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Uranyl peroxide
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<h2 id="synthesis">Synthesis</h2> <p>In general, uranyl peroxide can be obtained from a solution of uranium(VI) by adding a peroxide, usually hydrogen peroxide solution. The dihydrate is obtained from a boiling solution of uranyl nitrate with the addition of hydrogen peroxide and drying of the precipitate, while the trihydrate is precipitated from a solution of ammonium uranyl oxalate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="crystal-structure">Crystal structure</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Unit_cell/znygJqdx">unit cell</a> consists of <a href="/facts/Uranyl/XoqDjPHM">uranyl</a> cations coordinated to two <a href="/facts/H2O/0lkXnJPK">water molecules</a> and two <a href="/facts/Peroxide/VMU8y4xB">peroxide</a> anions. The latter are μ2-coordinated to the cation—that is, end-on. Additional water molecules are bound in the crystal by <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_bonding/85V86IIg">hydrogen bonding</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Only the tetrahydrate has been characterized by <a href="/facts/X-ray_crystallography/WtI0F5DN">X-ray crystallography</a>, but <a href="/facts/Density_functional_theory/wwz4Gqdg">density functional theory</a> offers a good approximation to the dihydrate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h3>Polyperoxouranylate allotrope</h3> <p>When <a href="/facts/Uranyl_nitrate/RdyzMLgb">uranyl nitrate</a> is dissolved in an aqueous solution of <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_peroxide/vju6HBIc">hydrogen peroxide</a> and an <a href="/facts/Alkali_metal_hydroxide/Dk5IUPSJ">alkali metal hydroxide</a>, it forms cage clusters akin to <a href="/facts/Polyoxometalate/mr1AkgR5">polyoxometalates</a> or <a href="/facts/Fullerene/LPdnl8ox">fullerenes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Syntheses also typically add organic materials, such as <a href="/facts/Amine/JvfYJfP6">amines</a>, to serve as templates, akin to <a href="/facts/Zeolite/SNrXy4v2">zeolites</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="applications">Applications</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Radiolysis/BzPNnEvu">Radiolysis</a> of uranium salts dissolved in water produces peroxides; uranyl peroxide has been studied as a possible end component of spent <a href="/facts/Radioactive_waste/MjYh5tlu">radioactive waste</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051224133106/http://www.uic.com.au/uicchem.htm">Some Chemistry of Uranium</a></li> <li>Freeman, Marvin D.; Stover, Dennis E. (1999). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716184652/http://www.world-nuclear.org/sym/1999/freeman.htm">"The Smith Ranch Project: a 1990s In-situ Uranium Mine"</a>. <i>The Uranium Institute Twenty Fourth Annual International Symposium</i>. The Uranium Institute. Archived from <a href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/sym/1999/freeman.htm">the original</a> on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2011.</li> <li>Kubatko, K. -A. H.; Helean, K. B.; Navrotsky, A.; Burns, P. C. (2003). "Stability of Peroxide-Containing Uranyl Minerals". <i>Science</i>. 302 (5648): 1191–1193. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1090259">10.1126/science.1090259</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14615533">14615533</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44415700">44415700</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Rabald (1954). "Handbuch der präparativen anorganischen Chemie. Unter Mitarbeit zahlreicher Fachleute herausg. v. G. Brauer. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag 1954. XIX, 1439 S., 318 Abb., Ln. DM 199,—". Materials and Corrosion. 5 (11): 475–476. doi:10.1002/maco.19540051117. ISSN 1521-4176. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/maco.19540051117" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/maco.19540051117</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Burns, Peter C.; Hughes, Karrie-Ann (2003). "Studtite, [(UO2)(O2)(H2O)2](H2O)2: The first structure of a peroxide mineral". American Mineralogist. 88 (7). Mineralogical Society of America: 1165–1168. Bibcode:2003AmMin..88.1165B. doi:10.2138/am-2003-0725. S2CID 100198554. (abstract; 39 kB PDF.) <a href="/wiki/American_Mineralogist" target="_blank">/wiki/American_Mineralogist</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Weck, Philippe F.; Kim, Kim; Jové-Colón, Carlos F.; Sassani, David C. (2012). "Structures of uranyl peroxide hydrates: a first-principles study of studtite and metastudtite". Dalton Transactions. 41 (32): 9748–9752. doi:10.1039/c2dt31242e. PMID 22763414. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/1230018" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/1230018</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Forbes, Tori Z.; McAlpin, J. Gregory; Murphy, Rachel; Burns, Peter C. (2008). "Metal-Oxygen Isopolyhedra Assembled into Fullerene Topologies". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 120 (47): 2824–2827. Bibcode:2008AngCh.120.2866F. doi:10.1002/ange.200705563. <a href="/wiki/Angew._Chem._Int._Ed." target="_blank">/wiki/Angew._Chem._Int._Ed.</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Sigmon, Ginger E.; Jie Ling; Unruh, Daniel K.; Moore-Shay, Laura; Ward, Matthew; Weaver, Brittany; Burns, Peter C. (2009). "Uranyl-Peroxide Interactions Favor Nanocluster Self-Assembly". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (46): 16648–16649. doi:10.1021/ja907837u. PMID 19919139. <a href="/wiki/J._Am._Chem._Soc." target="_blank">/wiki/J._Am._Chem._Soc.</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Nilsson, Sara; Jonsson, Mats (2011). "H2O2 and radiation induced dissolution of UO2 and SIMFUEL pellets". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 1–3 (410): 89–93. Bibcode:2011JNuM..410...89N. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.01.020. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Nuclear_Materials" target="_blank">/wiki/Journal_of_Nuclear_Materials</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>