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Deferred shading
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<h2 id="advantages">Advantages</h2> <p>The primary advantage of deferred shading is the decoupling of scene geometry from lighting. Only one geometry pass is required, and each light is only computed for those pixels that it actually affects. This gives the ability to render many lights in a scene without a significant performance hit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> There are some other advantages claimed for the approach. These include simpler management of complex lighting resources, ease of managing other complex shader resources, and the simplification of the software rendering pipeline. </p> <h2 id="disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2> <p>One key disadvantage of deferred rendering is the inability to handle <a href="/facts/Transparency_(graphic)/Xnahvu65">transparency</a> within the algorithm, although this problem is a generic one in <a href="/facts/Z-buffering/HTyzcKbx">Z-buffered</a> scenes and it tends to be handled by delaying and sorting the rendering of transparent portions of the scene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Depth_peeling/F6Cx9Aqe">Depth peeling</a> can be used to achieve <a href="/facts/Order-independent_transparency/StM5wSpq">order-independent transparency</a> in deferred rendering, but at the cost of additional batches and g-buffer size. Modern hardware, supporting <a href="/facts/DirectX/jyy75wVN">DirectX 10</a> and later, is often capable of performing batches fast enough to maintain interactive frame rates. When order-independent transparency is desired (commonly for consumer applications) deferred shading is no less effective than forward shading using the same technique. </p><p>Another serious disadvantage is the difficulty with using multiple materials. It's possible to use many different materials, but it requires more data to be stored in the G-buffer, which is already quite large and takes up a large amount of the memory bandwidth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>One more disadvantage is that, due to separating the lighting stage from the geometric stage, hardware <a href="/facts/Spatial_anti-aliasing/od0SgvLy">anti-aliasing</a> does not produce correct results anymore since interpolated subsamples would result in nonsensical position, normal, and tangent attributes. One of the usual techniques to overcome this limitation is using <a href="/facts/Edge_detection/9VplpIcS">edge detection</a> on the final image and then applying blur over the edges,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> however recently more advanced post-process edge-smoothing techniques have been developed, such as <a href="/facts/MLAA/gqRR5M4G">MLAA</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> (used in <i><a href="/facts/Killzone_3/cJqoY2Wt">Killzone 3</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Dragon_Age_II/BYIFfxmA">Dragon Age II</a></i>, among others), <a href="/facts/Fast_approximate_anti-aliasing/gokqlrr8">FXAA</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> (used in <i><a href="/facts/Crysis_2/wwnxjA0t">Crysis 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/FEAR_3/B2QletNE">FEAR 3</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Duke_Nukem_Forever/zeAn0xpX">Duke Nukem Forever</a></i>), <a href="https://research.nvidia.com/sites/default/files/pubs/2011-02_Subpixel-Reconstruction-Antialiasing/I3D11.pdf">SRAA</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <a href="http://and.intercon.ru/releases/talks/dlaagdc2011/slides/">DLAA</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> (used in <i><a href="/facts/Star_Wars%3a_The_Force_Unleashed_II/FxUQnvLz">Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II</a></i>), and post MSAA (used in <i><a href="/facts/Crysis_2/wwnxjA0t">Crysis 2</a></i> as default anti-aliasing solution). Although it is not an edge-smoothing technique, <a href="/facts/Temporal_anti-aliasing/ktQNm1FH">temporal anti-aliasing</a> (used in <i><a href="/facts/Halo%3a_Reach/SLxAbztK">Halo: Reach</a> and <a href="/facts/Unreal_Engine/0ghxRQl8">Unreal Engine</a></i>) can also help give edges a smoother appearance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> DirectX 10 introduced features allowing shaders to access individual samples in multi-sampled render targets (and <a href="/facts/Depth_buffer/HTyzcKbx">depth buffers</a> in version 10.1), giving users of this API access to hardware anti-aliasing in deferred shading. These features also allow them to correctly apply HDR luminance mapping to anti-aliased edges, where in earlier versions of the API any benefit of anti-aliasing may have been lost. </p> <h2 id="deferred-lighting">Deferred lighting</h2> <p>Deferred lighting (also known as Light Pre-Pass) is a modification of the Deferred Shading.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> This technique uses three passes, instead of two in deferred shading. On first pass over the scene geometry, only normals and specular spread factor are written to the color buffer. The screen-space, “deferred” pass then accumulates diffuse and specular lighting data separately, so a last pass must be made over the scene geometry to output final image with per-pixel shading. The apparent advantage of deferred lighting is a dramatic reduction in the size of the G-Buffer. The obvious cost is the need to render the scene geometry twice instead of once. An additional cost is that the deferred pass in deferred lighting must output diffuse and specular irradiance separately, whereas the deferred pass in deferred shading need only output a single combined radiance value. </p><p>Due to reduction of the size of the G-buffer this technique can partially overcome one serious disadvantage of the deferred shading - multiple materials. Another problem that can be solved is <a href="/facts/Multisample_anti-aliasing/tPhQwSlK">MSAA</a>. Deferred lighting can be used with MSAA on DirectX 9 hardware. </p> <h2 id="deferred-lighting-in-commercial-games">Deferred lighting in commercial games</h2> <p>Use of the technique has increased in video games because of the control it enables in terms of using a large amount of dynamic lights and reducing the complexity of required shader instructions. Some examples of games using deferred lighting are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Alan_Wake/YPyY0dU3">Alan Wake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Assassin%2527s_Creed_III/dG2jJHnh">Assassin's Creed III</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/BioShock_Infinite/Mc9qGyGN">BioShock Infinite</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Black_Mesa_(video_game)/s6IyBLla">Black Mesa</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Blur_(video_game)/J5wCzIut">Blur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Brink_(video_game)/DHMaD3Wg">Brink</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Crackdown_(video_game)/20QegQf4">Crackdown</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Crackdown_2/6e9Dkc75">Crackdown 2</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Crysis_2/wwnxjA0t">Crysis 2</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Dead_Space_(video_game)/dEfp58k1">Dead Space</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> <i><a href="/facts/Dead_Space_2/XbxGK7yj">Dead Space 2</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> and <i><a href="/facts/Dead_Space_3/3vzwuyam">Dead Space 3</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Deus_Ex%3a_Human_Revolution/Q3PXLCda">Deus Ex: Human Revolution</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Dragon%2527s_Dogma/lmvJerdp">Dragon's Dogma</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Guild_Wars_2/CNzaE1Jb">Guild Wars 2</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Halo%3a_Reach/SLxAbztK">Halo: Reach</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/InFamous/bsNJmrgu">inFamous</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/InFamous_2/P1DzogQz">inFamous 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/LittleBigPlanet/TI1sEdNL">LittleBigPlanet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Metal_Gear_Solid_V%3a_Ground_Zeroes/UYYtjbr7">Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Metal_Gear_Solid_V%3a_The_Phantom_Pain/dNxkYF1h">Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Red_Dead_Redemption/r0M1CflP">Red Dead Redemption</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Resistance_(video_game_series)/UNY9z8Pd">Resistance series</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rochard/6Ec9tm1e">Rochard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Shift_2%3a_Unleashed/NoW5NLPj">Shift 2: Unleashed</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/StarCraft_II/7t3Be8RR">StarCraft II</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Uncharted/lomA58pV">Uncharted</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Uncharted_2/hAuABks7">Uncharted 2</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Vanquish_(video_game)/rU9F66lv">Vanquish</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ghost_of_Tsushima/43cmP1m0">Ghost of Tsushima</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="deferred-shading-in-commercial-games">Deferred shading in commercial games</h2> <p>In comparison to deferred lighting, this technique is not very popular due to high memory size and bandwidth requirements, especially on seventh generation consoles where graphic memory size and bandwidth are limited and often bottlenecks. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Amnesia%3a_The_Dark_Descent/VhGuNK8c">Amnesia: The Dark Descent</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Battlefield_3/me7pNeP8">Battlefield 3</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Dota_2/BD8DugTD">Dota 2</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Dungeons_(computer_game)/SmVG39Sc">Dungeons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Digital_Combat_Simulator/7C5eI8GD">Digital Combat Simulator (DCS) World 2.5</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Grand_Theft_Auto_IV/8YPnocA6">Grand Theft Auto IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Killzone_2/wCSwxH8n">Killzone 2</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Killzone_3/cJqoY2Wt">Killzone 3</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Mafia_II/FU7ECe7t">Mafia II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Miner_Wars_2081/77GD508F">Miner Wars 2081</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Metro_2033_(video_game)/7vsBGpLz">Metro 2033</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rift_(video_game)/7GkcMhA9">Rift</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Shrek_(video_game)/KS7KjYrB">Shrek</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Splinter_Cell%3a_Conviction/D6Y8v5cF">Splinter Cell: Conviction</a></i></li> <li>The <i><a href="/facts/S.T.A.L.K.E.R./eVVLWg9I">S.T.A.L.K.E.R.</a></i> game series: <i><a href="/facts/S.T.A.L.K.E.R.%3a_Shadow_of_Chernobyl/YcwvvoxW">Shadow of Chernobyl</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/S.T.A.L.K.E.R.%3a_Clear_Sky/Ydo1LXJk">Clear Sky</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/S.T.A.L.K.E.R.%3a_Call_of_Pripyat/0JWL5nF9">Call of Pripyat</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Tabula_Rasa_(video_game)/wwIp72Bb">Tabula Rasa</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Trine_(video_game)/kHB4q2qt">Trine</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Trine_2/KoHTY2MJ">Trine 2</a></i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Viva_Pinata/G6cBA8D7">Viva Pinata</a></i></li></ul> <h2 id="game-engines-featuring-deferred-shading-or-rendering-techniques">Game engines featuring deferred shading or rendering techniques</h2> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/AnvilNext/yj1K4Xmv">AnvilNext</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Chrome_Engine/sU5DwjqN">Chrome Engine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/CryEngine_3/jbgUIbGr">CryEngine 3</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Fox_Engine/PFRQHMaB">Fox Engine</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Frostbite_Engine/Bg5q9tce">Frostbite 2</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li> <li><i>GameStart</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Haemimont_Games/Ctq8BDHE">Haemimont Games Engine (HGE)</a></i></li> <li><i>I-Novae</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Leadwerks/hKqznnhq">Leadwerks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/MT_Framework/Xv02VVLM">MT Framework</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rockstar_Advanced_Game_Engine/LY1D1GPI">Rockstar Advanced Game Engine</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Torque_3D/QIj06qIR">Torque 3D</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Unity_(game_engine)/GsM1fEUG">Unity</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Unreal_Engine_4/0ghxRQl8">Unreal Engine 4</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Vision_(game_engine)/hGRLg5dz">Vision</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Creation_Engine/szofTM8f">Creation Engine</a> as of Fallout 4 and Skyrim SE</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li> <li><i>Fusion Engine (early Illusion Engine) as of <a href="/facts/Mafia_III/6NleGurd">Mafia III</a> and <a href="/facts/Mafia%3a_Definitive_Edition/pndpS1ez">Mafia: Definitive Edition</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Raylib/fbq6I4zk">Raylib</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The idea of deferred shading was originally introduced by <a href="/facts/Michael_Deering/GUHAp6qn">Michael Deering</a> and his colleagues in a paper<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> published in 1988 titled <i>The triangle processor and normal vector shader: a VLSI system for high performance graphics</i>. Although the paper never uses the word "deferred", a key concept is introduced; each pixel is shaded only once after depth resolution. Deferred shading as we know it today, using G-buffers, was introduced in a paper by Saito and Takahashi in 1990,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> although they too do not use the word "deferred". The first deferred shaded video game was <i><a href="/facts/Shrek_(video_game)/KS7KjYrB">Shrek</a></i>, an <a href="/facts/Xbox_(console)/2FuQrJeX">Xbox</a> launch title shipped in 2001.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> Around 2004, implementations on commodity graphics hardware started to appear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> The technique later gained popularity for applications such as <a href="/facts/Video_game/vmTdNASJ">video games</a>, finally becoming mainstream around 2008 to 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Forward Rendering vs. Deferred Rendering". October 28, 2013. <a href="https://gamedevelopment.tutsplus.com/articles/forward-rendering-vs-deferred-rendering--gamedev-12342" target="_blank">https://gamedevelopment.tutsplus.com/articles/forward-rendering-vs-deferred-rendering--gamedev-12342</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Deering, Michael; Stephanie Winner; Bic Schediwy; Chris Duffy; Neil Hunt (1988). "The triangle processor and normal vector shader: A VLSI system for high performance graphics". ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics. 22 (4): 21–30. doi:10.1145/378456.378468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>O'Donnell, Yuriy (July 18, 2011). "Deferred Screen Space Directional Occlusion". kayru.org. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. <a href="http://kayru.org/articles/dssdo/" target="_blank">http://kayru.org/articles/dssdo/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Kayi, Celal Cansin. "Deferred Rendering in XNA 4" (PDF). Linnaeus University. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2021. <a href="http://homepage.lnu.se/staff/tblma/Deferred%20Rendering%20in%20XNA%204.pdf" target="_blank">http://homepage.lnu.se/staff/tblma/Deferred%20Rendering%20in%20XNA%204.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"SDK 9.51 – Featured Code Samples". Nvidia. January 17, 2007. Archived from the original on March 8, 2005. Retrieved March 28, 2007. <a href="http://download.nvidia.com/developer/SDK/Individual_Samples/featured_samples.html" target="_blank">http://download.nvidia.com/developer/SDK/Individual_Samples/featured_samples.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Engel, Wolfgang (March 16, 2008). "Light Pre-Pass Renderer". Diary of a Graphics Programmer. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008. Retrieved January 6, 2021. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Engel" target="_blank">/wiki/Wolfgang_Engel</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Deferred shading tutorial" (PDF). Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306111435/http://www710.univ-lyon1.fr/~jciehl/Public/educ/GAMA/2007/Deferred_Shading_Tutorial_SBGAMES2005.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090306111435/http://www710.univ-lyon1.fr/~jciehl/Public/educ/GAMA/2007/Deferred_Shading_Tutorial_SBGAMES2005.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"MLAA: Efficiently Moving Antialiasing from the GPU to the CPU" (PDF). Intel. Retrieved December 2, 2018. <a href="https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/m/d/4/1/d/8/MLAA.pdf" target="_blank">https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/m/d/4/1/d/8/MLAA.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Morphological antialiasing and topological reconstruction" (PDF). Gustave Eiffel University. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2012. 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