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Bec Abbey
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<h2 id="name">Name</h2> <p>The name of the abbey derives from the bec, or <a href="/facts/Gill_(ravine)/Uka8n3nc">stream</a>, that runs nearby. The word derives from the Scandinavian root, <i>bekkr</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="first-foundation">First foundation</h2> <p>The abbey was founded in 1034 by <a href="/facts/Herluin_of_Bec/KuhMD5yg">Saint Herluin</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> whose <a href="/facts/Hagiography/CtKDrTXm">life</a> was written by <a href="/facts/Gilbert_Crispin/wGCmjlIv">Gilbert Crispin</a>, <a href="/facts/Abbot_of_Westminster/gC5joFSb">Abbot of Westminster</a>, formerly of Bec, and collated with three other lives by <a href="/facts/Milo_Crispin/bYVq55Sv">Milo Crispin</a>. Abbey construction began in 1034 and continued through 1035. Further lands were added through 1040.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Saint Herluin was a <a href="/facts/Normans/nUclGJWf">Norman</a> knight who in about 1031 left the court of <a href="/facts/Gilbert%2c_Count_of_Brionne/xzb2vvjJ">Gilbert, Count of Brionne</a>, to devote himself to a life of religion: the <i><a href="/facts/Commune_in_France/76pNg6kk">commune</a></i> of Le Bec Hellouin preserves his name. One hundred and thirty-six monks made their profession while Herluin was in charge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>With the arrival of <a href="/facts/Lanfranc/gh1n5nsy">Lanfranc of Pavia</a>, Bec became a focus of 11th century intellectual life. Lanfranc, who was already famous for his lectures at <a href="/facts/Avranches/wRljQgcn">Avranches</a>, came to teach as prior and master of the monastic school, but left in 1062, to become abbot of <a href="/facts/Abbaye_aux_Hommes/upKFwWhX">St. Stephen's Abbey</a>, <a href="/facts/Caen/nacGkhQF">Caen</a>, and later <a href="/facts/Archbishop_of_Canterbury/x3H2z6bI">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>. He was followed as abbot by <a href="/facts/Anselm_of_Canterbury/nqHCYwMl">Anselm</a>, also later an Archbishop of Canterbury, as was the fifth abbot, <a href="/facts/Theobald_of_Bec/FRKseCaz">Theobald of Bec</a>. Many distinguished ecclesiastics, probably including the future <a href="/facts/Pope_Alexander_II/qgKcKbul">Pope Alexander II</a> and Saint <a href="/facts/Ivo_of_Chartres/87YI8bfl">Ivo of Chartres</a>, were educated in the school at Bec. </p><p>The life of the founder (<i>Vita Herluini</i>) was written by <a href="/facts/Gilbert_Crispin/wGCmjlIv">Gilbert Crispin</a>. Archbishop Lanfranc also wrote a <i>Chronicon Beccense</i> of the life of Herlui. Milo Crispin's biography of the first four abbots was published at Paris in 1648.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The followers of <a href="/facts/William_the_Conqueror/TY2tfKzw">William the Conqueror</a> supported the abbey, enriching it with extensive properties in <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a>. Bec also owned and managed <a href="/facts/St_Neots_Priory/THRvDUlf">St Neots Priory</a> as well as a number of other British foundations, including <a href="/facts/Goldcliff_Priory/Nasy3Ask">Goldcliff Priory</a> in <a href="/facts/Monmouthshire/BJmQe0Pa">Monmouthshire</a> founded in 1113 by Robert de Chandos. The village of <a href="/facts/Tooting_Bec/2bnS7EGo">Tooting Bec</a>, now a London suburb, is so named because the abbey owned the land. </p><p>Bec Abbey was the original burial place of the <a href="/facts/Empress_Matilda/LoIbp8mH">Empress Matilda</a>, whose bones were later transferred to <a href="/facts/Rouen_Cathedral/UdMyvxzW">Rouen Cathedral</a>, where they remain. </p><p>Bec Abbey was damaged during the <a href="/facts/French_Wars_of_Religion/43pYXFXr">Wars of Religion</a> and left a ruin in the <a href="/facts/French_Revolution/PIkDlrC0">French Revolution</a> but the 15th-century St. Nicholas Tower (<i><i>Tour Saint-Nicolas</i></i>) from the medieval monastery is still standing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="second-foundation">Second foundation</h2> <p>In 1948 the site was re-established as the <i>Abbaye de Notre-Dame du Bec</i> by <a href="/facts/Olivetan/mQVGHscP">Olivetan</a> monks led by Dom Grammont, who effected some restorations. The abbey is known for its links with <a href="/facts/Anglicanism/CDICRNVn">Anglicanism</a> and has been visited by successive archbishops of Canterbury. The abbey library contains the John Graham Bishop deposit of 5,000 works concerning Anglicanism. </p><p>Today the Abbey is probably best known for the pottery the monks produce. </p> <h2 id="list-of-abbots">List of abbots</h2> <p class="note">"Guillaume Guérin" redirects here. For the French politician, see <a href="/facts/Guillaume_Gu%25C3%25A9rin_(politician)/5K8BvNB2">Guillaume Guérin (politician)</a>.</p> <p>The following is a list of the abbots:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>1034–1078: <a href="/facts/Herluin_of_Bec/KuhMD5yg">Herluin</a> (or Hellouin)</li> <li>1078–1093: <a href="/facts/Anselm_of_Canterbury/nqHCYwMl">Anselm</a> (afterwards <a href="/facts/Archbishop_of_Canterbury/x3H2z6bI">archbishop of Canterbury</a>)</li> <li>1093–1124: <a href="/facts/Guillaume_de_Montfort-sur-Risle/rMvqkjjs">Guillaume de Montfort-sur-Risle</a></li> <li>1124–1136: Boson</li> <li>1136–1138: <a href="/facts/Theobald_of_Bec/FRKseCaz">Theobald</a> (afterwards archbishop of Canterbury)</li> <li>1139–1149: Létard</li> <li>1149–1179: <a href="/facts/Roger_de_Bailleul/C2tjXMdY">Roger de Bailleul</a> (elected archbishop of Canterbury, but declined the position)</li> <li>1179–1187: <a href="/facts/Osbern_of_Bec/rMvqkjjs">Osbern</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>1187–1194: Roger II<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>1195–1197: <a href="/facts/Gauthier_of_Bec/rMvqkjjs">Gauthier</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>1197–1198: Hugues de Cauquainvilliers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>1198–1211: <a href="/facts/Guillaume_Le_Petit/rMvqkjjs">Guillaume Le Petit</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>1211–1223: <a href="/facts/Richard_de_Saint-L%25C3%25A9ger/uoa9X4mY">Richard de Saint-Léger</a> <i>alias</i> de Bellevue (afterwards <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%25C3%2589vreux/qeoVSF4P">bishop of Évreux</a>)</li> <li>1223–1247: <a href="/facts/Henri_de_Saint-L%25C3%25A9ger/rMvqkjjs">Henri de Saint-Léger</a></li> <li>1247–1265: Robert de Clairbec<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>1265–1272: Jean de Guineville<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>1272–1281: Pierre de la Cambe<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Pierre de la Cambe<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>1281–1304: Ymer de Saint-Ymer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>1304–1327: <a href="/facts/Gilbert_de_Saint-%25C3%2589tienne/rMvqkjjs">Gilbert de Saint-Étienne</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>1327–1335: <a href="/facts/Geoffroy_Fa%25C3%25A9/uNT4JFXh">Geoffroy Faé</a> (afterwards Bishop of Évreux)</li> <li>1335–1351: <a href="/facts/Jean_des_Granges/TUvA8VbD">Jean des Granges</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>1351–1361: <a href="/facts/Robert_de_Rotes/rMvqkjjs">Robert de Rotes</a> <i>alias</i> Couraye<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>1361–1388: <a href="/facts/Guillaume_de_Beuzeville/rMvqkjjs">Guillaume de Beuzeville</a> <i>alias</i> Popeline</li> <li>1388–1391: <a href="/facts/Estold_d%2527Estouteville/pplI3n93">Estout d'Estouteville</a></li> <li>1391–1399: <a href="/facts/Geoffroy_Harenc/rMvqkjjs">Geoffroy Harenc</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>1399–1418: <a href="/facts/Guillaume_d%2527Auvillars/aVMDcxsP">Guillaume d'Auvillars</a></li> <li>1418–1430: <a href="/facts/Robert_Vall%25C3%25A9e_(abbot)/rMvqkjjs">Robert Vallée</a></li> <li>1430–1446: <a href="/facts/Thomas_Frique/uUodoenL">Thomas Frique</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>1446–1452: <a href="/facts/Jean_de_La_Motte/sCJAKHNk">Jean de La Motte</a></li> <li>1452–1476: <a href="/facts/Geoffroy_d%2527%25C3%2589paignes/rMvqkjjs">Geoffroy d'Épaignes</a></li> <li>1476–1484: <a href="/facts/Jean_Boucard/rnUxRINk">Jean Boucard</a></li> <li>1484–1491: <a href="/facts/Robert_d%2527%25C3%2589vreux/rMvqkjjs">Robert d'Évreux</a></li> <li>1491–1515: <a href="/facts/Guillaume_Gu%25C3%25A9rin/rMvqkjjs">Guillaume Guérin</a></li> <li>1515–1515: <a href="/facts/Jean_Ribault_(abbot)/rMvqkjjs">Jean Ribault</a></li> <li>1515–1520: <a href="/facts/Adrien_Gouffier_de_Boissy/5f2XrsNM">Adrien Gouffier de Boissy</a> (created cardinal in 1515, also <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Coutances/fK4315Iy">bishop of Coutances</a> and the administrator of the see of Albi)</li> <li>1520–1533: <a href="/facts/Jean_d%2527Orl%25C3%25A9ans-Longueville/aGXNAQU3">Jean d'Orléans-Longueville</a> (also <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toulouse/e0JsIUM6">archbishop of Toulouse</a> and <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Orl%25C3%25A9ans/DVDFp6tk">bishop of Orléans</a>, created cardinal in 1533)</li> <li>1534–1543: <a href="/facts/Jean_Le_Veneur/XuaCeTFh">Jean Le Veneur</a> (also <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lisieux/MvoJ8aXV">Bishop of Lisieux</a>)</li> <li>1544–1557: <a href="/facts/Jacques_d%2527Annebaut/kgJdaHtt">Jacques d'Annebaut</a> (created cardinal in 1544, also Bishop of Lisieux)</li> <li>1558–1572: <a href="/facts/Louis_I%2c_Cardinal_of_Guise/rAb33Q0C">Louis de Lorraine</a> (created cardinal in 1553, also successively <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes/0YerfpNM">bishop of Troyes</a>, <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Sens/PPd30uHJ">archbishop of Sens</a> and <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz/Govuppcb">bishop of Metz</a>)</li> <li>1572–1591: <a href="/facts/Claude_de_Lorraine%2c_chevalier_d%2527Aumale/yAP8E8gR">Claude de Lorraine</a></li> <li>1591–1597: <a href="/facts/Emeric_de_Vic/rMvqkjjs">Emeric de Vic</a></li> <li>1597–1661: <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Auch/WlzF4TgB">Dominique de Vic</a> (also <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Auch/WlzF4TgB">archbishop of Auch</a>)</li> <li>1661–1664: <i>vacant</i></li> <li>1664–1707: <a href="/facts/Jacques-Nicolas_Colbert/M2k4htFg">Jacques-Nicolas Colbert</a> (also <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rouen/kGDxEhyY">archbishop of Rouen</a>)</li> <li>1707–1717: <a href="/facts/Roger_de_La_Rochefoucauld/rMvqkjjs">Roger de La Rochefoucauld</a></li> <li>1717–1771: <a href="/facts/Louis%2c_Count_of_Clermont/L1UyL6B2">Louis de Bourbon-Condé</a></li> <li>1771–1782: <i>vacant</i></li> <li>1782–1790: <a href="/facts/Yves-Alexandre_de_Marbeuf/KEuq40Vo">Yves-Alexandre de Marbeuf</a> (also <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Autun/7f4RYqyn">bishop of Autun</a>, later <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lyon/UVe3N3zL">archbishop of Lyon</a>)</li> <li>1790–1948: <i>vacant</i></li> <li>1948–1986: <a href="/facts/Paul_Grammont/rMvqkjjs">Paul Grammont</a> [fr]</li> <li>1988–1990: <a href="/facts/Philippe_Aubin/rMvqkjjs">Philippe Aubin</a></li> <li>1990–1996: <a href="/facts/Philibert_Zobel/rMvqkjjs">Philibert Zobel</a></li> <li>1996–2020: <a href="/facts/Paul-Emmanuel_Cl%25C3%25A9net/rMvqkjjs">Paul-Emmanuel Clénet</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Catholicism portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Benedictine_monasteries_in_France/kkP7oN3q">List of Benedictine monasteries in France</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/St_Werburgh%2527s_Abbey/N5TlIreU">St Werburgh's Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Povington_Priory/ALQm7f0m">Povington Priory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tooting_Bec/2bnS7EGo">Tooting Bec</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Weedon_Bec/6oLxx8Ez">Weedon Bec</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Citations</h3> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li>Anonymous. <i>Chronique du Bec et Chronique de François Carré</i> (ed. A.-A. Porée). Rouen: Meétŕie, 1883.</li> <li>Anonymous. <i>De libertate Beccensis monasterii</i>. In <a href="/facts/Giles_Constable/MtIQgcKW">Giles Constable</a> (ed.) and Bernard S. Smith (trans.), <i>Three Treatises from Bec on the Nature of Monastic Life</i>. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 2008.</li> <li>Anselm. <i>Sancti Anselmi Cantuariensis archiepiscopi Opera Omnia</i> (ed. F.S. Schmitt). Stuttgart: Frommann, 1968.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Marjorie_Chibnall/BzD9MwjN">Chibnall, Marjorie</a>. <i>The English Lands of the Abbey of Bec</i>. Oxford: OUP, 1968 [1946].</li> <li>Crouch, David. <i>The Beaumont Twins: The Roots and Branches of Power in the Twelfth Century</i>. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.</li> <li>Gazeau, Véronique. "From Bec to Canterbury: Between Cloister and World, the Legacy of Anselm, a <i>personne d’autorité</i>." In Giles E.M. Gasper and Ian Logan (edd.), <i>Saint Anselm of Canterbury and His Legacy</i>. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2012.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Milo_Crispin/bYVq55Sv">Milo Crispin</a>, "Vita venerabilis Willelmi abbatis Beccensis tertii." In <i><a href="/facts/Patrologia_Latina/GltfgpgN">Patrologia Latina</a></i>, vol. 150, coll. 713-724.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Orderic_Vitalis/sgywGV8n">Orderic Vitalis</a>, <i>The Ecclesiastical History</i> (ed. M. Chibnall). Oxford: OUP, 1969 (vols. 1-2) and 1975 (vols. 3-4).</li> <li>Pohl, Benjamin and Laura Gathagan (edd.). <i>A Companion to the Abbey of Le Bec in the Middle Ages</i>. Leiden: Brill, forthcoming.</li> <li>Porée, Adolphe-André. <i>Histoire de l’abbaye du Bec</i>. Évreux: Hérissey, 1901.</li> <li>Vaughn, Salley. <i>Anselm of Bec and <a href="/facts/Robert_de_Beaumont%2c_1st_Earl_of_Leicester/AL6MefRP">Robert of Meulan</a>: The Innocence of the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent</i>. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press, 1987.</li> <li>Wilmot-Buxton, Ethel Mary (Illustrations by <a href="/facts/Morris_Meredith_Williams/vlhUNftv">Morris Meredith Williams</a>) (1915), <a href="http://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=read&author=wilmotbuxton&book=anselm&story=_front"><i>Anselm</i></a>, London: George G. Harrap & Co..</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abbaye Notre-Dame du Bec. <ul><li>(in French) <a href="https://abbayedubec.org/">Abbaye de Notre-Dame du Bec: official website</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.bec-hellouin.fr/">Le Bec Hellouin: official website</a></li> <li>(in English) <a href="http://www.normandygite.org.uk/le_bec_hellouin_abbey.shtml">gite site with details and photos</a></li> <li> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li>"Bec". <i><a href="/facts/Encyclopedia_Americana/rsmEnQT5">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</li> <li>"Bec". <i><a href="/facts/New_International_Encyclopedia/k0NUmBoF">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bec_Abbey¶ms=49.2288_N_0.722_E_type:landmark_region:FR">49°13′44″N 0°43′19″E / 49.2288°N 0.7220°E / 49.2288; 0.7220</a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>C. Warren Hollister, Henry I (Yale English Monarchs) 2001:16. <a href="/wiki/C._Warren_Hollister" target="_blank">/wiki/C._Warren_Hollister</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Notre-Dame Abbey, Le Bec-Hellouin". Abbayes de Normandy. Retrieved 27 Feb 2021. <a href="https://www.normandy-abbeys.com/abbaye/abbaye-notre-dame-du-bec-hellouin/" target="_blank">https://www.normandy-abbeys.com/abbaye/abbaye-notre-dame-du-bec-hellouin/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Not to be confused with Herluin, father of Odo of Bayeux and Robert of Mortain <a href="/wiki/Herluin_de_Conteville" target="_blank">/wiki/Herluin_de_Conteville</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Vaughn. Anselm of Bec and Robert Meulan: the Innocence of Doves and the Wisdom of the Serpent, p. 21. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Adolphe-André Porée, Histoire de l'abbaye du Bec, Vol. 1, p. 131, note 1 & Appendix no 1. <a href="/wiki/Adolphe-Andr%C3%A9_Por%C3%A9e" target="_blank">/wiki/Adolphe-Andr%C3%A9_Por%C3%A9e</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>1 Archived 2005-10-23 at the Wayback Machine. <a href="http://www.obrasraras.usp.br/obras/001154/" target="_blank">http://www.obrasraras.usp.br/obras/001154/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>1 Archived 2005-11-19 at the Wayback Machine. <a href="http://www.oginet.com/Chronicles/bec.htm" target="_blank">http://www.oginet.com/Chronicles/bec.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Porée, Adolphe-André (1901). Histoire de l'abbaye du Bec (in French). Évreux: Imprimerie de Charles Hérissey. <a href="/wiki/Adolphe-Andr%C3%A9_Por%C3%A9e" target="_blank">/wiki/Adolphe-Andr%C3%A9_Por%C3%A9e</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Bourget, Dom. John (1779). The History of the Royal Abbey of Bec. London: J. Nichols. pp. 135–137. <a href="https://archive.org/details/historyroyalabb00bourgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/historyroyalabb00bourgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Consternation dans le diocèse d'Evreux. Une double démission pour "raisons sentimentales" à l'abbaye du Bec-Hellouin". Le Monde (in French). 29 March 1990. <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1990/03/29/consternation-dans-le-diocese-d-evreux-une-double-demission-pour-raisons-sentimentales-a-l-abbaye-du-bec-hellouin_3962691_1819218.html" target="_blank">https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1990/03/29/consternation-dans-le-diocese-d-evreux-une-double-demission-pour-raisons-sentimentales-a-l-abbaye-du-bec-hellouin_3962691_1819218.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Clénet, Paul-Emmanuel (2008). "Dom Philibert Zobel 1921 - 2008". L'Ulivo (in French). 38 (1): 332–33. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>former prior of the Trinity of Beaumont was abbot from October 1179 until he died on September 23, 1187. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Roger II was elevated from the position of prior at Bec <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Gauther was elevated from position of prior at Bec <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>otherwise de Coquainvilliers, died May 16, 1198 at the priory of Bonne-Nouvelle, of which he was former prior. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Also known as Guillaume II, was elevated from a position of former monk at Bec. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Robert 1st of Clairbec, died on November 23, 1265, former monk of Bec, was steward of the vineyards of the abbey, in Île-de-France. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Jean 1st of Guineville, died October 11, 1272, was elevated from position of a local prior. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Pierre de la Cambe, died November 2, 1281, was elevated from Prior of Envermeu. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>History of Bec Abbey. <a href="https://dico-du-patrimoine.fr/abbaye-du-bec-hellouin-dherluin-1034-a-dom-grammont-1948-ou-lincroyable-histoire-dune-des-plus-belles-abbayes-normandes/" target="_blank">https://dico-du-patrimoine.fr/abbaye-du-bec-hellouin-dherluin-1034-a-dom-grammont-1948-ou-lincroyable-histoire-dune-des-plus-belles-abbayes-normandes/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Ymer de Saint-Ymer, died November 15, 1304, was elevated from Prior of Saint-Hymer. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>History of Bec Abbey. <a href="https://dico-du-patrimoine.fr/abbaye-du-bec-hellouin-dherluin-1034-a-dom-grammont-1948-ou-lincroyable-histoire-dune-des-plus-belles-abbayes-normandes/" target="_blank">https://dico-du-patrimoine.fr/abbaye-du-bec-hellouin-dherluin-1034-a-dom-grammont-1948-ou-lincroyable-histoire-dune-des-plus-belles-abbayes-normandes/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Gilbert de Saint-Étienne, died on August 24, 1327, was previously prior of Saint-Nicaise de Meulan (…1293) and barnkeeper of the Bec abbey. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Jean II des Granges, died February 19, 1351, first justice of the abbey. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>History of Bec Abbey. <a href="https://dico-du-patrimoine.fr/abbaye-du-bec-hellouin-dherluin-1034-a-dom-grammont-1948-ou-lincroyable-histoire-dune-des-plus-belles-abbayes-normandes/" target="_blank">https://dico-du-patrimoine.fr/abbaye-du-bec-hellouin-dherluin-1034-a-dom-grammont-1948-ou-lincroyable-histoire-dune-des-plus-belles-abbayes-normandes/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Also known as Robert II and Robert Couraye, died September 15, 1361, was doctor of decrees. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>History of Bec Abbey. <a href="https://dico-du-patrimoine.fr/abbaye-du-bec-hellouin-dherluin-1034-a-dom-grammont-1948-ou-lincroyable-histoire-dune-des-plus-belles-abbayes-normandes/" target="_blank">https://dico-du-patrimoine.fr/abbaye-du-bec-hellouin-dherluin-1034-a-dom-grammont-1948-ou-lincroyable-histoire-dune-des-plus-belles-abbayes-normandes/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>History of Bec Abbey. <a href="https://dico-du-patrimoine.fr/abbaye-du-bec-hellouin-dherluin-1034-a-dom-grammont-1948-ou-lincroyable-histoire-dune-des-plus-belles-abbayes-normandes/" target="_blank">https://dico-du-patrimoine.fr/abbaye-du-bec-hellouin-dherluin-1034-a-dom-grammont-1948-ou-lincroyable-histoire-dune-des-plus-belles-abbayes-normandes/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>