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Sass (style sheet language)
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Sass was initially designed by <a href="/facts/Hampton_Catlin/4PT2VDsa">Hampton Catlin</a> and developed by Natalie Weizenbaum.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="major-implementations">Major implementations</h2> <p>SassScript was implemented in multiple languages, the noteworthy implementations are: </p> <ul><li>The official open-source <a href="/facts/Dart_(programming_language)/xJ8tE6Tl">Dart</a> implementation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>The official "sass" <a href="/facts/Node.js/FKzhV4Qa">node</a> module on <a href="/facts/Npm/DdAuC7wt">npm</a>, which is Dart Sass compiled to pure JavaScript.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>The official "sass-embedded" node module which is a JavaScript wrapper around the native Dart executable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>The original <a href="/facts/Open-source_software/HzTaB8E9">open-source</a> <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a> implementation created in 2006,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> since deprecated due to the lack of maintainers and reached End-of-Life in March 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>libSass, the official open-source <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> implementation, deprecated in October 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>The deprecated "node-sass" node module on <a href="/facts/Npm_(software)/wJg3ebn2">npm</a>, based on the deprecated libSass.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>JSass, an unofficial <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a> implementation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> based on the deprecated libSass.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>phamlp, an unofficial Sass/SCSS implementation in <a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vaadin/DR6Rvp61">Vaadin</a> has a Java implementation of Sass.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Firebug_(web_development)/u1RhBlFF">Firebug</a>, a <a href="/facts/Firefox/xez2zv8H">Firefox</a> <a href="/facts/XUL/VoNXYx92">XUL</a> ("legacy") <a href="/facts/Add-on_(Mozilla)/F0A6ctBz">extension</a> for web development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> It has been since deprecated in favor of developer tools integrated into Firefox itself. It stopped working since Firefox 57 dropped support for XUL extensions.</li></ul> <h2 id="features">Features</h2> <h3>Variables</h3> <p>Sass allows variables to be defined. Variables begin with a <a href="/facts/Dollar_sign/4CroUuPn">dollar sign</a> ($). Variable <a href="/facts/Assignment_(computer_science)/kLevAoyJ">assignment</a> is done with a <a href="/facts/Colon_(punctuation)/se9fjJa4">colon</a> (:).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>SassScript supports four data types:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Numbers (including units)</li> <li><a href="/facts/String_(computer_science)/4ChJu5WS">Strings</a> (with quotes or without)</li> <li>Colors (name, or names)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Boolean_data_type/0GWYLDoC">Booleans</a></li></ul> <p>Variables can be <a href="/facts/Parameter_(computer_programming)/LcuLbbSq">arguments</a> to or results from one of several available <a href="/facts/Subroutine/9vFJrg0A">functions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> During translation, the values of the variables are inserted into the output CSS document.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>SCSS</th><th>Sass</th><th>Compiled CSS</th></tr><tr><td>$primary-color: #3bbfce;$margin: 16px;.content-navigation { border-color: $primary-color; color: darken($primary-color, 10%);}.border { padding: $margin / 2; margin: $margin / 2; border-color: $primary-color;}</td><td>$primary-color: #3bbfce$margin: 16px.content-navigation border-color: $primary-color color: darken($primary-color, 10%).border padding: $margin/2 margin: $margin/2 border-color: $primary-color</td><td>:root{ --primary-color:#3bbfce; --secondary-color:#2b9eab; --margin:8px;}.content-navigation { border-color: var(--secondary-color) color: var(--secondary-color);}.border { padding: 8px; margin: var(--margin); border-color: #3bbfce;}</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Nesting</h3> <p>CSS does support logical nesting, but the code blocks themselves are not nested. Sass allows the nested code to be inserted within each other.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>SCSS</th><th>Sass</th><th>Compiled CSS</th></tr><tr><td>table.hl { margin: 2em 0; td.ln { text-align: right; }}li { font: { family: serif; weight: bold; size: 1.3em; }}</td><td>table.hl margin: 2em 0 td.ln text-align: right li font: family: serif weight: bold size: 1.3em</td><td>table.hl { margin: 2em 0;}table.hl td.ln { text-align: right;}li { font-family: serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.3em;}</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>More complicated types of nesting including <a href="/facts/Namespace/9efXwMtV">namespace</a> nesting and parent references are discussed in the Sass documentation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>SCSS</th><th>Sass</th><th>Compiled CSS</th></tr><tr><td>@mixin table-base { th { text-align: center; font-weight: bold; } td, th { padding: 2px; }}#data { @include table-base;}</td><td>=table-base th text-align: center font-weight: bold td, th padding: 2px#data +table-base</td><td>#data th { text-align: center; font-weight: bold;}#data td, #data th { padding: 2px;}</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Loops</h4> <p>Sass allows for iterating over variables using @for, @each and @while, which can be used to apply different styles to elements with similar classes or ids. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Sass</th><th>Compiled CSS</th></tr><tr><td>$squareCount: 4@for $i from 1 to $squareCount #square-#{$i} background-color: red width: 50px * $i height: 120px / $i</td><td>#square-1 { background-color: red; width: 50px; height: 120px;}#square-2 { background-color: red; width: 100px; height: 60px;}#square-3 { background-color: red; width: 150px; height: 40px;}</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Arguments</h4> <p>Mixins also support <a href="/facts/Parameter_(computer_programming)/LcuLbbSq">arguments</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Sass</th><th>Compiled CSS</th></tr><tr><td>=left($dist) float: left margin-left: $dist#data +left(10px)</td><td>#data { float: left; margin-left: 10px;}</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>In combination</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th>Sass</th><th>Compiled CSS</th></tr><tr><td>=table-base th text-align: center font-weight: bold td, th padding: 2px=left($dist) float: left margin-left: $dist#data +left(10px) +table-base</td><td>#data { float: left; margin-left: 10px;}#data th { text-align: center; font-weight: bold;}#data td, #data th { padding: 2px;}</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Selector inheritance</h3> <p>While CSS3 supports the <a href="/facts/Document_Object_Model/GglE6jGx">Document Object Model</a> (DOM) hierarchy, it does not allow selector inheritance. In Sass, inheritance is achieved by inserting a line inside of a code block that uses the @extend keyword and references another selector. The extended selector's attributes are applied to the calling selector.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Sass</th><th>Compiled CSS</th></tr><tr><td>.error border: 1px #f00 background: #fdd.error.intrusion font-size: 1.3em font-weight: bold.badError @extend .error border-width: 3px</td><td>.error, .badError { border: 1px #f00; background: #fdd;}.error.intrusion,.badError.intrusion { font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: bold;}.badError { border-width: 3px;}</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sass supports <a href="/facts/Multiple_inheritance/kFvNb9rY">multiple inheritance</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="libsass">libSass</h2> <p>At the 2012 HTML5 Developer Conference, Hampton Catlin, the creator of Sass, announced version 1.0 of libSass, an open source C++ implementation of Sass developed by Catlin, Aaron Leung, and the engineering team at <a href="/facts/Moovweb/NalcIeYK">Moovweb</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>According to Catlin, libSass can be "drop[ped] into anything and it will have Sass in it...You could drop it right into Firefox today and build Firefox and it will compile in there. We wrote our own parser from scratch to make sure that would be possible."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>The design goals of libSass are: </p> <ul><li>Performance – Developers have reported 10x speed up increases over the Ruby implementation of Sass.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>Easier integration – libSass makes it easier to integrate Sass into more software. Before libSass, tightly integrating Sass into a language or software product required bundling the entire Ruby interpreter. By contrast, libSass is a statically linkable library with zero external dependencies and C-like interface, making it easy to wrap Sass directly into other programming languages and tools. For example, open source libSass bindings now exist for <a href="/facts/Node.js/FKzhV4Qa">Node</a>, <a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li>Compatibility – libSass's goal is full compatibility with the official Ruby implementation of Sass. This goal has been achieved on libsass 3.3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="ide-integration">IDE integration</h2> IDE integration of Sass<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">IDE</th><th scope="col">Software</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Adobe_Dreamweaver/MzP28RQ4">Adobe Dreamweaver</a> CC 2017</th><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Eclipse_(software)/YoqHVjas">Eclipse</a></th><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Emacs/BvGxuAxQ">Emacs</a></th><td>sass-mode</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/IntelliJ_IDEA/h689XrQz">JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA (Ultimate Edition)</a></th><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/PhpStorm/z5vebwlr">JetBrains PhpStorm</a></th><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/RubyMine/1YcNFxgv">JetBrains RubyMine</a></th><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/WebStorm/1YcNFxgv">JetBrains WebStorm</a></th><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Microsoft_Visual_Studio/omNe6Lej">Microsoft Visual Studio</a></th><td>Mindscape</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Microsoft_Visual_Studio/omNe6Lej">Microsoft Visual Studio</a></th><td>SassyStudio</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Microsoft_WebMatrix/Q4cyAECN">Microsoft WebMatrix</a></th><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/NetBeans/9kqvIVFG">NetBeans</a></th><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Vim_(text_editor)/JXAYMDgt">Vim</a></th><td>haml.zip</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Atom_(text_editor)/fHN07lHW">Atom</a></th><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_Code/YsBDgKlK">Visual Studio Code</a></th><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Sublime_Text/8GzJSGEr">Sublime</a></th><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Edit+</th><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Less_(style_sheet_language)/y1g03bTT">Less (style sheet language)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Stylus_(style_sheet_language)/UEwEwwPG">Stylus (style sheet language)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Ndia, John Gichuki; Muketha, Geoffrey Muchiri; Omieno, Kelvin Kabeti (2019). <a href="http://www.bjmc.lu.lv/fileadmin/user_upload/lu_portal/projekti/bjmc/Contents/7_4_01_Ndia.pdf">"Complexity Metrics for Sassy Cascading Style Sheets"</a> (PDF). <i>Baltic Journal of Modern Computing</i>. 7 (4). <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.22364%2Fbjmc.2019.7.4.01">10.22364/bjmc.2019.7.4.01</a>.</li> <li>Cederholm, Dan (2013). <a href="https://jayakarta.ac.id/assets/front/example.pdf"><i>Sass for Web Designers</i></a> (PDF). A Book Apart. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-937557-13-3.</li> <li>Watts, Luke (2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pUrWDQAAQBAJ"><i>Mastering Sass</i></a>. Packt Publishing.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://sass-lang.com/">Official website</a> </li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Media Mark (3.2.12). "Sass - Syntactically Awesome Stylesheets". Sass-lang.com. Retrieved 2014-02-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="http://sass-lang.com/" target="_blank">http://sass-lang.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Firtman, Maximiliano (2013-03-15). Programming the Mobile Web. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4493-3497-0. <a href="978-1-4493-3497-0" target="_blank">978-1-4493-3497-0</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Libby, Alex (2019). Introducing Dart Sass: A Practical Introduction to the Replacement for Sass, Built on Dart. Berkeley, CA: Apress. doi:10.1007/978-1-4842-4372-5. ISBN 978-1-4842-4371-8. <a href="978-1-4842-4371-8" target="_blank">978-1-4842-4371-8</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Sass - Syntactically Awesome Stylesheets Archived 2013-10-09 at the Wayback Machine Tutorial <a href="http://sass-lang.com/tutorial.html" target="_blank">http://sass-lang.com/tutorial.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Firtman, Maximiliano (2013-03-15). Programming the Mobile Web. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4493-3497-0. <a href="978-1-4493-3497-0" target="_blank">978-1-4493-3497-0</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Media Mark (3.2.12). "Sass - Syntactically Awesome Stylesheets". Sass-lang.com. Retrieved 2014-02-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="http://sass-lang.com/" target="_blank">http://sass-lang.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Sass: Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets". sass-lang.com. Archived from the original on 2013-09-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901145805/http://sass-lang.com/about.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130901145805/http://sass-lang.com/about.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Natalie Weizenbaum's blog". Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011121541/http://nex-3.com/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071011121541/http://nex-3.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Sass / Scss". Drupal.org. 2009-10-21. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2014-02-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310210318/https://www.drupal.org/project/sass" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160310210318/https://www.drupal.org/project/sass</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"sass". www.npmjs.com. <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/sass" target="_blank">https://www.npmjs.com/package/sass</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"sass-embedded". www.npmjs.com. <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/sass-embedded" target="_blank">https://www.npmjs.com/package/sass-embedded</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Sass / Scss". Drupal.org. 2009-10-21. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2014-02-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310210318/https://www.drupal.org/project/sass" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160310210318/https://www.drupal.org/project/sass</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Weizenbaum, Natalie. "Ruby Sass Has Reached End-Of-Life « Sass Blog". sass.logdown.com. Retrieved 2019-04-21. <a href="http://sass.logdown.com/posts/7828841-ruby-sass-is-unsupported" target="_blank">http://sass.logdown.com/posts/7828841-ruby-sass-is-unsupported</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Sass: Ruby Sass". sass-lang.com. Retrieved 2019-04-21. <a href="https://sass-lang.com/ruby-sass" target="_blank">https://sass-lang.com/ruby-sass</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"LibSass is Deprecated". sass-lang.com. 26 October 2020. <a href="https://sass-lang.com/blog/libsass-is-deprecated" target="_blank">https://sass-lang.com/blog/libsass-is-deprecated</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"node-sass". www.npmjs.com. <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/node-sass" target="_blank">https://www.npmjs.com/package/node-sass</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"jsass - A Java implementation of the Sass compiler (and some other goodies). - Google Project Hosting". Retrieved 2014-02-23. <a href="https://code.google.com/p/jsass/" target="_blank">https://code.google.com/p/jsass/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"JSass documentation". jsass.readthedocs.io. <a href="https://jsass.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" target="_blank">https://jsass.readthedocs.io/en/latest/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Sass / Scss". Drupal.org. 2009-10-21. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2014-02-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310210318/https://www.drupal.org/project/sass" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160310210318/https://www.drupal.org/project/sass</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"SassCompiler (Vaadin 7.0.7 API)". Vaadin.com. 2013-06-06. Archived from the original on 2014-04-21. 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