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Department of Economy, Planning, and Development
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<h2 id="history-and-precursor-agencies">History and precursor agencies</h2> <h3>National Economic Council</h3> <p>On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated with <a href="/facts/Manuel_L._Quezon/RJSQ10Js">Manuel L. Quezon</a> as president, <a href="/facts/Sergio_Osme%25C3%25B1a/DqXYEWTq">Sergio Osmeña</a> as vice president, and a unicameral National Assembly as the Legislature. One of the first acts of Quezon administration was to call for a special session of Congress to enact certain laws needed by the government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Under Commonwealth Act No. 2, enacted on December 23, 1935, an advisory body for economic concerns of the Philippines called the National Economic Council was tasked with advising the government on economic and financial matters, and formulate an economic program based on national independence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The president was authorized to appoint its respective members with the consent of the Commission on Appointments of the National Assembly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The year following its creation, the National Economic Council was organized on February 14, 1936, composed of its inaugural members – the secretary of finance (who served as chairperson), the secretary of agriculture and commerce, the chairperson of the board of directors of the Philippine National Bank, the president of the National Development Company, the president of the Manila Railroad Company, Mr. Joaquin M. Elizalde, Hon. R.J. Fernandez, Mr. Wenceslao Trinidad, Mr. Vicente Madrigal, Hon. Francisco Varona, Mr. Ramon Soriano, Hon. Vicente Singson Encarnacion, Hon. Rafael R. Alunan and Hon. Manuel Roxas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The council was organized into eight committees: (1) Committee on agriculture and natural resources, (2) industry, (3) foreign trade and tariff, (4) domestic trade, (5) transportation and communication, (6) taxation, (7) labor and immigration, and (8) banking and finance. The first act of the council was to survey and adopt plans for an effective utilization and conservation of natural resources. The council also undertook a study, in cooperation with the National Development Company and Metropolitan Water District, on the potential of waterpower resources which eventually led to the enactment of Commonwealth Act No. 120,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> creating the National Power Corporation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>After World War II, the First Congress of the Philippines enacted Republic Act No. 51,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> which allowed the President of the Philippines to reorganize the Executive Branch of Government. In response, President Manuel Roxas amended the Administration Code of 1917 by issuing Executive Order No. 94, s. 1947. The Executive Order made the President of the Philippines the head of the National Economic Council.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>During his administration, President <a href="/facts/Carlos_P._Garcia/K2gc1Y8w">Carlos P. Garcia</a> saw the need to create a new office in charge of the supervision of government corporations, which he called the National Development Authority. President Garcia asked Congress to enact such a law during his 1958 State of the Nation Address.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> When Congress finally passed the law creating the National Development Authority, President Garcia disagreed with its limited powers, thus vetoing the bill sent to him as he mentioned in his 1959 State of the Nation Address<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>In 1960, Congress passed a law, which changed the composition of the National Economic Council through Republic Act No. 2699<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> enacted on June 18, 1960. The law increased the council's membership by including the Secretary of Commerce and Industry and granting the minority party representation in the membership of the National Economic Council. The council would continue to perform its functions throughout the Third Republic until the declaration of Martial Law on September 23, 1972.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h3>National Economic Development Authority</h3> <p>The need for an office in charge of national development was revived during the administration of President <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_Marcos/D2Xb6SR6">Ferdinand Marcos</a>. In his 1970 State of the Nation Address,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Marcos said the administrative machinery of government must be restructured and revitalized to meet the challenge of change and development. Marcos, thereafter, crafted a government reorganization plan which included a National Economic Development Authority and submitted it to Congress for their approval.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>In 1972, the National Economic Development Authority (without the conjunction “and”) was created as the government's central planning body. The first major thrust of the government-wide reorganization effected through Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 1 issued on September 24, 1972,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> otherwise known as the Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP), was the provision for an integrated organizational complex for development planning and program implementation to correct the deficiencies of the system then existing. The IRP identified these deficiencies as: (1) the dispersal of planning functions among several economic planning bodies and ad hoc councils; (2) the lack of effective coordination among economic bodies; (3) the weak link between plan formulation and program execution; (4) the need to improve the capacity for sectoral and regional planning. The decree merged the National Economic Council and the Presidential Economic staff, created by Executive Order No. 8, s. 1966,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> and renamed it to the National Economic Development Authority.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> President Marcos subsequently issued Presidential Decree No. 1-A which delineated the composition of the National Economic Development Authority.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>In 1973, the National Economic Development Authority was dissolved by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 107, s. 1973.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> The Presidential Decree created the National Economic and Development Authority (now, with the conjunction “and”), which absorbed the National Economic Development Authority as mandated in the 1973 Constitution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>On March 12, 1986, after the 1986 <a href="/facts/People_Power_revolution/gcKAe3ps">People Power revolution</a>, Executive Order (EO) No. 5 was issued by President <a href="/facts/Corazon_Aquino/wPvtxu3C">Corazon Aquino</a>, directing a government-wide reorganization to promote economy, efficiency and effectiveness in the delivery of public services. </p><p>On July 22, 1987, EO 230 was issued reorganizing the NEDA. The implementation of this EO was completed on February 16, 1988, when NEDA commenced operations under its reorganized setup. </p> <h3>Department of Economy, Planning and Development</h3> <p>Congressional efforts to reform and restructure the NEDA go back to 2009 prompted by the increasing scope of the responsibilities of the agency. As NEDA was a member of many inter-agency committees, oversaw both national and regional policies, and formulated operational standards, its transformation to a full-fledged executive department was seen as necessary. </p><p>On April 10, 2025, the Economy, Planning, and Development Act (Republic Act No. 12145) was signed by President <a href="/facts/Bongbong_Marcos/98IXbMIG">Bongbong Marcos</a> which formally created the Department of Economy, Planning, and Development as a successor to the NEDA. As the DEPDev was formed from the restructuring of NEDA, bodies such as the NEDA Board and its committees will remain in their current state until the NEDA can fully transition its operations according to the new DEPDev charter. </p> <h2 id="list-of-secretaries-of-economy-planning-and-development">List of secretaries of economy, planning, and development</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>#</th><th>Image</th><th>Name</th><th>Term Began</th><th>Term Ended</th><th>President</th></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><i>Third Republic of the Philippines</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Acting_(law)/gEurEe58">Act</a></td><td></td><td>Sixto Roxas</td><td>1963</td><td>March 1, 1964</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Diosdado_Macapagal/flgpKWTU">Diosdado Macapagal</a> <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_E._Marcos/D2Xb6SR6">Ferdinand E. Marcos</a></td></tr><tr><td>Act</td><td></td><td>Hilarion Henares</td><td>March 2, 1964</td><td>1969</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><i>Fourth Republic of the Philippines</i></td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td>Gerardo Sicat</td><td>1970 (NEC)1973 (NEDA)</td><td>1973 (NEC)1981 (NEDA)</td><td rowspan="4"><a href="/facts/Ferdinand_E._Marcos/D2Xb6SR6">Ferdinand E. Marcos</a></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Placido_Mapa_Jr./mYfUNDSq">Placido Mapa Jr.</a></td><td>1970 (NEC)1981 (NEDA)</td><td>1970 (NEC)1983 (NEDA)</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Cesar_Virata/CKwVJbh0">Cesar Virata</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td>1983</td><td>1984</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Vicente_Valdepe%25C3%25B1as_Jr./sh1Gurol">Vicente Valdepeñas Jr.</a></td><td>1984</td><td>1986</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><i>Fifth Republic of the Philippines</i></td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Winnie_Monsod/NWQqXr6q">Solita "Winnie" Monsod</a></td><td>July 22, 1987</td><td>1989</td><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Corazon_C._Aquino/wPvtxu3C">Corazon C. Aquino</a></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Jesus_Estanislao/5cDQzLQK">Jesus Estanislao</a></td><td>1989</td><td>January 1, 1990</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Cayetano_Paderanga_Jr./KDgmvgEB">Cayetano Paderanga Jr.</a></td><td>January 2, 1990</td><td>June 30, 1992</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Cielito_Habito/tTcFEmN2">Cielito Habito</a></td><td>June 30, 1992</td><td>June 30, 1998</td><td><a href="/facts/Fidel_V._Ramos/FR57vrnA">Fidel V. Ramos</a></td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Felipe_Medalla/r4qKtIY9">Felipe Medalla</a></td><td>June 30, 1998</td><td>January 20, 2001</td><td><a href="/facts/Joseph_Ejercito_Estrada/RM2br1RL">Joseph Ejercito Estrada</a></td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Dante_Canlas/ErWYq2fu">Dante Canlas</a></td><td>January 20, 2001</td><td>December 13, 2002</td><td rowspan="7"><a href="/facts/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo/wuEl8yxv">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a></td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Romulo_Neri/dKFejAsK">Romulo Neri</a></td><td>December 13, 2002</td><td>July 14, 2005</td></tr><tr><td>Act</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Augusto_Santos/Rrl9nou7">Augusto Santos</a></td><td>July 14, 2005</td><td>February 16, 2006</td></tr><tr><td>(11)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Romulo_Neri/dKFejAsK">Romulo Neri</a></td><td>February 16, 2006</td><td>August 16, 2007</td></tr><tr><td>Act</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Augusto_Santos/Rrl9nou7">Augusto Santos</a></td><td>August 16, 2007</td><td>July 23, 2008</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ralph_Recto/CHv1KQlN">Ralph Recto</a></td><td>July 23, 2008</td><td>August 16, 2009</td></tr><tr><td>Act</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Augusto_Santos/Rrl9nou7">Augusto Santos</a></td><td>August 19, 2009</td><td>June 30, 2010</td></tr><tr><td>(7)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Cayetano_Paderanga_Jr./KDgmvgEB">Cayetano Paderanga Jr.</a></td><td>June 30, 2010</td><td>May 10, 2012</td><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Benigno_S._Aquino_III/Ut0EPDhc">Benigno S. Aquino III</a></td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Arsenio_Balisacan/SBxs7A8z">Arsenio Balisacan</a></td><td>May 10, 2012</td><td>January 31, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Act</td><td></td><td>Emmanuel Esguerra</td><td>February 1, 2016</td><td>June 30, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ernesto_Pernia/VqNahNFW">Ernesto Pernia</a></td><td>June 30, 2016</td><td>April 16, 2020</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Rodrigo_Duterte/zXNDq4br">Rodrigo Duterte</a></td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Karl_Kendrick_Chua/HR9QtoT7">Karl Kendrick Chua</a></td><td>April 17, 2020</td><td>June 30, 2022</td></tr><tr><td>(13)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Arsenio_Balisacan/SBxs7A8z">Arsenio Balisacan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td>June 30, 2022</td><td><i>Incumbent</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Bongbong_Marcos/98IXbMIG">Bongbong Marcos</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="governing-law">Governing law</h2> <p>Republic Act No. 12145, signed by President <a href="/facts/Bongbong_Marcos/98IXbMIG">Bongbong Marcos</a> on April 10, 2025, reorganized the NEDA into the Department of Economy, Planning, and Development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The Director-General of NEDA was converted into the Secretary of Economy, Planning, and Development and the NEDA Board that served as the agency's topmost organ was reconstituted as the Economy and Development Council. Its transformation into an <a href="/facts/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines/cNY8We54">executive department</a> was seen as a necessary evolution given the agency's expansion into interagency cooperation, regional development, and oversight of other agencies such as the PSA or LEDAC since the signing of Executive Order 230 that reorganized the NEDA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="economy-and-development-council">Economy and Development Council</h2> <p>The Department is headed by the Economy and Development Council (ED Council) that oversees national and regional policy direction on economic matters and the implementation of policies for economic growth and development. It also approves programs and projects that promote economic development, government expenditures, etc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>It is established as the successor to the NEDA Board which will remain as the primary steering committee of the DEPDev until the formal organization of the ED Council. Outlined below are the officials who will compose the ED Council upon its convening: </p> Composition of the Economy and Development Council<table><tbody><tr><th>Board Position</th><th>Incumbent</th><th>Office</th></tr><tr><td>Chairperson:</td><td>His Excellency <a href="/facts/Bongbong_Marcos/98IXbMIG">Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/President_of_the_Philippines/RWoHauBW">President of the Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><td>Vice-Chairperson:</td><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Arsenio_Balisacan/SBxs7A8z">Arsenio M. Balisacan</a></td><td>Secretary of the DEPDev</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="20">Members:</td><td>Executive Secretary <a href="/facts/Lucas_Bersamin/2gQgA1qt">Lucas P. Bersamin</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines/fdLjMGHD">Office of the President</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Francisco_Tiu_Laurel_Jr./oo993woM">Francisco Tiu Laurel Jr.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)/doxpgxgv">Department of Agriculture</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Amenah_Pangandaman/FFdorUzP">Amenah F. Pangandaman</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Budget_and_Management/vNsRBGXQ">Department of Budget and Management</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Sonny_Angara/kGrzysNq">Juan Edgardo M. Angara</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)/t1EmIdf9">Department of Education</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Raphael_Lotilla/vhTCHucb">Raphael Perpetuo M. Lotilla</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Energy_(Philippines)/EblmR2b7">Department of Energy</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Ralph_Recto/CHv1KQlN">Ralph Recto</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Finance_(Philippines)/hpPNHN7R">Department of Finance</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Ted_Herbosa/kLPHJl7b">Ted Herbosa</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Health_(Philippines)/PLqAR8xc">Department of Health</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Jose_Acuzar/YXr7fkh1">Jose Rizalino L. Acuzar</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Human_Settlements_and_Urban_Development/dw3QF6mm">Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Jonvic_Remulla/Pm6UDRaW">Jonvic Remulla</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government/SfsnsXVy">Department of Interior and Local Government</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Bienvenido_Laguesma/m9PLkq0m">Bienvenido Laguesma</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Labor_and_Employment_(Philippines)/orDXTUrt">Department of Labor and Employment</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Manuel_Bonoan/QqvJ1I8s">Manuel M. Bonoan</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Public_Works_and_Highways/JJXpk66N">Department of Public Works and Highways</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Cristina_Aldeguer-Roque/u2XbwAnQ">Christina Aldeguer-Roque</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Philippines)/uspXbEW2">Department of Trade and Industry</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Vince_Dizon/3MvooAQj">Vince Dizon</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Transportation_(Philippines)/wo5PdD34">Department of Transportation</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Frederick_Go/Ph9KyEqa">Frederick Go</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Special_Assistant_to_the_President_for_Investment_and_Economic_Affairs/4aGoWnkU">Office of the Special Assistant to the President for Investment and Economic Affairs</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Antonio_Lagdameo_Jr./tdpGDndn">Antonio Ernesto F. Lagdameo</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Special_Assistant_to_the_President/CLx9Mmyn">Office of the Special Assistant to the President</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Jay_Ruiz/zGGBubG4">Jaybee C. Ruiz</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Presidential_Communications_Office/Goh5Wcs0">Presidential Communications Office</a></td></tr><tr><td>Chairperson Leo Tereso A. Magno</td><td><a href="/facts/Mindanao_Development_Authority/RmnTgwMh">Mindanao Development Authority</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition to the regular members of the council, the <a href="/facts/Chief_Minister_of_Bangsamoro/hFDF5jTj">Chief Minister</a> of the <a href="/facts/Bangsamoro/rces69DH">Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a> serves as an <i>ex officio</i> member of the council for matters concerning the BARMM. The <a href="/facts/Governor_of_the_Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas/rtGjResR">Governor</a> of the <a href="/facts/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas/nhpoud8I">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a> may also serve as a resource person during meetings of the council. </p> <h3>Committees of the Economy and Development Council</h3> <p>The council is assisted by seven advisory committees for policy coordination<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a>: </p> <ol><li>Development Budget Coordination Committee (DBCC)</li> <li>Economic Development Committee (EDCom)</li> <li>Investment Coordination Committee (ICC)</li> <li>Social Development Committee (SDC)</li> <li>Infrastructure Committee (InfraCom)</li> <li>Tariff and Related Matters Committee (TRMC)</li> <li>National Land Use Committee (NLUC)</li> <li>Regional Development Committee (RDCom)</li></ol> <p>The DEPDev serves as the secretariat for all committees of the council. </p> <h4>Development Budget Coordination Committee (DBCC)</h4> <p>The DBCC oversees the formation of the annual budget, government spending programs, capital outlays for government programs, cost-sharing initiatives between the national government and <a href="/facts/Local_government_units/E5jK0GBV">local government units</a>, <a href="/facts/External_debt/32AryBbT">foreign</a> and <a href="/facts/Internal_debt/TUf0hLPT">domestic borrowing</a>, and formation of multi-year fiscal programs. The DBCC then recommends these policies to the President for final approval. </p><p>The DBCC also reviews fiscal and macroeconomic targets as well as the revenues and expenditures of the national government. </p> Composition of the Development Budget Coordination Committee<table><tbody><tr><th>Board Position</th><th>Incumbent</th><th>Office</th></tr><tr><td>Chairperson:</td><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Amenah_Pangandaman/FFdorUzP">Amenah F. Pangandaman</a></td><td>Department of Budget and Management</td></tr><tr><td>Vice-Chairperson:</td><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Arsenio_Balisacan/SBxs7A8z">Arsenio M. Balisacan</a></td><td>Secretary of the DEPDev</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Members:</td><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Ralph_Recto/CHv1KQlN">Ralph Recto</a></td><td>Department of Finance</td></tr><tr><td>Executive Secretary <a href="/facts/Lucas_Bersamin/2gQgA1qt">Lucas P. Bersamin</a></td><td>Office of the President</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Economic Development Committee (EDCom)</h4> <p>The EDCom is tasked with harmonizing and coordinating policies across agencies that are part of the economic and development agenda. The focuses on the <a href="/facts/Competition/FpQaEhHv">competitiveness</a> of local business, support for farming and rural enterprises, efforts to mitigate <a href="/facts/Inflation/YvKtKrVI">inflation</a>, research on national productivity, and the equitable distribution of economic opportunities. </p><p>The EDCom also consists of the Sub-Committee on Inflation Monitoring and Market Outlook that advises the EDCom on the maintenance of inflation within the government's targets. </p> Composition of the Economic Development Committee<table><tbody><tr><th>Board Position</th><th>Incumbent</th><th>Office</th></tr><tr><td>Chairperson:</td><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Arsenio_Balisacan/SBxs7A8z">Arsenio M. Balisacan</a></td><td>Secretary of the DEPDev</td></tr><tr><td>Vice-Chairperson:</td><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Ralph_Recto/CHv1KQlN">Ralph Recto</a></td><td>Department of Finance</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="14">Members:</td><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Francisco_Tiu_Laurel_Jr./oo993woM">Francisco Tiu Laurel Jr.</a></td><td>Department of Agriculture</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Amenah_Pangandaman/FFdorUzP">Amenah F. Pangandaman</a></td><td>Department of Budget and Management</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Officer_in_Charge_(Philippines)/LVQrYves">OIC</a> Paul Joseph V. Mercado</td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology/bKNPM1Wz">Department of Information and Communications Technology</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Jonvic_Remulla/Pm6UDRaW">Jonvic Remulla</a></td><td>Department of Interior and Local Government</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Raphael_Lotilla/vhTCHucb">Raphael Perpetuo M. Lotilla</a></td><td>Department of Energy</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Ralph_Recto/CHv1KQlN">Ralph Recto</a></td><td>Department of Finance</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Bienvenido_Laguesma/m9PLkq0m">Bienvenido Laguesma</a></td><td>Department of Labor and Employment</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Renato_Solidum_Jr./I4ExThFD">Renato Solidum Jr.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(Philippines)/2DLFkNRN">Department of Science and Technology</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Christina_Frasco/qN4UxDQY">Christina Frasco</a></td><td>Department of Tourism</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Vince_Dizon/3MvooAQj">Vince Dizon</a></td><td>Department of Transportation</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Manuel_Bonoan/QqvJ1I8s">Manuel M. Bonoan</a></td><td>Department of Public Works and Highways</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Cristina_Aldeguer-Roque/u2XbwAnQ">Christina Aldeguer-Roque</a></td><td>Department of Trade and Industry</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Infrastructure Development Committee (InfraCom)</h4> <p>The InfraCom advises the President on policies and programs related to infrastructure development and endorses infrastructural master plans and projects to the ED Council. The InfraCom also coordinates the activities of government agencies and government-owned and -controlled corporations (GOCCs) involved in infrastructure development. </p> Composition of the Infrastructure Development Committee<table><tbody><tr><th>Board Position</th><th>Incumbent</th><th>Office</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Co-Chairpersons:</td><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Manuel_Bonoan/QqvJ1I8s">Manuel M. Bonoan</a></td><td>Department of Public Works and Highways</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Arsenio_Balisacan/SBxs7A8z">Arsenio M. Balisacan</a></td><td>Secretary of the DEPDev</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="12">Members:</td><td>Executive Secretary <a href="/facts/Lucas_Bersamin/2gQgA1qt">Lucas P. Bersamin</a></td><td>Office of the President</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Francisco_Tiu_Laurel_Jr./oo993woM">Francisco Tiu Laurel Jr.</a></td><td>Department of Agriculture</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Amenah_Pangandaman/FFdorUzP">Amenah F. Pangandaman</a></td><td>Department of Budget and Management</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Toni_Yulo-Loyzaga/kATTLFsJ">Toni Yulo-Loyzaga</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources/X5ChwQLs">Department of Environment and Natural Resources</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Jose_Acuzar/YXr7fkh1">Jose Rizalino L. Acuzar</a></td><td>Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Officer_in_Charge_(Philippines)/LVQrYves">OIC</a> Paul Joseph V. Mercado</td><td>Department of Information and Communications Technology</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Jonvic_Remulla/Pm6UDRaW">Jonvic Remulla</a></td><td>Department of Interior and Local Government</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Raphael_Lotilla/vhTCHucb">Raphael Perpetuo M. Lotilla</a></td><td>Department of Energy</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Ralph_Recto/CHv1KQlN">Ralph Recto</a></td><td>Department of Finance</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Christina_Frasco/qN4UxDQY">Christina Frasco</a></td><td>Department of Tourism</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Vince_Dizon/3MvooAQj">Vince Dizon</a></td><td>Department of Transportation</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Cristina_Aldeguer-Roque/u2XbwAnQ">Christina Aldeguer-Roque</a></td><td>Department of Trade and Industry</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Investment Coordination Committee (ICC)</h4> <p>The ICC assesses and evaluates the viability of major capital projects, outlines their implementation, oversees <a href="/facts/Public%25E2%2580%2593private_partnership/b4RAUT2j">public-private partnerships</a> and reports on the fiscal implications of investment and foreign borrowing programs. </p> Composition of the Investment Coordination Committee<table><tbody><tr><th>Board Position</th><th>Incumbent</th><th>Office</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Co-Chairpersons:</td><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Ralph_Recto/CHv1KQlN">Ralph Recto</a></td><td>Department of Finance</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Arsenio_Balisacan/SBxs7A8z">Arsenio M. Balisacan</a></td><td>Secretary of the DEPDev</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Members:</td><td>Executive Secretary <a href="/facts/Lucas_Bersamin/2gQgA1qt">Lucas P. Bersamin</a></td><td>Office of the President</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Amenah_Pangandaman/FFdorUzP">Amenah F. Pangandaman</a></td><td>Department of Budget and Management</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Raphael_Lotilla/vhTCHucb">Raphael Perpetuo M. Lotilla</a></td><td>Department of Energy</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Cristina_Aldeguer-Roque/u2XbwAnQ">Christina Aldeguer-Roque</a></td><td>Department of Trade and Industry</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Social Development Committee (SDC)</h4> <p>The SDC proposes policies and programs relating to social development, education, human resources, health and nutrition, family planning, social protections, human settlements, and <a href="/facts/Overseas_Filipino_Worker/Npsm8ds4">Overseas Filipino Workers</a> to the ED Council and coordinates their implementation. </p> Composition of the Social Development Committee<table><tbody><tr><th>Board Position</th><th>Incumbent</th><th>Office</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Co-Chairpersons:</td><td></td><td>Department of Labor and Employment</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Arsenio_Balisacan/SBxs7A8z">Arsenio M. Balisacan</a></td><td>Secretary of the DEPDev</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="11">Members:</td><td>Executive Secretary <a href="/facts/Lucas_Bersamin/2gQgA1qt">Lucas P. Bersamin</a></td><td>Office of the President</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Francisco_Tiu_Laurel_Jr./oo993woM">Francisco Tiu Laurel Jr.</a></td><td>Department of Agriculture</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Amenah_Pangandaman/FFdorUzP">Amenah F. Pangandaman</a></td><td>Department of Budget and Management</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Sonny_Angara/kGrzysNq">Juan Edgardo M. Angara</a></td><td>Department of Education</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Officer_in_Charge_(Philippines)/LVQrYves">OIC</a> Paul Joseph V. Mercado</td><td>Department of Information and Communications Technology</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Jose_Acuzar/YXr7fkh1">Jose Rizalino L. Acuzar</a></td><td>Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Jonvic_Remulla/Pm6UDRaW">Jonvic Remulla</a></td><td>Department of Interior and Local Government</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Rex_Gatchalian/PcHEFq36">Rex Gatchalian</a></td><td>Department of Social Welfare and Development</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Ted_Herbosa/kLPHJl7b">Ted Herbosa</a></td><td>Department of Health</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Hans_Cacdac/PmdgTy8d">Hans Cacdac</a></td><td>Department of Migrant Workers</td></tr><tr><td>Chairperson J. Prospero de Vera III</td><td>Commission on Higher Education</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Tariff and Related Matters Committee (TRMC)</h4> <p>The TRMC recommends tariff rationalization and trade policies to the President and advises the ED Council on developments in trade policies. The TRMC also oversees the implementation of bilateral, regional, and multilateral economic negotiations on the trade of goods and services. </p> Composition of the Tariff and Related Matters Committee<table><tbody><tr><th>Board Position</th><th>Incumbent</th><th>Office</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Co-Chairpersons:</td><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Cristina_Aldeguer-Roque/u2XbwAnQ">Christina Aldeguer-Roque</a></td><td>Department of Trade and Industry</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Arsenio_Balisacan/SBxs7A8z">Arsenio M. Balisacan</a></td><td>Secretary of the DEPDev</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Members:</td><td>Executive Secretary <a href="/facts/Lucas_Bersamin/2gQgA1qt">Lucas P. Bersamin</a></td><td>Office of the President</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Francisco_Tiu_Laurel_Jr./oo993woM">Francisco Tiu Laurel Jr.</a></td><td>Department of Agriculture</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Amenah_Pangandaman/FFdorUzP">Amenah F. Pangandaman</a></td><td>Department of Budget and Management</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Enrique_Manalo/WWYCcTp5">Enrique Manalo</a></td><td>Department of Foreign Affairs</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Officer_in_Charge_(Philippines)/LVQrYves">OIC</a> Paul Joseph V. Mercado</td><td>Department of Information and Communications Technology</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Ralph_Recto/CHv1KQlN">Ralph Recto</a></td><td>Department of Finance</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Bienvenido_Laguesma/m9PLkq0m">Bienvenido Laguesma</a></td><td>Department of Labor and Employment</td></tr><tr><td>Chairperson Marilou P. Mendoza</td><td>Tariff Commission</td></tr><tr><td>Chairperson Michael G. Aguinaldo</td><td><a href="/facts/Philippine_Competition_Commission/aDX8gJFm">Philippine Competition Commission</a></td></tr><tr><td>Governor <a href="/facts/Eli_Remolona/oxVIroM9">Eli M. Remolona, Jr.</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas/nhpoud8I">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>National Land Use Committee (NLUC)</h4> <p>The NLUC advises the President and the ED Council on land use and physical planning, identifies present land resources, harmonizes guidelines and frameworks on the use of land and space, provides technical support to the Department of Justice on the resolution of land disputes, and proposes the National Framework for Physical Planning. </p><p>The NLUC is also tasked with integrating disaster risk management and climate change adaptation policies into socio-economic plans and projects. </p> Composition of the National Land Use Committee<table><tbody><tr><th>Board Position</th><th>Incumbent</th><th>Office</th></tr><tr><td>Chairperson:</td><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Arsenio_Balisacan/SBxs7A8z">Arsenio M. Balisacan</a></td><td>Secretary of the DEPDev</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">Members:</td><td>Executive Secretary <a href="/facts/Lucas_Bersamin/2gQgA1qt">Lucas P. Bersamin</a></td><td>Office of the President</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Francisco_Tiu_Laurel_Jr./oo993woM">Francisco Tiu Laurel Jr.</a></td><td>Department of Agriculture</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Conrado_Estrella_III/C3AIHHtX">Conrado Estrella III</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Department_of_Agrarian_Reform/DvhJGkaY">Department of Agrarian Reform</a></td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Toni_Yulo-Loyzaga/kATTLFsJ">Toni Yulo-Loyzaga</a></td><td>Department of Environment and Natural Resources</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Jose_Acuzar/YXr7fkh1">Jose Rizalino L. Acuzar</a></td><td>Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Jonvic_Remulla/Pm6UDRaW">Jonvic Remulla</a></td><td>Department of Interior and Local Government</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Manuel_Bonoan/QqvJ1I8s">Manuel M. Bonoan</a></td><td>Department of Public Works and Highways</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Regional Development Committee (RDCom)</h4> <p>The RDCom formulates and monitors regional development, coordinates inter-regional development policies and programs, formulates and monitors the implementation of regional programs under the Philippine Development Plan, and promotes the equitable allocation of fiscal resources. </p> Composition of the Regional Development Committee<table><tbody><tr><th>Board Position</th><th>Incumbent</th><th>Office</th></tr><tr><td>Chairperson:</td><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Arsenio_Balisacan/SBxs7A8z">Arsenio M. Balisacan</a></td><td>Secretary of the DEPDev</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Members:</td><td>Executive Secretary <a href="/facts/Lucas_Bersamin/2gQgA1qt">Lucas P. Bersamin</a></td><td>Office of the President</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Amenah_Pangandaman/FFdorUzP">Amenah F. Pangandaman</a></td><td>Department of Budget and Management</td></tr><tr><td>Secretary <a href="/facts/Jonvic_Remulla/Pm6UDRaW">Jonvic Remulla</a></td><td>Department of Interior and Local Government</td></tr><tr><td>Vacant</td><td>RDC Luzon Area Committee Chairperson</td></tr><tr><td>Vacant</td><td>RDC Visayas Area Committee Chairperson</td></tr><tr><td>Vacant</td><td>RDC Mindanao Area Committee Chairperson</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="national-innovation-council">National Innovation Council</h2> <p class="note">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/National_Innovation_Council_(Philippines)/ICmeb2dE">National Innovation Council (Philippines)</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Innovation_Council_(Philippines)&action=edit">edit</a>]</p> <p>The <a href="/facts/National_Innovation_Council_(Philippines)/ICmeb2dE">National Innovation Council</a> (NIC; <a href="/facts/Filipino_language/sFspmMjH">Filipino</a>: <i>Pambansang Konseho sa Inobasyon</i>) is the Philippine government's highest policy-making body for national innovation development. It was established to develop the country's innovation goals, priorities, and long-term national strategy established by virtue of Republic Act No. 11293 or the Philippine Innovation Act of 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> It is headed by the <a href="/facts/President_of_the_Philippines/RWoHauBW">president of the Philippines</a> as chairman of the NIC, with the Secretary of Socioeconomic Planning as vice-chairman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>The NIC is operationalized by an Executive Director who also leads the National Innovation Council Secretariat which is housed under the Department of Economy, Planning, and Development. It provides strategic foresight, funding, capacity building, and policy coordination initiatives for a smarter and more innovative Philippines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>The primary functions of the NIC are in the formulation and development of the National Innovation Agenda and Strategy Document (NIASD), the management of the Innovation Fund, the oversight over Innovation Credit and Financing programs through the <a href="/facts/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas/nhpoud8I">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a>, and in monitoring the <a href="/facts/Global_Innovation_Index/mIqcsoF4">Global Innovation Index</a> (GII) ranking of the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> As defined by the law, "<a href="/facts/Innovation/aa7hadLw">innovation</a>" refers to the creation of new ideas that results in the development of new or improved policies, products, processes, or services which are then spread or transferred across the market.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> <h2 id="other-offices">Other offices</h2> <ol><li>The Legislative-Executive Development Advisory Council (LEDAC) Secretariat.</li> <li>The Legislative Liaison Office (LLO)</li></ol> <h2 id="attached-agencies">Attached agencies</h2> <p>Following its reorganization by Republic Act No. 12145, the attached agencies of the DEPDev are classified into 3 groups: </p><p>Agencies attached for administrative supervision: </p> <ol><li>Philippine National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency (PNVSCA)</li> <li>Tariff Commission (TC)</li></ol> <p>Agencies attached for policy coordination: </p> <ol><li><a href="/facts/Philippine_Statistics_Authority/TMMIvT98">Philippine Statistics Authority</a></li> <li>Philippine Statistical Research and Training Institute (PSRTI)</li></ol> <p>Agencies attached for policy and program coordination: </p> <ol><li><a href="/facts/Philippine_Institute_for_Development_Studies/n9tHcwe9">Philippine Institute for Development Studies</a> (PIDS)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Commission_on_Population_and_Development_(Philippines)/dompEu1w">Commission on Population and Development</a> (CPD)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Development_Academy_of_the_Philippines/MvqNPhbP">Development Academy of the Philippines</a> (DAP)</li> <li>Public-Private Partnership Center of the Philippines (PPPC)</li></ol> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li></li> <li><a href="/facts/Economy_of_the_Philippines/sKLtvSPV">Economy of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Philippines%25E2%2580%2593Australia_Community_Assistance_Program/1zQnoAT3">Philippines–Australia Community Assistance Program</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Media related to Department of Economy, Planning, and Development at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="http://www.neda.gov.ph/about.asp">About NEDA</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Republic Act No. 12145". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. April 10, 2025. Retrieved April 13, 2025. <a href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2025/04/10/republic-act-no-12145/" target="_blank">https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2025/04/10/republic-act-no-12145/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Marcos picks Aquino's NEDA chief Balisacan to return to agency". Rappler. May 23, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022. <a href="https://www.rappler.com/nation/marcos-jr-picks-arsenio-balisacan-neda-chief/" target="_blank">https://www.rappler.com/nation/marcos-jr-picks-arsenio-balisacan-neda-chief/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"History: The Department of National Defense". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved March 10, 2018. <a href="http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/history-the-department-of-national-defense/" target="_blank">http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/history-the-department-of-national-defense/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Commonwealth Act No. 2 (December 23, 1935)". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. December 23, 1935. Retrieved March 10, 2018. <a href="http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1935/12/23/commonwealth-act-no-2/" target="_blank">http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1935/12/23/commonwealth-act-no-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"History of the National Economic and Development Authority". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved March 10, 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/neda-history/" target="_blank">http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/neda-history/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"The First Annual Report of the President of the Philippines to the President of the United States Covering the Period of November 15, 1935 to December 31, 1936". Internet Archive. Retrieved March 10, 2018. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/annualreport3536phil/annualreport3536phil_djvu.txt" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/annualreport3536phil/annualreport3536phil_djvu.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"History of the National Economic and Development Authority". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved March 10, 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/neda-history/" target="_blank">http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/neda-history/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Quezon, Manuel (June 16, 1936). "Second State of the Nation Address, 16 June 1936". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved March 10, 2018. <a href="http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/06/16/manuel-l-quezon-second-state-of-the-nation-address-june-16-1936/" target="_blank">http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/06/16/manuel-l-quezon-second-state-of-the-nation-address-june-16-1936/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Commonwealth Act No. 120". ChanRobles Virtual Law Library. 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Retrieved March 10, 2018. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/annualreport3536phil/annualreport3536phil_djvu.txt" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/annualreport3536phil/annualreport3536phil_djvu.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Republic Act No. 51". The Lawphil Project. Arellano Law Foundation. Retrieved March 11, 2018. <a href="http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1946/ra_51_1946.html" target="_blank">http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1946/ra_51_1946.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"History of the National Economic and Development Authority". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved March 10, 2018. 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