Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Lobate debris apron
open-in-new
<h2 id="lineated-floor-deposits">Lineated floor deposits</h2> <p>The floors of some channels show ridges and grooves that seem to flow around obstacles; these features are called lineated floor deposits or <a href="/facts/Lineated_valley_fill/GxV8f7WR">lineated valley fill</a> (LVF). Like lobate debris aprons, they are believed to be ice-rich. Some glaciers on the Earth show such features. </p><p>It has been suggested that lineated floor deposits began as LDAs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> By tracing the paths of the curved ridges characteristic of LDAs, researchers have come to believe that they straighten out to form the ridges of LVF.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Both lineated floor deposits and lobate debris aprons often display a strange surface formation called <a href="/facts/Brain_terrain/7AnLmDN1">brain terrain</a> because it looks like the surface of the human brain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <p><a href="/facts/Reull_Vallis/pr9IrIyG">Reull Vallis</a>, pictured below, displays these deposits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Sometimes the lineated floor deposits show a chevron pattern, which is further evidence of movement. The picture below taken with HiRISE of Reull Vallis shows these patterns. </p> <h2 id="recent-observations">Recent observations</h2> <p>Recent analyses of the <a href="/facts/Nereidum_Montes/uyzpwnMJ">Nereidum Montes</a> (~35°- 45°S, ~300° - 330°E), and <a href="/facts/Phlegra_Montes/02m8LWKl">Phlegra Montes</a> (NNE - SSW, between latitudes 30° - 52°N) mountain ranges of <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a> have revealed terrains rich in <a href="/facts/Viscous_flow_features/CEYMmdT6">viscous flow features</a> (VFFs), a cyro-<a href="/facts/Geomorphological/MDf2I2h5">geomorphological</a> group of which lobate debris aprons are a sub-class. In a 2014 study, 11,000 VFFs have been recorded between 40° and 60° in northern and southern latitudes, with a 2020 study identifying approximately 3,348 VFFs in the <a href="/facts/Nereidum_Montes/uyzpwnMJ">Nereidum Montes</a> range.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> These LDAs were more extensive and older VFF features (hundreds of Ma) in the range, with the vast majority located in impact craters and surrounding <a href="/facts/Massif/0tR9poFq">massifs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>Water-ice to <a href="/facts/Lithic_fragment_(geology)/Tb77mL3C">lithic</a> ratios of 9:1 were recorded for LDAs by the <i><a href="/facts/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter/7odg7YfX">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO), with Berman’s 2020 study presenting <a href="/facts/Nereidum_Montes/uyzpwnMJ">Nereidum Montes</a> as possibly containing more water-ice rich LDAs, than other locations in the mid-latitude band.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Studies have estimated that LDAs could reach from tens of meters up to 390 meters (1,280 feet) in thickness, with anywhere from 1 to 10 meters (3.3 to 32.8 feet) of overlying <a href="/facts/Regolith/EdXuHK56">regolith</a> preventing sublimation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Amazonian_(Mars)/fSEGYz6b">Late Amazonian</a> <a href="/facts/Glaciation/alIAm38r">glaciation</a> may have occurred in the mid-latitudes due to water-ice emplacement from higher latitudes. This <a href="/facts/Glaciation/alIAm38r">glaciation</a> may have occurred during <a href="/facts/Obliquity/kt7KwL3v">high obliquity periods</a> in <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a> past.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Some of these LDAs are overlain with another class of viscous ice flows that is smaller, and younger (tens of Ma) called <a href="/facts/Glaciers_on_Mars/CEYMmdT6">glacial-like flows</a> (GLFs). Some 320 of these superposed GLFs (SGLFs) have been found, implying successive glaciation periods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>The datasets utilized in these studies included MRO Context Camera (CTX; ~5–6 m/pixel), High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) (~25 cm/pixel) images, MRO Shallow Radar (SHARAD), 128 pixel/degree (~463 m/pixel) Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), <a href="/facts/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter/EhW2HkTv">Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA)</a>, <a href="/facts/Digital_elevation_model/LMWSPfex">Digital Elevation Modelling (DEM)</a>, 100 m/pixel <a href="/facts/THEMIS/VP6pW1qF">THEMIS</a> Day and Night IR mosaics, and the GIS-based (ESRI ArcGIS Desktop) software.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p> Lobate debris aprons (LDA's) and lineated valley fill (LVF) are now thought to be the same--mostly ice with a covering of debris, their shapes are dependent on their locations. When confined within a valley, LVF is present; in contrast when not confined, this flowing debris covered ice forms LDA's.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Climate_of_Mars/fRAS3qWy">Climate of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Deuteronilus_Mensae/703DuVfd">Deuteronilus Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fretted_terrain/SHFV1xD4">Fretted terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Geology_of_Mars/rt6zWIKx">Geology of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Glaciers_on_Mars/CEYMmdT6">Glaciers on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lineated_valley_fill/GxV8f7WR">Lineated valley fill</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Martian_dichotomy/11Ixk04I">Martian dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nilosyrtis_Mensae/hvJFAW2r">Nilosyrtis Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Protonilus_Mensae/oIk97s4s">Protonilus Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Water_on_Mars/uBNTfa37">Water on Mars</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sUUKcZaTgA">Martian Ice - Jim Secosky - 16th Annual International Mars Society Convention</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2ERsEXAq_s">Jeffrey Plaut - Subsurface Ice - 21st Annual International Mars Society Convention</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Carr, M (2006). The Surface of Mars. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87201-0. <a href="978-0-521-87201-0" target="_blank">978-0-521-87201-0</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Squyres, S (1978). "Martian fretted terrain: Flow of erosional debrid". Icarus. 34 (3): 600–613. Bibcode:1978Icar...34..600S. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(78)90048-9. <a href="/wiki/Icarus_(journal)" target="_blank">/wiki/Icarus_(journal)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kieffer, Hugh H.; Jakosky, Bruce M.; Matthews, Mildred Shapley; Snyder, Conway W. (October 1992). Mars: Maps. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-1257-4. <a href="0-8165-1257-4" target="_blank">0-8165-1257-4</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Plaut, Jeffrey J.; Safaeinili, Ali; Holt, John W.; Phillips, Roger J.; Head, James W.; Seu, Roberto; Putzig, Nathaniel E.; Frigeri, Alessandro (28 January 2009). "Radar evidence for ice in lobate debris aprons in the mid-northern latitudes of Mars: RADAR EVIDENCE FOR MID-LATITUDE MARS ICE" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 36 (2): n/a. Bibcode:2009GeoRL..36.2203P. doi:10.1029/2008GL036379. S2CID 17530607. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100623192455/http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3733.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100623192455/http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3733.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Head, J (2005). "Tropical to mid-latitude snow and ice accumulation, flow and glaciation on Mars". Nature. 434 (7031): 346–350. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..346H. doi:10.1038/nature03359. PMID 15772652. S2CID 4363630. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" target="_blank">/wiki/Nature_(journal)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>[1] [dead link] <a href="https://archive.today/20121205041820/http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=18050" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20121205041820/http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=18050</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Glaciers Reveal Martian Climate Has Been Recently Active". News from Brown. April 23, 2008. Archived from the original on Dec 21, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221013922/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2008/04/martian-glaciers" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20211221013922/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2008/04/martian-glaciers</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Plaut, Jeffrey J.; Safaeinili, Ali; Holt, John W.; Phillips, Roger J.; Head, James W.; Seu, Roberto; Putzig, Nathaniel E.; Frigeri, Alessandro (28 January 2009). "Radar evidence for ice in lobate debris aprons in the mid-northern latitudes of Mars". Geophysical Research Letters. 36 (2). Bibcode:2009GeoRL..36.2203P. doi:10.1029/2008GL036379. S2CID 17530607. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008GL036379" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008GL036379</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Holt, J. W.; Safaeinili, A.; Plaut, J. J.; Young, D. A.; Head, J. W.; Phillips, R. J.; Campbell, B. A.; Carter, L. M.; Gim, Y.; Seu, R.; Sharad Team (2008-03-01). "Radar Sounding Evidence for Ice within Lobate Debris Aprons Near Hellas Basin, Mid-Southern Latitudes of Mars". Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (1391): 2441. Bibcode:2008LPI....39.2441H. Archived from the original on Dec 22, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222092447/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008LPI....39.2441H/abstract" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191222092447/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008LPI....39.2441H/abstract</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Petersen, E., et al. 2018. ALL OUR APRONS ARE ICY: NO EVIDENCE FOR DEBRIS-RICH “LOBATE DEBRIS APRONS” IN DEUTERONILUS MENSAE 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 2354. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Madeleine, J. et al. 2007. Exploring the northern mid-latitude glaciation with a general circulation model. In: Seventh International Conference on Mars. Abstract 3096. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Phoenix - Explore the Cosmos | the Planetary Society". Archived from the original on 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2011-09-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822221353/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/phoenix/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110822221353/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/phoenix/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Souness, Colin; Hubbard, Bryn; Milliken, Ralph E.; Quincey, Duncan (2012-01-01). "An inventory and population-scale analysis of martian glacier-like forms". Icarus. 217 (1): 243–255. Bibcode:2012Icar..217..243S. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.020. ISSN 0019-1035. Archived from the original on Jan 26, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126100034/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103511004131" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220126100034/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103511004131</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Souness, Colin J.; Hubbard, Bryn (2013-07-01). "An alternative interpretation of late Amazonian ice flow: Protonilus Mensae, Mars". Icarus. 225 (1): 495–505. Bibcode:2013Icar..225..495S. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.03.030. ISSN 0019-1035. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103513001462" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103513001462</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Head, J. & D. Marchant (2006). "Modification of the Walls of a Noachian Crater in Northern Arabia Terra (24°E, 39°N) During Northern Mid-Latitude Amazonian Glacial Epochs on Mars: Nature and Evolution of Lobate Debris Aprons and Their Relationships to Lineated Valley Fill and Glacial Systems". Lunar Planet. Sci. 37: Abstract #1126. Bibcode:2006LPI....37.1126H. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006LPI....37.1126H/abstract" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006LPI....37.1126H/abstract</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Kress, A., J. Head (2008). "Ring-mold craters in lineated valley fill and lobate debris aprons on Mars: Evidence for subsurface glacial ice". Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 (23): L23206-8. Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3523206K. doi:10.1029/2008gl035501.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008gl035501" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008gl035501</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Baker, David M. H.; Head, James; Marchant, David; et al. (2010). "Flow patterns of lobate debris aprons and lineated valley fill north of Ismeniae Fossae, Mars: Evidence for extensive mid-latitude glaciation in the Late Amazonian". Icarus. 207 (1): 186–209. Bibcode:2010Icar..207..186B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.11.017. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222564869" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222564869</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Kress., A. & J. Head (2009). "Ring-mold craters on lineated valley fill, lobate debris aprons, and concentric crater fill on Mars: Implications for near-surface structure, composition, and age". Lunar Planet. Sci. 40: abstract 1379. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Levy, Joseph S.; Head, James W.; Marchant, David R. (2009). "Concentric crater fill in Utopia Planitia: History and interaction between glacial "brain terrain" and periglacial processes". Icarus. 202 (2): 462–476. Bibcode:2009Icar..202..462L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.018. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Reull Vallis (Released 22 October 2002) | Mars Odyssey Mission THEMIS". Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2010-12-19. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617191548/http://themis.asu.edu/zoom-20021022a" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100617191548/http://themis.asu.edu/zoom-20021022a</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Berman, Daniel C.; Chuang, Frank C.; Smith, Isaac B.; Crown, David A. (2021-02-01). "Ice-rich landforms of the southern mid-latitudes of Mars: A case study in Nereidum Montes". Icarus. 355: 114170. Bibcode:2021Icar..35514170B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114170. ISSN 0019-1035. S2CID 226335719. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103520305091" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103520305091</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Levy, Joseph S.; Fassett, Caleb I.; Head, James W.; Schwartz, Claire; Watters, Jaclyn L. (2014). "Sequestered glacial ice contribution to the global Martian water budget: Geometric constraints on the volume of remnant, midlatitude debris-covered glaciers". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 119 (10): 2188–2196. Bibcode:2014JGRE..119.2188L. doi:10.1002/2014JE004685. ISSN 2169-9100. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014JE004685" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014JE004685</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Berman, Daniel C.; Chuang, Frank C.; Smith, Isaac B.; Crown, David A. (2021-02-01). "Ice-rich landforms of the southern mid-latitudes of Mars: A case study in Nereidum Montes". Icarus. 355: 114170. Bibcode:2021Icar..35514170B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114170. ISSN 0019-1035. S2CID 226335719. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103520305091" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103520305091</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Berman, Daniel C.; Chuang, Frank C.; Smith, Isaac B.; Crown, David A. (2021-02-01). "Ice-rich landforms of the southern mid-latitudes of Mars: A case study in Nereidum Montes". Icarus. 355: 114170. Bibcode:2021Icar..35514170B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114170. ISSN 0019-1035. S2CID 226335719. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103520305091" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103520305091</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Schmidt, Louise Steffensen; Hvidberg, Christine Schøtt; Kim, Jung Rack; Karlsson, Nanna Bjørnholt (December 2019). "Non-linear flow modelling of a Martian Lobate Debris Apron". Journal of Glaciology. 65 (254): 889–899. Bibcode:2019JGlac..65..889S. doi:10.1017/jog.2019.54. hdl:20.500.11815/1551. ISSN 0022-1430. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjog.2019.54" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjog.2019.54</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Schmidt, Louise Steffensen; Hvidberg, Christine Schøtt; Kim, Jung Rack; Karlsson, Nanna Bjørnholt (December 2019). "Non-linear flow modelling of a Martian Lobate Debris Apron". Journal of Glaciology. 65 (254): 889–899. Bibcode:2019JGlac..65..889S. doi:10.1017/jog.2019.54. hdl:20.500.11815/1551. ISSN 0022-1430. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjog.2019.54" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjog.2019.54</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Gallagher, Colman; Butcher, Frances E.G.; Balme, Matt; Smith, Isaac; Arnold, Neil (2021-02-01). "Landforms indicative of regional warm based glaciation, Phlegra Montes, Mars". Icarus. 355: 114173. Bibcode:2021Icar..35514173G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114173. ISSN 0019-1035. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2020.114173" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2020.114173</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Gupta, Vanshika; Gupta, Sharad Kumar; Kim, Jungrack (January 2020). "Automated Discontinuity Detection and Reconstruction in Subsurface Environment of Mars Using Deep Learning: A Case Study of SHARAD Observation". Applied Sciences. 10 (7): 2279. doi:10.3390/app10072279. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp10072279" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp10072279</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Berman, Daniel C.; Chuang, Frank C.; Smith, Isaac B.; Crown, David A. (2021-02-01). "Ice-rich landforms of the southern mid-latitudes of Mars: A case study in Nereidum Montes". Icarus. 355: 114170. Bibcode:2021Icar..35514170B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114170. ISSN 0019-1035. S2CID 226335719. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103520305091" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103520305091</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Gupta, Vanshika; Gupta, Sharad Kumar; Kim, Jungrack (January 2020). "Automated Discontinuity Detection and Reconstruction in Subsurface Environment of Mars Using Deep Learning: A Case Study of SHARAD Observation". Applied Sciences. 10 (7): 2279. doi:10.3390/app10072279. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp10072279" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp10072279</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Hepburn, A. J.; Ng, F. S. L.; Holt, T. O.; Hubbard, B. (2020). "Late Amazonian Ice Survival in Kasei Valles, Mars". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 125 (11): e2020JE006531. Bibcode:2020JGRE..12506531H. doi:10.1029/2020JE006531. hdl:2160/9cf03348-2ac0-4bd7-9711-42c2b210fb85. ISSN 2169-9100. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020JE006531" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020JE006531</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Hepburn, A. J.; Ng, F. S. L.; Livingstone, S. J.; Holt, T. O.; Hubbard, B. (2020). "Polyphase Mid-Latitude Glaciation on Mars: Chronology of the Formation of Superposed Glacier-Like Forms from Crater-Count Dating". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 125 (2): e2019JE006102. Bibcode:2020JGRE..12506102H. doi:10.1029/2019JE006102. ISSN 2169-9100. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019JE006102" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019JE006102</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Hepburn, A. J.; Ng, F. S. L.; Livingstone, S. J.; Holt, T. O.; Hubbard, B. (2020). "Polyphase Mid-Latitude Glaciation on Mars: Chronology of the Formation of Superposed Glacier-Like Forms from Crater-Count Dating". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 125 (2): e2019JE006102. Bibcode:2020JGRE..12506102H. doi:10.1029/2019JE006102. ISSN 2169-9100. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019JE006102" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019JE006102</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Berman, Daniel C.; Chuang, Frank C.; Smith, Isaac B.; Crown, David A. (2021-02-01). "Ice-rich landforms of the southern mid-latitudes of Mars: A case study in Nereidum Montes". Icarus. 355: 114170. Bibcode:2021Icar..35514170B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114170. ISSN 0019-1035. S2CID 226335719. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103520305091" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103520305091</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Gallagher, Colman; Butcher, Frances E.G.; Balme, Matt; Smith, Isaac; Arnold, Neil (2021-02-01). "Landforms indicative of regional warm based glaciation, Phlegra Montes, Mars". Icarus. 355: 114173. Bibcode:2021Icar..35514173G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114173. ISSN 0019-1035. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2020.114173" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2020.114173</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Gupta, Vanshika; Gupta, Sharad Kumar; Kim, Jungrack (January 2020). "Automated Discontinuity Detection and Reconstruction in Subsurface Environment of Mars Using Deep Learning: A Case Study of SHARAD Observation". Applied Sciences. 10 (7): 2279. doi:10.3390/app10072279. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp10072279" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp10072279</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Hepburn, A. J.; Ng, F. S. L.; Holt, T. O.; Hubbard, B. (2020). "Late Amazonian Ice Survival in Kasei Valles, Mars". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 125 (11): e2020JE006531. Bibcode:2020JGRE..12506531H. doi:10.1029/2020JE006531. hdl:2160/9cf03348-2ac0-4bd7-9711-42c2b210fb85. ISSN 2169-9100. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020JE006531" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020JE006531</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Hepburn, A. J.; Ng, F. S. L.; Livingstone, S. J.; Holt, T. O.; Hubbard, B. (2020). "Polyphase Mid-Latitude Glaciation on Mars: Chronology of the Formation of Superposed Glacier-Like Forms from Crater-Count Dating". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 125 (2): e2019JE006102. Bibcode:2020JGRE..12506102H. doi:10.1029/2019JE006102. ISSN 2169-9100. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019JE006102" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019JE006102</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>www.arcgis.com https://www.arcgis.com/index.html. Retrieved 2021-03-31. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) <a href="https://www.arcgis.com/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.arcgis.com/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"GIS Mapping Software, Location Intelligence & Spatial Analytics | Esri". www.esri.com. Retrieved 2021-03-31. <a href="https://www.esri.com/en-us/home" target="_blank">https://www.esri.com/en-us/home</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Wueller, L., et al. 2025. Relationships between lobate debris aprons and lineated valley fill on Mars: Evidence for an extensive Amazonian valley glacial landsystem in Mamers Valles. Icarus. Volume 426, 15 116373 <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>