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Voiced retroflex implosive
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<h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>Features of the voiced retroflex implosive: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Occlusive_(phonetics)/kURXYdtQ">occlusive</a>, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no <a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">nasal outlet</a>, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a <a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">plosive</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Place_of_articulation/exCzaxeF">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Retroflex_consonant/lsBdJD4V">retroflex</a>, which prototypically means it is articulated <a href="/facts/Subapical_consonant/0QJc2Fys">subapical</a> (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is <a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">postalveolar</a> without being <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">palatalized</a>. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be <a href="/facts/Apical_consonant/L7691gMF">apical</a> (pointed) or, in some fricatives, <a href="/facts/Laminal_consonant/EVA0SWmd">laminal</a> (flat).</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/facts/Central_consonant/YLATXvJW">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Implosive_consonant/Mx5sxUl9">implosive</a> (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping the <a href="/facts/Glottis/ClsRRUkM">glottis</a> downward. Since it is voiced, the glottis is not completely closed, but allows a pulmonic airstream to escape through it.</li></ul> <h2 id="occurrence">Occurrence</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Marwari_language/A0nameUy">Marwari</a></td><td>कॾहिं / کڏہں</td><td>[kaᶑahin]</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ngadha_language/rk0CwrHk">Ngadha</a></td><td><i>modhe</i></td><td>[ˈmoᶑe]</td><td>'good'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Oromo_language/axmPP527">Oromo</a></td><td><i>dhuma</i></td><td>[ᶑʊmɐ]</td><td>'end'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Parkari_Koli_language/rD902FLc">Parkari Koli</a></td><td>مڏيو</td><td>[maᶑiuː]</td><td>'he said'</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Saraiki_language/3l3Mufc0">Saraiki</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Saraiki_alphabet/J4e7tnfJ">ݙاک</a></td><td>[ᶑak]</td><td>'mail'</td><td>Either <a href="/facts/Apical_consonant/L7691gMF">apical</a> or <a href="/facts/Subapical/0QJc2Fys">subapical</a>, place of articulation is more forward thanfor the retroflex stops, does not contrast with a dental implosive<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Wadiyara_Koli_language/X45YG2RU">Wadiyara Koli</a></td><td colspan="3">[<i>example needed</i>]</td><td>Contrasts /ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ/.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_phonetics_topics/IwhbEHGN">List of phonetics topics</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=%E1%B6%91">List of languages with [ᶑ]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>In Mangbai /ɗ/ may also be retroflex, but it appears to be a preglottalized [ʔ͡ɖ] rather than an implosive (Anonby 2008). <a href="/wiki/Mangbai_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Mangbai_language</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, 1999, p. 166, 179. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kirk Miller & Michael Ashby, L2/20-252R Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic <a href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Shackle, Christopher (1976). The Siraiki language of central Pakistan : a reference grammar. London: School of Oriental and African Studies. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Shackle" target="_blank">/wiki/Christopher_Shackle</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>