Dante Alighieri

<h2 id="early-life">Early life</h2>

Dante was born in <a href="/facts/Florence/Mx0uhNma">Florence</a>, <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Florence/7yhQNe6c">Republic of Florence</a>, in what is now Italy. The exact date of his birth is unknown, although it is believed to be around May 1265.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> This can be deduced from <a href="/facts/Autobiographical/Exfxc4VW">autobiographic</a> <a href="/facts/Allusion/a3Qq3Ibo">allusions</a> in the <a href="/facts/Divine_Comedy/yAQgsN3V">Divine Comedy</a>. Its first section, the <a href="/facts/Inferno_(Dante)/RqqJKrrf">Inferno</a>, begins, "Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita" ("Midway upon the journey of our life"), implying that Dante was around 35 years old, since the average lifespan according to the Bible (Psalm 89:10, Vulgate) is 70 years; and since his imaginary travel to the netherworld took place in 1300, he was most probably born around 1265. Some verses of the Paradiso section of the Divine Comedy also provide a possible clue that he was born under the sign of <a href="/facts/Gemini_(astrology)/AoYXw5oy">Gemini</a>: "As I revolved with the eternal twins, I saw revealed, from hills to river outlets, the threshing-floor that makes us so ferocious" (XXII  151–154). In 1265, the sun was in Gemini between approximately May 11 and June 11 (<a href="/facts/Julian_calendar/EQBtA1ML">Julian calendar</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
Dante claimed that his family descended from the ancient Romans (Inferno, XV, 76), but the earliest relative he could mention by name was his great-great-grandfather <a href="/facts/Cacciaguida/aHnuxSf2">Cacciaguida</a> degli Elisei (Paradiso, XV, 135), born no earlier than about 1100. Dante's father was <a href="/facts/Alighiero_di_Bellincione/YBVa3IJc">Alighiero di Bellincione</a>, a businessman and moneylender,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> and Dante's mother was Bella, probably a member of the Abati family, a noble Florentine family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> She died when Dante was not yet ten years old. Alighiero soon married again, to Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffi. It is uncertain whether he really married her, since widowers were socially limited in such matters, but she definitely bore him two children, Dante's half-brother Francesco and half-sister Tana (Gaetana).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>
During Dante's time, most Northern Italian city states were split into two political factions: the <a href="/facts/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines/F3nVoLjc">Guelphs</a>, who supported the <a href="/facts/Pope/9zVokNjn">papacy</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines/F3nVoLjc">Ghibellines</a>, who supported the <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Empire/6mdobnXN">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> Dante's family was loyal to the Guelphs. The Ghibellines took over Florence at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Montaperti/cUpdhw6d">Battle of Montaperti</a> in 1260, forcing out many of the Guelphs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> Although Dante's family were Guelphs, they suffered no reprisals after the battle, probably because of Alighiero's low public standing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> The Guelphs later fought the Ghibellines again in 1266 at the Battle of Benevento, retaking Florence from the Ghibellines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

Dante said he first met <a href="/facts/Beatrice_Portinari/4Un23Ya5">Beatrice Portinari</a>, daughter of <a href="/facts/Folco_Portinari/bXdQn1z3">Folco Portinari</a>, when he was nine (she was eight),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> and he claimed to have fallen in love with her "<a href="/facts/Love_at_first_sight/JoYWp0kx">at first sight</a>", apparently without even talking with her.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> When he was 12, however, he was promised in marriage to <a href="/facts/Gemma_Donati/J94bp2gK">Gemma di Manetto Donati</a>, daughter of Manetto Donati, member of the powerful Donati family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> Contracting marriages for children at such an early age was quite common and involved a formal ceremony, including contracts signed before a <a href="/facts/Civil_law_notary/EH4N5AJ7">notary</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> Dante claimed to have seen Beatrice again frequently after he turned 18, exchanging greetings with her in the streets of Florence, though he never knew her well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
Years after his marriage to Gemma, he claims to have met Beatrice again; he wrote several sonnets to Beatrice but never mentioned Gemma in any of his poems. He refers to other Donati relations, notably Forese and Piccarda, in his Divine Comedy. The exact date of his marriage is not known; the only certain information is that, before his exile in 1301, he had fathered three children with Gemma (Pietro, <a href="/facts/Jacopo_Alighieri/LQ04UGc7">Jacopo</a> and Antonia).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
Dante fought with the Guelph cavalry at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Campaldino/aCfjphvN">Battle of Campaldino</a> (June 11, 1289).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> This victory brought about a reformation of the Florentine constitution. To take part in public life, one had to enroll in one of the city's many commercial or artisan guilds, so Dante entered the Physicians' and Apothecaries' Guild.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> His name is occasionally recorded as speaking or voting in the councils of the republic. Many minutes from such meetings between 1298 and 1300 were lost, so the extent of his participation is uncertain.

<h2 id="education-and-poetry">Education and poetry</h2>

Not much is known about Dante's education; he presumably studied at home or in a chapter school attached to a church or monastery in Florence. It is known that he studied <a href="/facts/Tuscany/Ivw1ogrE">Tuscan</a> poetry and that he admired the compositions of the Bolognese poet <a href="/facts/Guido_Guinizelli/1RSDnmW5">Guido Guinizelli</a>—in Purgatorio XXVI he characterized him as his "father"—at a time when the <a href="/facts/Sicilian_School/BD8f8B5m">Sicilian School</a> (Scuola poetica Siciliana), a cultural group from <a href="/facts/Sicily/E6fug03z">Sicily</a>, was becoming known in Tuscany. He also discovered the <a href="/facts/Occitan_language/w0etTc3w">Provençal</a> poetry of the <a href="/facts/Troubadours/eID3II4I">troubadours</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Arnaut_Daniel/0Nm4YANp">Arnaut Daniel</a>, and the Latin writers of <a href="/facts/Classical_antiquity/JBq8vEX9">classical antiquity</a>, including <a href="/facts/Cicero/A37U7jaN">Cicero</a>, <a href="/facts/Ovid/qw6buQ2V">Ovid</a> and especially <a href="/facts/Virgil/K9zjwwHS">Virgil</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
Dante's interactions with Beatrice set an example of so-called <a href="/facts/Courtly_love/agW05Mhb">courtly love</a>, a phenomenon developed in French and Provençal poetry of prior centuries. Dante's experience of such love was typical, but his expression of it was unique. It was in the name of this love that Dante left his imprint on the <a href="/facts/Dolce_stil_nuovo/2eKQnhA3">dolce stil nuovo</a> ("sweet new style", a term that Dante himself coined), and he would join other contemporary poets and writers in exploring never-before-emphasized aspects of love. Love for Beatrice (as <a href="/facts/Petrarch/sbLMjk0u">Petrarch</a> would express for Laura somewhat differently) would be his reason for writing poetry and for living, together with political passions. In many of his poems, she is depicted as semi-divine, watching over him constantly and providing spiritual instruction, sometimes harshly. When Beatrice died in 1290, Dante sought refuge in Latin literature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> The <a href="/facts/Convivio/6MMy0wN1">Convivio</a> chronicles his having read <a href="/facts/Boethius/9k2rqLps">Boethius</a>'s <a href="/facts/The_Consolation_of_Philosophy/aVXxTSQk">De consolatione philosophiae</a> and Cicero's <a href="/facts/De_Amicitia/DF0UjrFk">De Amicitia</a>.

He next dedicated himself to philosophical studies at religious schools like the Dominican one in <a href="/facts/Santa_Maria_Novella/W7QesE73">Santa Maria Novella</a>. He took part in the disputes that the two principal <a href="/facts/Mendicant_order/Y0ka8G4z">mendicant</a> orders (<a href="/facts/Franciscan/gwohhd4C">Franciscan</a> and <a href="/facts/Dominican_Order/n9l5y8Yk">Dominican</a>) publicly or indirectly held in Florence, the former explaining the doctrines of the mystics and of St. <a href="/facts/Bonaventure/S8vGKNnN">Bonaventure</a>, the latter expounding on the theories of St. <a href="/facts/Thomas_Aquinas/h2vN2VkX">Thomas Aquinas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>
At around the age of 18, Dante met <a href="/facts/Guido_Cavalcanti/L55kSnzc">Guido Cavalcanti</a>, <a href="/facts/Lapo_Gianni/k04MSeL8">Lapo Gianni</a>, <a href="/facts/Cino_da_Pistoia/QYwvC8mJ">Cino da Pistoia</a> and, soon after, <a href="/facts/Brunetto_Latini/AYIMkKSS">Brunetto Latini</a>; together they became the leaders of the dolce stil nuovo. Brunetto later received special mention in the Divine Comedy (Inferno, XV, 28) for what he had taught Dante: "Nor speaking less on that account I go With Ser Brunetto, and I ask who are his most known and most eminent companions".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> Some fifty poetical commentaries by Dante are known (the so-called <a href="/facts/The_Rime/3YSATMQr">Rime</a>, rhymes), others being included in the later Vita Nuova and Convivio. Other studies are reported, or deduced from Vita Nuova or the Comedy, regarding painting and music.

<h2 id="florence-and-politics">Florence and politics</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines/F3nVoLjc">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a>

Dante, like most Florentines of his day, was embroiled in the <a href="/facts/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines/F3nVoLjc">Guelph–Ghibelline conflict</a>. He fought in the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289), with the Florentine Guelphs against <a href="/facts/Arezzo/r7jmkwfc">Arezzo</a> Ghibellines;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> he fought as a feditore [it], responsible for the first attack.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> To further his political career, he obtained admission to the Guild of Physicians and Apothecaries around 1295.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> He likely joined the guild due to association between philosophy and medicine,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> but also may have joined as apothecaries were also booksellers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> His guild membership allowed him to hold public office in Florence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> As a politician, he held various offices over some years in a city rife with political unrest.
After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs divided into two factions: the White Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi)—Dante's party, led by Vieri dei Cerchi—and the Black Guelphs (Guelfi Neri), led by <a href="/facts/Corso_Donati/4SEqNXf5">Corso Donati</a>. Although the split was along family lines at first, ideological differences arose based on opposing views of the papal role in Florentine affairs. The Blacks supported the Pope and the Whites wanted more freedom from Rome. The Whites took power first and expelled the Blacks. In response, <a href="/facts/Pope_Boniface_VIII/kHRAHrGA">Pope Boniface VIII</a> planned a military occupation of Florence. In 1301, <a href="/facts/Charles_of_Valois/5JRy33bc">Charles of Valois</a>, brother of King <a href="/facts/Philip_IV_of_France/Woz6oTqW">Philip IV of France</a>, was expected to visit Florence because the Pope had appointed him as peacemaker for Tuscany, but the city's government had treated the Pope's ambassadors badly a few weeks before, seeking independence from papal influence. It was believed Charles had received other unofficial instructions, so the council sent a delegation that included Dante to Rome to persuade the Pope not to send Charles to Florence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>

<h2 id="exile-from-florence">Exile from Florence</h2>

Pope Boniface quickly dismissed the other delegates and asked Dante alone to remain in Rome. At the same time (November 1, 1301), Charles of Valois entered Florence with the Black Guelphs, who in the next six days destroyed much of the city and killed many of their enemies. A new Black Guelph government was installed, and <a href="/facts/Cante_dei_Gabrielli/QK9yMw7f">Cante dei Gabrielli</a> da <a href="/facts/Gubbio/akyUXs5c">Gubbio</a> was appointed <a href="/facts/Podest%25C3%25A0/5KxGaXjX">podestà</a> of the city. In March 1302, Dante, a White Guelph by affiliation, along with the <a href="/facts/Gherardini_family/AR7ktGgf">Gherardini family</a>, was condemned to exile for two years and ordered to pay a large fine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> Dante was accused of corruption and financial wrongdoing by the Black Guelphs for the time that Dante was serving as city prior (Florence's highest position) for two months in 1300.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> The poet was still in Rome in 1302, as the Pope, who had backed the Black Guelphs, had "suggested" that Dante stay there. Florence under the Black Guelphs, therefore, considered Dante an absconder.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>
Dante did not pay the fine, in part because he believed he was not guilty and in part because all his assets in Florence had been seized by the Black Guelphs. He was condemned to perpetual exile; if he had returned to Florence without paying the fine, he could have been burned at the stake. (In June 2008, nearly seven centuries after his death, the city council of Florence passed a motion rescinding Dante's sentence.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> In 1306–07, Dante was a guest of Moroello Malaspina [it] in the region of <a href="/facts/Lunigiana/XDGj3UNs">Lunigiana</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>

Dante took part in several attempts by the White Guelphs to regain power, but these failed due to treachery. Bitter at the treatment he received from his enemies, he grew disgusted with the infighting and ineffectiveness of his former allies and vowed to become a party of one. He went to <a href="/facts/Verona%2c_Italy/tquPI1yc">Verona</a> as a guest of <a href="/facts/Bartolomeo_I_della_Scala/v4c6ohV8">Bartolomeo I della Scala</a>, then moved to <a href="/facts/Sarzana/dC6VpWJp">Sarzana</a> in Liguria. Later he is supposed to have lived in <a href="/facts/Lucca/DDc1cTB6">Lucca</a> with a woman named Gentucca. She apparently made his stay comfortable (and he later gratefully mentioned her in Purgatorio, XXIV, 37).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> Some speculative sources claim he visited Paris between 1308 and 1310, and other sources even less trustworthy say he went to <a href="/facts/Oxford/kHvWDTXW">Oxford</a>; these claims, first made in <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Boccaccio/w9fQeppG">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>'s book on Dante several decades after his death, seem inspired by readers who were impressed with the poet's wide learning and erudition. No longer occupied with the day-to-day affairs of Florentine politics after his exile, Dante deepened his engagement with philosophy and literature, as seen in the intellectual rigor and thematic scope of his prose works from this period. Yet, while his ideas traveled widely, there is no definitive evidence that he ever left Italy. Dante's Immensa Dei dilectione testante to Henry VII of Luxembourg confirms his residence "beneath the springs of Arno, near Tuscany" in April 1311.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>
In 1310, Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/facts/Henry_VII%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/4F3rnq5E">Henry VII</a> of <a href="/facts/Luxembourg/vRN04l7f">Luxembourg</a> marched into Italy at the head of 5,000 troops. Dante saw in him a new <a href="/facts/Charlemagne/o0PlxScC">Charlemagne</a> who would restore the office of the Holy Roman Emperor to its former glory and also retake Florence from the Black Guelphs. He wrote to Henry and several Italian princes, demanding that they destroy the Black Guelphs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> Mixing religion and private concerns in his writings, he invoked the worst anger of God against his city and suggested several particular targets, who were also his personal enemies. It was during this time that he wrote <a href="/facts/De_Monarchia/dF0jmrfq">De Monarchia</a>, proposing a <a href="/facts/Universal_monarchy/rz9M4Dqq">universal monarchy</a> under Henry VII.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a>

At some point during his exile, he conceived of the Comedy, but the date is uncertain. The work is far more assured and ambitious than anything he had written in Florence. It is likely that he would have undertaken such a project only after accepting that his political ambitions, which had been central to him before his banishment, may have been indefinitely disrupted. It is also noticeable that Beatrice has returned to his imagination with renewed force and with a wider meaning than in the Vita Nuova; in Convivio (written c. 1304–07) he had declared that the memory of this youthful romance belonged to the past.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>[original research?]
An early indication that the poem was underway is a notice by <a href="/facts/Francesco_da_Barberino/AlVN6dY7">Francesco da Barberino</a>, tucked into his Documenti d'Amore (Lessons of Love), probably written in 1314 or early 1315. Francesco notes that Dante followed the <a href="/facts/Aeneid/s75oF7LS">Aeneid</a> in a poem called "Comedy" and that the setting of this poem (or part of it) was the underworld; i.e., hell.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> The brief note gives no incontestable indication that Barberino had seen or read even the Inferno, or that this part had been published at the time, but it indicates composition was well underway and that the sketching of the poem might have begun some years before. (It has been suggested that a knowledge of Dante's work also underlies some of the illuminations in Francesco da Barberino's earlier Officiolum [c. 1305–08], a manuscript that came to light in 2003.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a>) It is known that the Inferno had been published by 1317; this is established by quoted lines interspersed in the margins of contemporary dated records from <a href="/facts/Bologna/glE9rlrW">Bologna</a>, but there is no certainty as to whether the three parts of the poem were each published in full or, rather, a few cantos at a time. Paradiso was likely finished before he died, but it may have been published posthumously.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>

In 1312, Henry assaulted Florence and defeated the Black Guelphs, but there is no evidence that Dante was involved. Some say he refused to participate in the attack on his city by a foreigner; others suggest that he had become unpopular with the White Guelphs, too, and that any trace of his passage had carefully been removed. Henry VII died (from a fever) in 1313 and with him any hope for Dante to see Florence again. He returned to Verona, where <a href="/facts/Cangrande_I_della_Scala/kgwySdl0">Cangrande I della Scala</a> allowed him to live in certain security and, presumably, in a fair degree of prosperity. Cangrande was admitted to Dante's Paradise (Paradiso, XVII, 76).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a>
During the period of his exile, Dante corresponded with Dominican theologian Fr. Nicholas Brunacci (1240–1322), who had been a student of <a href="/facts/Thomas_Aquinas/h2vN2VkX">Thomas Aquinas</a> at the Santa Sabina studium in Rome, later at Paris,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> and of <a href="/facts/Albert_the_Great/12FJVrX9">Albert the Great</a> at the Cologne studium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> Brunacci became lector at the Santa Sabina studium, forerunner of the <a href="/facts/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas/FKxIkWe0">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a>, and later served in the <a href="/facts/Roman_curia/LJ7r0uay">papal curia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a>
In 1315, Florence was forced by <a href="/facts/Uguccione_della_Faggiuola/1gUqKeEo">Uguccione della Faggiuola</a> (the military officer controlling the town) to grant an amnesty to those in exile, including Dante. But for this, Florence required public penance in addition to payment of a high fine. Dante refused, preferring to remain in exile. When Uguccione defeated Florence, Dante's death sentence was commuted to house arrest, on condition that he go to Florence to swear he would never enter the town again. He refused to go, and his death sentence was confirmed and extended to his sons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> Despite this, he still hoped late in life that he might be invited back to Florence on honorable terms, particularly in praise of his poetry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>

<h2 id="death-and-burial">Death and burial</h2>

Dante's final days were spent in <a href="/facts/Ravenna/qTQGdKhn">Ravenna</a>, where he had been invited to stay in the city in 1318 by its prince, <a href="/facts/Guido_II_da_Polenta/pddhrGg3">Guido II da Polenta</a>. Dante died in Ravenna on September 14, 1321, aged about 56, of <a href="/facts/Quartan_malaria/aIQzp6M2">quartan malaria</a> contracted while returning from a diplomatic mission to the <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Venice/5aqUw6gJ">Republic of Venice</a>. He was attended by his three children, and possibly by <a href="/facts/Gemma_Donati/J94bp2gK">Gemma Donati</a>, and by friends and admirers he had in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> He was buried in Ravenna at the Church of San Pier Maggiore (later called <a href="/facts/Basilica_of_San_Francesco%2c_Ravenna/6P48R3Dh">Basilica di San Francesco</a>). <a href="/facts/Bernardo_Bembo/vtnNAPgH">Bernardo Bembo</a>, <a href="/facts/Praetor/or3Q9946">praetor</a> of <a href="/facts/Venice/Xzc2uVDg">Venice</a>, erected <a href="/facts/Tomb_of_Dante/Qn7TF4of">a tomb for him</a> in 1483.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a>
On the grave, a verse of <a href="/facts/Bernardo_Canaccio/9sfBoLDh">Bernardo Canaccio</a>, a friend of Dante, is dedicated to Florence:

<table><tbody><tr><td>parvi Florentia mater amoris</td><td>Florence, mother of little love</td></tr></tbody></table>
In 1329, <a href="/facts/Bertrand_du_Pouget/Wew187dH">Bertrand du Pouget</a>, Cardinal and nephew of <a href="/facts/Pope_John_XXII/TY3UzqQ9">Pope John XXII</a>, classified Dante's Monarchia as heretical and sought to have his bones burned at the stake. <a href="/facts/Ostasio_I_da_Polenta/GWhwINPq">Ostasio I da Polenta</a> and Pino della Tosa, allies of Pouget, interceded to prevent the destruction of Dante's remains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>

Florence eventually came to regret having exiled Dante. The city made repeated requests for the return of his remains. The custodians of the body in Ravenna refused, at one point going so far as to conceal the bones in a false wall of the monastery. Florence built a tomb for Dante in 1829, in the <a href="/facts/Basilica_di_Santa_Croce_di_Firenze/rJ56xkuJ">Basilica of Santa Croce</a>. That tomb has been empty ever since, with Dante's body remaining in Ravenna. The front of his tomb in Florence reads Onorate l'altissimo poeta—which roughly translates as "Honor the most exalted poet" and is a quote from the fourth canto of the Inferno.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>
In 1945, the <a href="/facts/Italian_Social_Republic/r7wyfRWh">fascist government</a> discussed bringing Dante's remains to the <a href="/facts/Valtellina_Redoubt/kNH859Pg">Valtellina Redoubt</a>, the Alpine valley in which the regime intended to make its last stand against the <a href="/facts/Allies_of_World_War_II/YzCdtjDY">Allies</a>. The case was made that "the greatest symbol of Italianness" should be present at fascism's "heroic" end, but ultimately, no action was taken.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a>
A copy of Dante's death mask has been displayed since 1911 in the <a href="/facts/Palazzo_Vecchio/APXlrR75">Palazzo Vecchio</a>; scholars today believe it is not a true death mask and was probably carved in 1483, perhaps by <a href="/facts/Pietro_Lombardo/gy2HnuWc">Pietro</a> and <a href="/facts/Tullio_Lombardo/4DXdbLlx">Tullio Lombardo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>

<h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2>

The first formal biography of Dante was the Vita di Dante (also known as Trattatello in laude di Dante), written after 1348 by Giovanni Boccaccio.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> Although several statements and episodes of it have been deemed unreliable on the basis of modern research, an earlier account of Dante's life and works had been included in the <a href="/facts/Nuova_Cronica/YyGSdNMo">Nuova Cronica</a> of the Florentine chronicler <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Villani/n2uuTycF">Giovanni Villani</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a>
Some 16th-century English Protestants, such as <a href="/facts/John_Bale/dfFW1bed">John Bale</a> and <a href="/facts/John_Foxe/lIzeKj8d">John Foxe</a>, argued that Dante was a <a href="/facts/Proto-Protestantism/8o5XXr8s">proto-Protestant</a> because of his opposition to the pope.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>
The 19th century saw a "Dante revival", a product of the <a href="/facts/Medieval_revival/50udeFmo">medieval revival</a>, which was itself an important aspect of <a href="/facts/Romanticism/lfG31kE3">Romanticism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> <a href="/facts/Thomas_Carlyle/s6XMe1nk">Thomas Carlyle</a> profiled him in "The Hero as Poet", the third lecture in <a href="/facts/On_Heroes%2c_Hero-Worship%2c_%2526_the_Heroic_in_History/H2QgSwCz">On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History</a> (1841): "He is world-great not because he is worldwide, but because he is world-deep… Dante is the spokesman of the Middle Ages; the Thought they lived by stands here, in everlasting music."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> <a href="/facts/Leigh_Hunt/WLxR2zag">Leigh Hunt</a>, <a href="/facts/Henry_Francis_Cary/ojruT4Yy">Henry Francis Cary</a> and <a href="/facts/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow/vrQqjSn5">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a> were among Dante's translators of the era.

Italy's first dreadnought battleship was completed in 1913 and named <a href="/facts/Italian_battleship_Dante_Alighieri/mmrRgLrf">Dante Alighieri</a> in honor of him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a>
On April 30, 1921, in honor of the 600th anniversary of Dante's death, <a href="/facts/Pope_Benedict_XV/LVl246yK">Pope Benedict XV</a> promulgated an encyclical named <a href="/facts/In_praeclara_summorum/Dv3n4kkK">In praeclara summorum</a>, naming Dante as one "of the many celebrated geniuses of whom the Catholic faith can boast" and the "pride and glory of humanity",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>, highlighting the philosophical and theological debt of Dante versus <a href="/facts/Thomas_Aquinas/h2vN2VkX">Thomas Aquinas</a> and <a href="/facts/Thomism/dUbSq3fT">thomism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a>

On December 7, 1965, <a href="/facts/Pope_Paul_VI/4Dbb8sHs">Pope Paul VI</a> promulgated the Latin <a href="/facts/Motu_proprio/5LXJ147I">motu proprio</a> titled Altissimi cantus, which was dedicated to Dante's figure and poetry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> In that year, the pope also donated a golden iron <a href="/facts/Crosses_in_heraldry/RsPaRJGI">Greek Cross</a> to Dante's burial site in Ravenna, on the occasion of the 700th anniversary of his birth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> The same cross was blessed by <a href="/facts/Pope_Francis/F2uNhKC9">Pope Francis</a> in October 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a>
In 2007, a reconstruction of Dante's face was undertaken in a collaborative project. Artists from the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pisa/EXvLLKQr">University of Pisa</a> and forensic engineers at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Bologna/UMwF3Aca">University of Bologna</a> at <a href="/facts/Forl%25C3%25AC/surQJCLx">Forlì</a> constructed the model, portraying Dante's features as somewhat different from what was once thought.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a>
In 2008, the Municipality of Florence officially apologized for expelling Dante 700 years earlier.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> In May 2021, a symbolic re-trial was held virtually in Florence to posthumously clear his name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>
A celebration was held in 2015 at Italy's <a href="/facts/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)/dgzxm6pK">Senate of the Republic</a> for the 750th anniversary of Dante's birth. It included a commemoration from Pope Francis, who also issued the apostolic letter <a href="/facts/Cando_lucis_aeternae/FeG0BWwS">Cando lucis aeternae</a> in honor of the anniversary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a>

<h2 id="works">Works</h2>
See also: Category:Works by Dante Alighieri
<h3>Overview</h3>

Most of Dante's literary work was composed after his exile in 1301. <a href="/facts/La_Vita_Nuova/VnGjPKKp">La Vita Nuova</a> ("The New Life") is the only major work that predates it; it is a collection of lyric poems (sonnets and songs) with commentary in prose, ostensibly intended to be circulated in manuscript form, as was customary for such poems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> It also contains, or constructs, the story of his love for Beatrice Portinari, who later served as the ultimate symbol of salvation in the Comedy, a function already indicated in the final pages of the Vita Nuova. The work contains many of Dante's love poems in Tuscan, which was not unprecedented; the vernacular had been regularly used for lyric works before, during all the thirteenth century. However, Dante's commentary on his own work is also in the vernacular—both in the Vita Nuova and in the Convivio—instead of the Latin that was almost universally used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a>
The Divine Comedy describes Dante's journey through <a href="/facts/Inferno_(Dante)/RqqJKrrf">Hell</a> (Inferno), <a href="/facts/Purgatorio/nwAYvaGW">Purgatory</a> (Purgatorio), and <a href="/facts/Paradiso_(Dante)/DWTA447L">Paradise</a> (Paradiso); he is first guided by the Roman poet Virgil and then by Beatrice. Of the books, Purgatorio is arguably the most lyrical of the three, referring to more contemporary poets and artists than Inferno; Paradiso is the most heavily theological, and the one in which, many scholars have argued, the Divine Comedy's most beautiful and mystic passages appear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a>
With its seriousness of purpose, its literary stature and the range—both stylistic and thematic—of its content, the Comedy soon became a cornerstone in the evolution of Italian as an established literary language. Dante was more aware than most early Italian writers of the variety of Italian dialects and of the need to create a literature and a unified literary language beyond the limits of Latin writing at the time; in that sense, he is a forerunner of the <a href="/facts/Renaissance/4D9Bc6KU">Renaissance</a>, with its effort to create vernacular literature in competition with earlier classical writers. Dante's in-depth knowledge (within the limits of his time) of Roman antiquity, and his evident admiration for some aspects of pagan Rome, also point forward to the 15th century.

He wrote the Comedy in a language he called "Italian", in some sense an amalgamated literary language predominantly based on the regional dialect of Tuscany, but with some elements of Latin and other regional dialects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> He deliberately aimed to reach a readership throughout Italy including laymen, clergymen and other poets. By creating a poem of epic structure and philosophic purpose, he established that the Italian language was suitable for the highest sort of expression. In French, Italian is sometimes nicknamed la langue de Dante. Unlike Boccaccio, <a href="/facts/John_Milton/VCDqX83S">Milton</a> or <a href="/facts/Ludovico_Ariosto/gEfodlK8">Ariosto</a>, Dante did not really become an author read across Europe until the Romantic era. To the Romantics, Dante, like <a href="/facts/Homer/Xw8Ur53U">Homer</a> and <a href="/facts/William_Shakespeare/ohI96JTv">Shakespeare</a>, was a prime example of the "original genius" who set his own rules, created persons of overpowering stature and depth, and went beyond any imitation of the patterns of earlier masters; and who, in turn, could not truly be imitated. Throughout the 19th century, Dante's reputation grew and solidified; and by 1865, the 600th anniversary of his birth, he had become established as one of the greatest literary icons of the Western world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a>

New readers often wonder how such a serious work may be called a "comedy". In the <a href="/facts/Comedy/6eaRmCRX">classical sense</a> the word comedy refers to works that reflect belief in an ordered universe, in which events tend toward not only a happy or amusing ending but one influenced by a Providential will that orders all things to an ultimate good. By this meaning of the word, as Dante himself allegedly wrote in <a href="/facts/Epistle_to_Cangrande/eAvwxYfT">a letter to Cangrande</a>, the progression of the pilgrimage from Hell to Paradise is the paradigmatic expression of comedy, since the work begins with the pilgrim's moral confusion and ends with the vision of God.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a>
A number of other works are credited to Dante. Convivio ("The Banquet")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> is a collection of his longest poems with an (unfinished) allegorical commentary. Monarchia ("Monarchy")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> is a summary treatise of political philosophy in Latin which was condemned and burned after Dante's death<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> by the Papal Legate <a href="/facts/Bertrando_del_Poggetto/Wew187dH">Bertrando del Poggetto</a>; it argues for the necessity of a universal or global monarchy to establish universal peace in this life, and this monarchy's relationship to the Roman Catholic Church as guide to eternal peace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> <a href="/facts/De_vulgari_eloquentia/xHctF1jr">De vulgari eloquentia</a> ("On the Eloquence in the Vernacular")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> is a treatise on vernacular literature, partly inspired by the Razos de trobar of <a href="/facts/Raimon_Vidal_de_Bezaudun/1nQPCtcs">Raimon Vidal de Bezaudun</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> Quaestio de aqua et terra ("A Question of the Water and of the Land") is a theological work discussing the arrangement of Earth's dry land and ocean. The <a href="/facts/Eclogues_(Dante)/dkDayEqP">Eclogues</a> are two poems addressed to the poet Giovanni del Virgilio. Dante is also sometimes credited with writing Il Fiore ("The Flower"), a series of sonnets summarizing <a href="/facts/Le_Roman_de_la_Rose/L0kSHUJL">Le Roman de la Rose</a>, and Detto d'Amore ("Tale of Love"), a short narrative poem also based on Le Roman de la Rose. These would be the earliest, and most novice, of his known works.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> <a href="/facts/Le_Rime/3YSATMQr">Le Rime</a> is a posthumous collection of miscellaneous poems.

<h3>List of works</h3>
The major works of Dante include the following:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a>

<ul><li>Il Fiore and Detto d'Amore ("The Flower" and "Tale of Love", 1283–87)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/La_Vita_Nuova/VnGjPKKp">La Vita Nuova</a> ("The New Life", 1294)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/De_vulgari_eloquentia/xHctF1jr">De vulgari eloquentia</a> ("On the Eloquence in the Vernacular", 1302–05)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Convivio/6MMy0wN1">Convivio</a> ("The Banquet", 1307)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Monarchia/dF0jmrfq">Monarchia</a> ("Monarchy", 1313)</li>
<li>Divine Comedy (1320)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Eclogues_(Dante)/dkDayEqP">Eclogues</a> (1320)</li>
<li>Quaestio de aqua et terra ("A Question of the Water and of the Land", 1320)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Le_Rime/3YSATMQr">Le Rime</a> ("The Rhymes")</li></ul>

<h3>Collections</h3>
Dante's works reside in cultural institutions across the world. Many items have been digitized or are available for public consultation.

<ul><li>Dante's House Museum [it] (<a href="/facts/Florence/Mx0uhNma">Florence</a>, Italy) opened in Dante's residence in 1965 and was refurbished in 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Princeton_University_Library/KNX6RVEV">Princeton University Library</a> (<a href="/facts/New_Jersey/pI5k19S7">New Jersey</a>, US) holds 160 volumes of Dante's works and books about his life, including two 15th-century editions of the Divine Comedy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_College_London/7dmHhCf5">University College London</a> Special Collections (London, UK) holds c. 3,000 volumes of material by and about Dante, including 36 editions of the Divine Comedy. The collection was bequeathed to the university by the scholar <a href="/facts/Henry_Clark_Barlow/1qIwUCD4">Henry Clark Barlow</a> in 1876.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Beinecke_Rare_Book_%2526_Manuscript_Library/ss1ewuwk">Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library</a> (<a href="/facts/Yale_University_Library/xBvACdNt">Yale University Library</a>, <a href="/facts/Connecticut/LeDhYdJG">Connecticut</a>, US) holds a manuscript edition of the Divine Comedy (c. 1385–1400).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li>Dantedì</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dante_Alighieri_Society/YvK8byJy">Dante Alighieri Society</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="citations">Citations</h2>

<h3>References</h3>

<ul><li>Barbero, Alessandro (2022) [Italian original publication: 2021]. Dante: A Life. Translated by Cameron, Allan. Pegasus Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781643139142.</li>
<li>Harrison, Robert (February 19, 2015). "Dante on Trial". NY Review of Books. pp. 36–37.</li>
<li>Raffa, Guy P. (2020). Dante's Bones: How a Poet Invented Italy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/facts/Belknap_Press/YluAnq74">Belknap Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-674-98083-9.</li>
<li>Santagata, Marco (2016) [Italian original publication: 2012]. Dante: The Story of His Life. Translated by Dixon, Richard. <a href="/facts/Harvard_University_Press/YluAnq74">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780674504868.</li>
<li>Shaw, Prue (2014). Reading Dante: From Here to Eternity. <a href="/facts/Liveright/7a4xFnd9">Liveright</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780871407801.</li>
<li>Took, John (2021). Dante. <a href="/facts/Princeton_University_Press/kwvFlKEj">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780691208930.</li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>

<ul><li>Allitt, John Stewart (2011). Dante, il pellegrino (in Italian). Villa di Serio (BG): Edizioni Villadiseriane. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-88-96199-80-0.</li>
<li>Anderson, William (1980). Dante the Maker. Routledge Kegan Paul. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7100-0322-5.</li>
<li>Barolini, Teodolinda (ed.). Dante's Lyric Poetry: Poems of Youth and of the 'Vita Nuova'. University of Toronto Press, 2014.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Edmund_Garratt_Gardner/zcQSL3rE">Gardner, Edmund Garratt</a> (1921). <a href="https://archive.org/details/dantedante00gardrich">Dante</a>. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/690699123">690699123</a>. Retrieved March 7, 2016.</li>
<li>Guénon, René (1925). The Esoterism of Dante, trans. by C.B. Berhill, in the Perennial Wisdom Series. Ghent, NY: Sophia Perennis et Universalis, 1996. viii, 72 p. N.B.: Originally published in French, entitled L'Esoterisme de Danté, in 1925. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-900588-02-0</li>
<li>Hede, Jesper (2007). Reading Dante: The Pursuit of Meaning. Lanham: Lexington Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7391-2196-2.</li>
<li>Miles, Thomas (2008). "Dante: Tours of Hell: Mapping the Landscape of Sin and Despair". In Stewart, Jon (ed.). Kierkegaard and the Patristic and Medieval Traditions. Ashgate. pp. 223–236. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7546-6391-1.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mark_Musa/mAAvFIxe">Musa, Mark</a> (1974). Advent at the Gates: Dante's Comedy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0253301406.</li>
<li>Raffa, Guy P. (2009). The Complete Danteworlds: A Reader's Guide to the Divine Comedy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-226-70270-4.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Giovanni_Andrea_Scartazzini/ekhf09fq">Scartazzini, Giovanni Andrea</a> (1874–1890). La Divina Commedia riveduta e commentata (4 volumes). <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/558999245">558999245</a>.</li>
<li>Scartazzini, Giovanni Andrea (1896–1898). Enciclopedia dantesca: dizionario critico e ragionato di quanto concerne la vita e le opere di Dante Alighieri (2 volumes). <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12202483">12202483</a>.</li>
<li>Scott, John A. (1996). Dante's Political Purgatory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-585-12724-8.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/T._K._Seung/dLV5JI5I">Seung, T.K.</a> (1962). The Fragile Leaves of the Sibyl: Dante's Master Plan. Westminster, MD: Newman Press. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1426455">1426455</a>.</li>
<li>Toynbee, Paget (1898). <a href="https://archive.org/details/adictionaryprop00toyngoog">A Dictionary of the Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante</a>. London: The Clarendon Press. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/343895">343895</a>. Retrieved March 7, 2016.</li>
<li>Whiting, Mary Bradford (1922). <a href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924011891698">Dante the Man and the Poet</a>. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224789">224789</a>.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

<ul><li><a href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/dante-alighieri/">Works by Dante Alighieri in eBook form</a> at <a href="/facts/Standard_Ebooks/PBRzI9lD">Standard Ebooks</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/507">Works by Dante Alighieri</a> at <a href="/facts/Project_Gutenberg/2l0R6GgQ">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Dante%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Dante%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Dante%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Dante%22%29%20OR%20%28%221265-1321%22%20AND%20Dante%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Dante Alighieri</a> at the <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a href="https://librivox.org/author/1189">Works by Dante Alighieri</a> at <a href="/facts/LibriVox/FF71kJKC">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) </li>
<li><a href="https://onemorelibrary.com/index.php/en/search-results/author/dante-alighieri-381?order=loc&ord_t=asc">Works by Dante Alighieri</a> at <a href="https://onemorelibrary.com/index.php/en">One More Library</a> (Works in English, Italian, Latin, Arabic, German, French and Spanish)</li>
<li>Wetherbee, Winthrop. <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dante/">"Dante Alighieri"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Edward_N._Zalta/U8JxHaaA">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/facts/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy/LDuL5HW4">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="http://www.museocasadidante.it/en/">Dante Museum in Florence</a>: his life, his books and a history & literature blog about Dante</li>
<li>The <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830160755/http://www.worldofdante.org/">World of Dante</a> multimedia, texts, maps, gallery, searchable database, music, teacher resources, timeline</li>
<li>The <a href="http://etcweb.princeton.edu/dante/index.html">Princeton Dante Project</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603094521/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/dante/index.html">Archived</a> June 3, 2009, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> texts and multimedia</li>
<li>The <a href="http://dante.dartmouth.edu/">Dartmouth Dante Project</a> searchable database of commentary</li>
<li><a href="http://www.danteonline.it/english/home_ita.asp">Dante Online</a> manuscripts of works, images and text transcripts by Società Dantesca Italiana</li>
<li><a href="http://dante.ilt.columbia.edu/">Digital Dante</a> – Divine Comedy with commentary, other works, scholars on Dante</li>
<li><a href="http://oyc.yale.edu/italian-language-and-literature/ital-310">Open Yale Course on Dante</a> by <a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale University</a></li>
<li><a href="http://perunaenciclopediadantescadigitale.eu/dantesources/en/">DanteSources</a> project about Dante's primary sources developed by <a href="/facts/Istituto_di_Scienza_e_Tecnologie_dell%2527Informazione/mk2lQug6">ISTI</a>-<a href="/facts/National_Research_Council_(Italy)/jlendhyW">CNR</a> and the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pisa/EXvLLKQr">University of Pisa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://research.bowdoin.edu/dante-today/">Dante Today</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180111043549/https://research.bowdoin.edu/dante-today/">Archived</a> January 11, 2018, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> citings and sightings of Dante in contemporary culture</li>
<li><a href="https://repository.upenn.edu/bibdant/">Bibliotheca Dantesca</a> journal dedicated to Dante and his reception</li>
<li><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/barlow-dante">Dante Collection</a> at <a href="/facts/University_College_London/7dmHhCf5">University College London</a> (c. 3000 volumes of works by and about Dante)</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Italian pronunciation: [duˈrante dj aliˈɡjɛːro deʎʎ aliˈɡjɛːri]. The name Dante is understood to be a hypocorism of the name Durante, though no document known to survive from Dante's lifetime refers to him as Durante (including his own writings). A document prepared for Dante's son Jacopo refers to "Durante, often called Dante". He may have been named for his maternal grandfather Durante degli Abati.[2] <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" target="_blank">/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">English pronunciation: /ˈdɑːnteɪ, ˈdænteɪ, ˈdænti/ DA(H)N-tay, DAN-tee.[3][4] <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" target="_blank">/wiki/Help:IPA/English</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Dante himself described himself as a "humble Italian, Florentine and guiltless exile" ("l'umile italiano Dante Alighieri fiorentino ed esule senza colpa").[5] <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Wetherbee, Winthrop; Aleksander, Jason (April 30, 2018). "Dante". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/dante/" target="_blank">https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/dante/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Hutton, Edward (1910). Giovanni Boccaccio, a Biographical Study Archived February 4, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hutton_(writer)" target="_blank">/wiki/Edward_Hutton_(writer)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Bloom, Harold (1994). The Western Canon. Riverhead Books. ISBN 9781573225144. <a href="9781573225144" target="_blank">9781573225144</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Shaw 2014, p. xiii. - Shaw, Prue (2014). Reading Dante: From Here to Eternity. Liveright. ISBN 9780871407801. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Matheson, Lister M. (2012). Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints. Greenwood Pub Group. p. 244. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Haller, Elizabeth K. (2012). "Dante Alighieri". In Matheson, Lister M. (ed.). Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-313-34080-2. <a href="978-0-313-34080-2" target="_blank">978-0-313-34080-2</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Murray, Charles A. (2003). Human accomplishment: the pursuit of excellence in the arts and sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950 (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019247-1. OCLC 52047270. <a href="978-0-06-019247-1" target="_blank">978-0-06-019247-1</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Barański, Zygmunt G.; Gilson, Simon, eds. (2018). The Cambridge Companion to Dante's 'Commedia'. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN 9781108421294. <a href="9781108421294" target="_blank">9781108421294</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"Alla 'Casa di Dante' a Roma si celebra il Sommo Poeta" (in Italian). <a href="https://www.raicultura.it/letteratura/eventi/Alla-Casa-di-Dante-a-Roma-si-celebra-il-Sommo-Poeta-a4f07cba-5d75-4e16-bca2-e514b9c87c41.html" target="_blank">https://www.raicultura.it/letteratura/eventi/Alla-Casa-di-Dante-a-Roma-si-celebra-il-Sommo-Poeta-a4f07cba-5d75-4e16-bca2-e514b9c87c41.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Chimenz, Siro A. (1960). "Alighieri, Dante". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 2. Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Archived from the original on March 17, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2022. <a href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/" target="_blank">https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Santagata 2016, p. 3. - Santagata, Marco (2016) [Italian original publication: 2012]. Dante: The Story of His Life. Translated by Dixon, Richard. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674504868. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Took 2021, p. 28. - Took, John (2021). Dante. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691208930. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">His birth date is listed as "probably in the end of May" by Robert Hollander in "Dante" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, volume  4. According to Giovanni Boccaccio, the poet said he was born in May. See "Alighieri, Dante" in the Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hollander" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Hollander</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Santagata 2016, p. 21. - Santagata, Marco (2016) [Italian original publication: 2012]. Dante: The Story of His Life. Translated by Dixon, Richard. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674504868. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Chimenz, S.A (2014). "Alighieri, Dante". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana. Bibcode:2014bea..book...56. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2016. <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Chimenz, S.A (2014). "Alighieri, Dante". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana. Bibcode:2014bea..book...56. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2016. <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Shaw 2014, p. 14. - Shaw, Prue (2014). Reading Dante: From Here to Eternity. Liveright. ISBN 9780871407801. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Santagata 2016, p. 14. - Santagata, Marco (2016) [Italian original publication: 2012]. Dante: The Story of His Life. Translated by Dixon, Richard. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674504868. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Santagata 2016, p. 19. - Santagata, Marco (2016) [Italian original publication: 2012]. Dante: The Story of His Life. Translated by Dixon, Richard. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674504868. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Santagata 2016, p. 14. - Santagata, Marco (2016) [Italian original publication: 2012]. Dante: The Story of His Life. Translated by Dixon, Richard. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674504868. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Shaw 2014, p. 14. - Shaw, Prue (2014). Reading Dante: From Here to Eternity. Liveright. ISBN 9780871407801. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Beatrice and Dante Alighieri > A Love Story". December 14, 2016. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022. <a href="https://www.florenceinferno.com/beatrice-portinari/" target="_blank">https://www.florenceinferno.com/beatrice-portinari/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Alighieri, Dante (2013). Delphi Complete Works of Dante Alighieri. Vol. 6 (Illustrated ed.). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1-909496-19-4. <a href="978-1-909496-19-4" target="_blank">978-1-909496-19-4</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Chimenz, S.A (2014). "Alighieri, Dante". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana. Bibcode:2014bea..book...56. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2016. <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Chimenz, S.A (2014). "Alighieri, Dante". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana. Bibcode:2014bea..book...56. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2016. <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Alighieri, Dante (1904). Philip Henry Wicksteed, Herman Oelsner (ed.). The Paradiso of Dante Alighieri (5th ed.). J.M. Dent and Company. p. 129. <a href="https://archive.org/details/paradisoofdantea00dantrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/paradisoofdantea00dantrich</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Chimenz, S.A (2014). "Alighieri, Dante". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana. Bibcode:2014bea..book...56. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2016. <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dante-alighieri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Davenport, John (2005). Dante: Poet, Author, and Proud Florentine. Infobase Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-4381-0415-7. Retrieved March 7, 2016. <a href="978-1-4381-0415-7" target="_blank">978-1-4381-0415-7</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">di Serego Alighieri, Sperello; Capaccioli, Massimo (2022). The Sun and the other Stars of Dante Alighieri. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. p. 48. ISBN 9789811246227. <a href="9789811246227" target="_blank">9789811246227</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Dante Alighieri". Academy of American Poets. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019. <a href="https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/dante-alighieri" target="_blank">https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/dante-alighieri</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Nilsen, Alleen Pace; Don L.F. Nilsen (2007). Names and Naming in Young Adult Literature. Scarecrow Studies in Young Adult Literature. Vol. 27. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-8108-6685-0. <a href="978-0-8108-6685-0" target="_blank">978-0-8108-6685-0</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Alighieri, Dante (1904). Philip Henry Wicksteed, Herman Oelsner (ed.). The Paradiso of Dante Alighieri (5th ed.). J.M. Dent and Company. p. 129. <a href="https://archive.org/details/paradisoofdantea00dantrich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/paradisoofdantea00dantrich</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Ruud, Jay (2008). Critical Companion to Dante. Infobase Publishing. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4381-0841-4. <a href="978-1-4381-0841-4" target="_blank">978-1-4381-0841-4</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Davenport, John (2005). Dante: Poet, Author, and Proud Florentine. Infobase Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-4381-0415-7. Retrieved March 7, 2016. <a href="978-1-4381-0415-7" target="_blank">978-1-4381-0415-7</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"Guelphs and Ghibellines". Dante Alighieri Society of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151212042335/http://www.dantemass.org/html/guelphs-and-ghibellines.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151212042335/http://www.dantemass.org/html/guelphs-and-ghibellines.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Santagata 2016, p. 62. - Santagata, Marco (2016) [Italian original publication: 2012]. Dante: The Story of His Life. Translated by Dixon, Richard. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674504868. <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Santagata 2016, p. 95. - Santagata, Marco (2016) [Italian original publication: 2012]. Dante: The Story of His Life. Translated by Dixon, Richard. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674504868. <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Sandor, Vlaicu; Dumitrascu, Dinu I.; Bojita, Marius T.; Dumitrascu, Dan L. (April 2022). "Medicine and Pharmacy in the Works of Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)". Medicine and Pharmacy Reports. 95 (2): 218–224. doi:10.15386/mpr-2451. PMC 9176311. PMID 35721038. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9176311" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9176311</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Shaw 2014, p. 17. - Shaw, Prue (2014). Reading Dante: From Here to Eternity. Liveright. ISBN 9780871407801. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Took 2021, p. 47. - Took, John (2021). Dante. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691208930. <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Barbero 2022, p. 138. - Barbero, Alessandro (2022) [Italian original publication: 2021]. Dante: A Life. Translated by Cameron, Allan. Pegasus Books. ISBN 9781643139142. <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Santagata 2016, p. 78. - Santagata, Marco (2016) [Italian original publication: 2012]. Dante: The Story of His Life. Translated by Dixon, Richard. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674504868. <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Shaw 2014, p. 17. - Shaw, Prue (2014). Reading Dante: From Here to Eternity. Liveright. ISBN 9780871407801. <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">"Chronology". Renaissance Dante in Print (1472–1629). University of Notre Dame. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023. <a href="https://www3.nd.edu/~italnet/Dante/text/Chronology.html" target="_blank">https://www3.nd.edu/~italnet/Dante/text/Chronology.html</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Elena Lombardi; Francesca Southerden; Manuele Gragnolati, eds. (2021). The Oxford Handbook of Dante. Oxford University Press. p. 343. ISBN 9780198820741. <a href="9780198820741" target="_blank">9780198820741</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Dino Compagni, Cronica delle cose occorrenti ne' tempi suoi <a href="/wiki/Dino_Compagni" target="_blank">/wiki/Dino_Compagni</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Harrison 2015, pp. 36–37. - Harrison, Robert (February 19, 2015). "Dante on Trial". NY Review of Books. pp. 36–37. <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Harrison 2015, p. 36. - Harrison, Robert (February 19, 2015). "Dante on Trial". NY Review of Books. pp. 36–37. <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Moore, Malcolm (June 17, 2008). "Dante's infernal crimes forgiven". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622172200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/2145378/Dante%27s-infernal-crimes-forgiven.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080622172200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/2145378/Dante%27s-infernal-crimes-forgiven.html</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Raffa 2020, p. 24. - Raffa, Guy P. (2020). Dante's Bones: How a Poet Invented Italy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-98083-9. <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Santagata 2016, p. 208. - Santagata, Marco (2016) [Italian original publication: 2012]. Dante: The Story of His Life. Translated by Dixon, Richard. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674504868. <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Santagata 2016, p. 249. - Santagata, Marco (2016) [Italian original publication: 2012]. Dante: The Story of His Life. Translated by Dixon, Richard. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674504868. <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Latham, Charles S.; Carpenter, George R. (1891). A Translation of Dante’s Eleven Letters. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. pp. 269–282. <a href="https://archive.org/details/translationofdan00dant" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/translationofdan00dant</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Carroll, John S. (1903). Exiles of Eternity: An Exposition of Dante's Inferno Archived March 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. xlviii–l. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uAd8Kp0gmoUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=uAd8Kp0gmoUC</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Wickstool, Philip Henry (1903). The Convivio of Dante Alighieri. London : J. M. Dent and Co. p. 5. And in that I spoke before entrance on the prime of manhood, and in this when I had already passed the same. <a href="https://archive.org/details/convivioofdantea00dantiala/page/4/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/convivioofdantea00dantiala/page/4/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">See Bookrags.com and Tigerstedt, E.N. 1967, Dante; Tiden Mannen Verket (Dante; The Age, the Man, the Work), Bonniers, Stockholm, 1967. [dead link] <a href="http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/francesco-daccorso-tf/" target="_blank">http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/francesco-daccorso-tf/</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Bertolo, Fabio M. (2003). "L'Officiolum ritrovato di Francesco da Barberino". Spolia – Journal of Medieval Studies. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2012. <a href="http://www.spolia.it/online/en/argomenti/letterature_romanze/filologia/2003/barberino.htm" target="_blank">http://www.spolia.it/online/en/argomenti/letterature_romanze/filologia/2003/barberino.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Santagata 2016, p. 339. - Santagata, Marco (2016) [Italian original publication: 2012]. Dante: The Story of His Life. Translated by Dixon, Richard. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674504868. <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">"Cangrande della Scala – 'Da molte stelle mi vien questa Luce'" [Cangrande della Scala – 'This light comes to me from many stars']. dantealighieri.tk (in Italian). Archived from the original on February 5, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205184530/https://www.dantealighieri.tk/paradiso/i-canti-di-cacciaguida/cangrande-della-scala/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220205184530/https://www.dantealighieri.tk/paradiso/i-canti-di-cacciaguida/cangrande-della-scala/</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">"Le famiglie Brunacci". Brunacci.it. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2017. <a href="http://www.brunacci.it/s--tommaso.html" target="_blank">http://www.brunacci.it/s--tommaso.html</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:115">"Dante's House Museum". Museo Casa di Dante, Firenze. Archived from the original on December 12, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023. <a href="https://www.museocasadidante.it/en/dante-house-museum/" target="_blank">https://www.museocasadidante.it/en/dante-house-museum/</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)". Princeton University Library Special Collections. Archived from the original on December 12, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023. <a href="https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/topics/dante-alighieri-1265-1321" target="_blank">https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/topics/dante-alighieri-1265-1321</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">UCL Special Collections (August 23, 2018). "Dante Collection". UCL Special Collections. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2023. <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/barlow-dante" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/barlow-dante</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">"Divina Commedia, MS 428 [between 1385 and 1400]". Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. March 23, 2021. Archived from the original on December 12, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023. <a href="https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/collections/highlights/divina-commedia-ms-428-between-1385-and-1400" target="_blank">https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/collections/highlights/divina-commedia-ms-428-between-1385-and-1400</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Dante Alighieri open-in-new

Dante Alighieri