grajetzki 2006, p. 29. - Grajetzki, Wolfram (2006). The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3435-6. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 97. - Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. OCLC 602048312. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Grajetzki 2006, p. 29. - Grajetzki, Wolfram (2006). The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3435-6. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 98. - Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. OCLC 602048312. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Callender 2003, p. 146. - Callender, Gae (2003). "The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c. 2055–1650 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 137–171. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 90. - Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. OCLC 602048312. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Grajetzki 2006, pp. 28–29. - Grajetzki, Wolfram (2006). The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3435-6. <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Callender 2003, p. 145. - Callender, Gae (2003). "The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c. 2055–1650 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 137–171. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Callender 2003, p. 146. - Callender, Gae (2003). "The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c. 2055–1650 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 137–171. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Grajetzki 2006, p. 29. - Grajetzki, Wolfram (2006). The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3435-6. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Murnane 1977, pp. 227–228. - Murnane, William (1977). Ancient Egyptian Coregencies. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. Vol. 40. Chicago, IL: The Oriental Institute. OCLC 462126791. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/462126791" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/462126791</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Grimal 1992, p. 158. - Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8. <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Grajetzki 2006, p. 29. - Grajetzki, Wolfram (2006). The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3435-6. <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 90. - Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. OCLC 602048312. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Grimal 1992, pp. 158–159. - Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8. <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 97. - Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. OCLC 602048312. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Grajetzki 2006, p. 36. - Grajetzki, Wolfram (2006). The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3435-6. <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 97. - Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. OCLC 602048312. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Grajetzki 2006, p. 36. - Grajetzki, Wolfram (2006). The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3435-6. <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Grajetzki 2006, pp. 36 & 178 fn. 118. - Grajetzki, Wolfram (2006). The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3435-6. <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 92. - Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. OCLC 602048312. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602048312</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Alan B. Lloyd, ed. A Companion to Ancient Egypt. Volume 52 of Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons, 2010 ISBN 1444320068 p.88 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RK2pLin2sPAC&pg=PA88" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=RK2pLin2sPAC&pg=PA88</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Toby Wilkinson, The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. Random House LLC, 2011 ISBN 0679604294 p.143 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tnxf6ItROOUC&pg=PA143" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Tnxf6ItROOUC&pg=PA143</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Pharaoh: Amenemhat I (Sehetepibre) Archived 2016-08-30 at the Wayback Machine euler.slu.edu <a href="http://euler.slu.edu/~bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Amenemhat_I.html" target="_blank">http://euler.slu.edu/~bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Amenemhat_I.html</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, 1973 p.135 <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 159 <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Verner 2001, p. 396. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>von Beckerath 1984, p. 65. - von Beckerath, Jürgen (1984). Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. München: Deutscher Kunstverlag. ISBN 9783422008328. <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Verner 2001, p. 396. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Lehner 2008, p. 168. - Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3. <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Lehner 2008, p. 168. - Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3. <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Verner 2001, p. 397. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Verner 2001, p. 465. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Lehner 2008, p. 17. - Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3. <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Verner 2001, p. 396. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Verner 2001, pp. 396 & 398. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Verner 2001, p. 398. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Lehner 2008, pp. 168–169. - Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3. <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Verner 2001, p. 398. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Verner 2001, p. 398. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Lehner 2008, p. 169. - Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3. <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Verner 2001, p. 398. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Lehner 2008, p. 169. - Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3. <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Verner 2001, p. 398. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Lehner 2008, p. 169. - Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3. <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Verner 2001, p. 398. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Verner 2001, p. 397. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Lehner 2008, p. 168. - Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3. <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Verner 2001, p. 397. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Verner 2001, pp. 397–398. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Verner 2001, p. 398. - Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Lehner 2008, p. 167. - Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3. <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>"Egypt: Amenemhat I, 1st King of the 12th Dynasty". www.touregypt.net. Retrieved 10 April 2018. <a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/amenemhet1.htm" target="_blank">http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/amenemhet1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>Sir Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs, Oxford University Press 1961, p. 130–131 <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Murnane, William J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40. p.2. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977. <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Grajetzki 2006, pp. 28–29. - Grajetzki, Wolfram (2006). The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3435-6. <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Morales n.d., Tomb of Ipi (TT 315). - Morales, Antonio J. (n.d.). "Tomb of Ipi (TT 315)". Middle Kingdom Theban Project. Retrieved July 12, 2022. <a href="https://thebanproject.com/en/tomb-of-ipi-tt-315/" target="_blank">https://thebanproject.com/en/tomb-of-ipi-tt-315/</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>JGU 2022, Bull, JEA 10, 15. - Ilin-Tomich, Alexander (n.d.). "Persons and Names of the Middle Kingdom". Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz. Retrieved July 12, 2022. <a href="https://pnm.uni-mainz.de" target="_blank">https://pnm.uni-mainz.de</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Morales n.d., Tomb of Ipi (TT 315). - Morales, Antonio J. (n.d.). "Tomb of Ipi (TT 315)". Middle Kingdom Theban Project. Retrieved July 12, 2022. <a href="https://thebanproject.com/en/tomb-of-ipi-tt-315/" target="_blank">https://thebanproject.com/en/tomb-of-ipi-tt-315/</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>JGU 2022, Person PD 146. - Ilin-Tomich, Alexander (n.d.). "Persons and Names of the Middle Kingdom". Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz. Retrieved July 12, 2022. <a href="https://pnm.uni-mainz.de" target="_blank">https://pnm.uni-mainz.de</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>