Slate-colored fox sparrow

<h2 id="subspecies">Subspecies</h2>
Like all "fox sparrow" <a href="/facts/Subspecies/4L9jFacF">subspecies</a>, it is differentiated into some morphologically recognizable <a href="/facts/Allopatric/H6K8mSDf">allopatric</a> populations, which are still genetically indistinguishable due to their recent <a href="/facts/Evolution/Hj0qAaBk">evolution</a> (Zink 1994).
However, the handful or so of subspecies in this complex are poorly differentiated even morphologically for the most part; a two-subspecies arrangement recognizing the rather distinctive altivagans (the northern form) as distinct from the southern populations (schistacea) might be more reasonable (Rising & Beadle 1996). As with red and sooty fox sparrows, slate-coloreds also prefer to build their nests on the edges of wet habitat but are much less picky about in which plant they build. Their call note is a sharp klink according to Rising & Beadle (1996), or "a sharp smack, like Sooty and Red populations" according to Sibley (2000).

<ul><li>schistacea Baird, 1858:</li></ul>
Breeding range is patchy, generally due to the patchiness of appropriate habitat in a montane matrix: short willow riparian habitat with little gradient. Breeds from <a href="/facts/Crowsnest_Pass/PJzEqo8U">Crowsnest Pass</a> (British Columbia) and <a href="/facts/Waterton_Lakes_Park/wjE5j8Wb">Waterton Lakes Park</a> (southwest <a href="/facts/Alberta/PjKJFbJY">Alberta</a>) south through the <a href="/facts/Great_Basin/w135lKBN">Great Basin</a> mountain ranges. It ranges as far as northern Nevada (<a href="/facts/Humboldt_County,_Nevada/RUr5qIt8">Humboldt County</a>, <a href="/facts/Elko_County/raHIBanB">Elko County</a>), <a href="/facts/Wyoming/kuKmWryL">Wyoming</a>, <a href="/facts/Colorado/IgIHrJI5">Colorado</a>, and just into northern <a href="/facts/New_Mexico/wosJCGaW">New Mexico</a>. Moves coastwards in winter, occurring mainly in southern California.(Weckstein et al. 2002)
The <a href="/facts/Nominate_subspecies/4L9jFacF">nominate subspecies</a> of the group, its head and back are slate gray, with a brown wash on the back. Wings, rump, tail, crown and underside spotting are a rich darkish brown, somewhat more rusty on the tail (Rising & Beadle 1996).
<ul><li>altivagans <a href="/facts/Joseph_Harvey_Riley/f8MusjGh">Riley</a>, 1911:</li></ul>
Breeds inland from central British Columbia to the area of Crowsnest Pass. In winter, mainly in the <a href="/facts/Cascade_Range/v7n1chTV">Cascade Range</a> and <a href="/facts/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)/tKcI8PeH">Sierra Nevada</a>, California, and coastal areas to the southwest of this south to northernmost <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a>. (Weckstein et al. 2002)
Overall similar to schistacea, but back noticeably brown and wings and tail with pronounced rusty wash. Altogether, intermediate between schistacea and the eastern fox sparrow (P. (iliaca) iliaca) in morphology, but well distinguished from the latter by vocal and molecular characters (Rising & Beadle 1996). Considerable variation in this population suggests some hybridization with the <a href="/facts/Sooty_fox_sparrow/BFlLqtMB">sooty fox sparrow</a> subspecies fuliginosa and the <a href="/facts/Red_fox_sparrow/3f5MvY7H">Yukon fox sparrow</a> subspecies zaboria, as well as <a href="/facts/Intergradation/5PFDK55J">intergradation</a> with schistacea (around <a href="/facts/Banff,_Alberta/SKXba5pV">Banff</a>) and the doubtfully distinct olivacea (Weckstein et al. 2002).
<ul><li>canescens Swarth, 1918:</li></ul>
Breeds in mountain ranges in central Nevada, notably the <a href="/facts/Shoshone_Mountains/x6lW9vNa">Shoshone Mountains</a> and the <a href="/facts/Toiyabe_Range/uc2vL5j1">Toiyabe</a> and <a href="/facts/Monitor_Range/klLykMRB">Monitor Ranges</a>, and the <a href="/facts/White_Mountains_(California)/VDGAq1wS">White Mountains</a>, California. Winters in the California-Arizona-Mexico border area.(Weckstein et al. 2002)
Similar to schistacea sensu stricto and doubtfully distinct from it; somewhat grayer overall (Rising & Beadle 1996).
<ul><li>olivacea Aldrich, 1943:</li></ul>
Breeds from the <a href="/facts/Nelson,_British_Columbia/dK3G8CQw">Nelson</a> area (British Columbia) south along the eastern slopes of the Cascade Range probably to northern <a href="/facts/Idaho/68ELs9Um">Idaho</a> and northwestern <a href="/facts/Montana/jPFKMuK5">Montana</a>, reaching east as far as the <a href="/facts/Blue_Mountains_(Oregon)/kDb2WreF">Blue Mountains</a> of <a href="/facts/Oregon/4Uq446Ko">Oregon</a>. In winter, migrates to California (<a href="/facts/Tehama_County/PoronLAr">Tehama County</a>, <a href="/facts/Piute_Mountains/koc1r9nH">Piute Mountains</a>) and the <a href="/facts/Sierra_de_Ju%C3%A1rez/5Ef0VH96">Sierra Juárez</a> in northern Mexico.(Weckstein et al. 2002)
Doubtfully distinct from schistacea sensu stricto (Rising & Beadle 1996). Intermediate between this form and the fulva <a href="/facts/Thick-billed_fox_sparrow/F3FPHDIH">thick-billed fox sparrows</a>; darker and browner than the first, and brown olive- rather than red-tinged; bill small as in schistacea with which it intergrades. (Weckstein et al. 2002)
<ul><li>swarthi <a href="/facts/William_H._Behle/ByjYtsut">Behle</a> & Selander, 1951:</li></ul>
Breeds from <a href="/facts/Bannock_County/s8y42257">Bannock County</a> and <a href="/facts/Bear_Lake_County/T2UDQdAe">Bear Lake County</a>, Idaho, through mountain ranges in <a href="/facts/Utah/te7zUyBX">Utah</a> south to <a href="/facts/Sanpete_County/Y4FJyF00">Sanpete County</a>. Winter range unknown. (Weckstein et al. 2002)
A very gray form with heavy breast pattern, but as it apparently intergrades with schistacea and canescens (Weckstein et al. 2002) doubtfully distinct from the former (Rising & Beadle 1996).

<ul><li>Rising, Jim D. & Beadle, David (1996): A Guide to the Identification and Natural History of the Sparrows of the United States and Canada. Academic Press, San Diego. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-12-588971-2</li>
<li><a href="/facts/David_Allen_Sibley/swuknh5k">Sibley, David Allen</a> (2000): The Sibley Guide to Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-679-45122-6</li>
<li>Swarth H. W. (1920): Revision of the avian genus Passerella with special reference to the distribution and migration of the races in California. University of California Publications in Zoology 21: 75–224.</li>
<li>Weckstein, J. D.; Kroodsma, D. E. & Faucett, R. C. (2002): Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca). In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.): The Birds of North America 715. <a href="/facts/Academy_of_Natural_Sciences/N5fPIY5e">Academy of Natural Sciences</a>, Philadelphia, PA & <a href="/facts/American_Ornithologists%27_Union/d7GL31eI">American Ornithologists' Union</a>, Washington, D.C. Online version, retrieved 2006-11-27. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2173%2Fbna.715">10.2173/bna.715</a> (requires subscription)</li>
<li>Zink, R. M. (1994): The Geography of Mitochondrial DNA Variation, Population Structure, hybridization, and Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca). Evolution 48(1): 96–111. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2410006">10.2307/2410006</a> (HTML abstract, first page image)</li>
<li>Zink, Robert M. & Kessen, A. E. (1999): Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow. Birding 31: 508–517.</li>
<li>Zink, Robert M. & Weckstein, Jason D. (2003): Recent evolutionary history of the Fox Sparrows (Genus: Passerella). <a href="/facts/Auk_(journal)/VSwW4cY1">Auk</a> 120(2): 522–527. [Article in English with Spanish abstract] <a href="/facts/Digital_Object_Identifier/muM9Etpq">DOI</a>: 10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0522:REHOTF]2.0.CO;2 <a href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200304/ai_n9166839">HTML fulltext</a> (without images)</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Not defined by the ICZN <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" target="_blank">/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Slate-colored fox sparrow open-in-new

Slate-colored fox sparrow