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Academic quarter (year division)
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<h2 id="historical-context">Historical context</h2> <p>The modern academic quarter calendar can be traced to the historic English law court / legal training <a href="/facts/Pupillage/s9b1tvVD">pupillage</a> four term system: </p> British academic term variants<table><tbody><tr><th>Months</th><th>Pupillage</th><th>Cambridge</th><th>Oxford</th></tr><tr><td>January–March</td><td><a href="/facts/Hilary_term/KS3lDL94">Hilary</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Lent_term/GqolufVj">Lent</a></td><td>Hilary</td></tr><tr><td>April–May</td><td><a href="/facts/Easter_term/AFTTf5Kg">Easter</a></td><td>Easter</td><td>Trinity</td></tr><tr><td>June–July</td><td><a href="/facts/Trinity_term/q9e7snrQ">Trinity</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>October–December</td><td><a href="/facts/Michaelmas/c38Xtz82">Michaelmas</a></td><td>Michaelmas</td><td>Michaelmas</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This quarter system was adopted by the oldest universities in the English-speaking world (Oxford, founded circa 1096,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> and Cambridge, founded circa 1209<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a>). </p><p>Over time, Cambridge dropped Trinity Term and renamed Hilary Term to Lent Term, and Oxford also dropped the original Trinity Term and renamed Easter Term as Trinity Term, thus establishing the three-term academic "quarter" year widely found in countries with a lineage to England or the United Kingdom. </p><p><a href="/facts/Charterhouse_School/q7cugDd6">Charterhouse</a>, an English independent school, still refers to <a href="/facts/Charterhouse_School/q7cugDd6">its three academic terms</a> as "quarters". </p> <h2 id="united-states">United States</h2> <h3>Background and trends</h3> <p>In the United States, quarters typically comprise 10 weeks of class instruction,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> although they have historically ranged from eight to 13 weeks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Academic quarters first came into existence as such when <a href="/facts/William_Rainey_Harper/F4Vj1VIn">William Rainey Harper</a> organized the <a href="/facts/University_of_Chicago/z6zRMUmV">University of Chicago</a> on behalf of <a href="/facts/John_D._Rockefeller/v4JcIDq7">John D. Rockefeller</a> in 1891. Harper decided to keep the school in session year-round and divide it into four terms instead of the then-traditional two.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>Of the four traditional <a href="/facts/Academic_term/hbs0UQo1">academic calendars</a> (semester, quarter, trimester, and <a href="/facts/Academic_term/hbs0UQo1">4-1-4</a>), the semester calendar is used the most widely, at over 60% of U.S. <a href="/facts/Higher_learning_institution/6GjdtJap">higher learning institutions</a>, with fewer than 20% using the quarter system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> This number has stayed fairly constant since 1930, when 75% of U.S. institutions surveyed indicated they used a semester plan, with 22% on the quarter system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>During the 1960s, a number of U.S. <a href="/facts/State_university_system/UAokD0jc">state university systems</a> made a switch from a semester to quarter system, typically in an attempt to accommodate the large number of post-war "baby boom" students who had reached college age (sometimes called the "Tidal Wave I enrollment boom"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a>). A prominent example of this trend was the <a href="/facts/University_of_California_system/M9AWowUd">University of California system</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Since then, <a href="/facts/UC_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">UC Berkeley</a> switched back to semesters in 1983,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> the new <a href="/facts/UC_Merced/QhhXFQ5g">UC Merced</a> branch opened with the semester system, and some UC professional schools have switched back to semesters at various points.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> In 2020, <a href="/facts/UC_San_Diego/srMClpNv">UC San Diego</a> considered a switch to the semester system as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> At various points since the 1960s, committees have been established and official discussions have taken place within the UC system to discuss a systemwide switch back to the semester system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>In recent years, a number of higher education institutions have considered or approved a switch to a semester system. The <a href="/facts/University_System_of_Ohio/1tpfnCVp">University System of Ohio</a>, which includes <a href="/facts/Ohio_State_University/jfSr6u6u">Ohio State University</a>, <a href="/facts/Ohio_University/C3h2C2T7">Ohio University</a>, and the <a href="/facts/University_of_Cincinnati/Bp7UKAtm">University of Cincinnati</a>, converted to the semester system in 2012 to better align with other public and private institutions in the state, among other reasons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Individual schools have also switched, like <a href="/facts/Georgia_Tech/HKtrUSao">Georgia Tech</a> in 1999.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Rochester Institute of Technology converted to semesters in Fall 2013, although the decision was highly controversial, overriding a student vote to remain with quarters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Other institutions and systems that have switched include <a href="/facts/California_State_University%2c_Los_Angeles/zxpNgqaV">California State University, Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/facts/Auburn_University/kz4YvffX">Auburn University</a>, the <a href="/facts/University_of_Minnesota_system/30k40ydg">University of Minnesota system</a>, the <a href="/facts/Utah_State_system/qamWhgaC">Utah State system</a>, and <a href="/facts/Northeastern_University/8maXMkEb">Northeastern University</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Southern_Oregon_University/IwAKMYbc">Southern Oregon University</a> was required to study a switch to the semester system as part of state legislation on a possible merger with the <a href="/facts/University_of_Oregon/Y2bxdILd">University of Oregon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h3>Arguments</h3> <p>Concerns over the quarter system include faculty dislike of the brevity of the term, the loss of faculty research and collaboration time, the end of the spring quarter overrunning the start date of many established summer internships which also leads to shorter internship periods, difficulties in recovering from illness-linked absence, and the heavy administrative workload.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>A quarter system calendar also may put schools at a disadvantage in competing for prospective students, who wish to keep in-step with friends, and offer more opportunities for students to "disconnect from school."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>It can be difficult to transfer credits between semester institutions and quarter institutions, even when they are in the same state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>Quarter systems do allow students to enroll in a richer variety of courses and school-coordinated <a href="/facts/Internship/IT2WCE7P">internships</a> and may encourage students to take on double majors, minors, concentrations, and the like.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> A quarter system can maximize the use of college facilities in a time of enrollment growth, as it allows for four regular periods of academic instruction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Also, quarters allow for faculty to engage in terms with a relatively light course load of teaching and greater opportunities for short <a href="/facts/Sabbatical/3QgUGTej">sabbaticals</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>American universities on quarter system</h3> <p>American institutions of higher learning on the quarter system include: </p> <h4>California</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/California_Institute_of_Technology/3FPcp7BL">California Institute of Technology</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/California_Polytechnic_State_University%2c_San_Luis_Obispo/IKzerwNw">California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo</a> (until fall 2026)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Loma_Linda_University/2hRnJL8o">Loma Linda University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pacific_Union_College/812pkWsH">Pacific Union College</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Santa_Clara_University/c4ztoBnF">Santa Clara University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_California/M9AWowUd">University of California</a> - Seven of the ten <a href="/facts/University_of_California/M9AWowUd">University of California</a> campuses are on a quarter system. However, the five law schools in the University of California (<a href="/facts/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law/3fsGxQKs">UC Berkeley School of Law</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> <a href="/facts/UC_Davis_School_of_Law/a0CJdsJl">UC Davis School of Law</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> <a href="/facts/UCLA_School_of_Law/sKGjXuIM">UCLA School of Law</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Irvine_School_of_Law/7g0xjMQ5">UC Irvine Law</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/University_of_California_College_of_the_Law%2c_San_Francisco/zew6nq0r">UC Law SF</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a>) are on a quarter system as is the <a href="/facts/David_Geffen_School_of_Medicine_at_UCLA/Jcb7PApE">UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Davis/LTCyhaP5">University of California, Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Irvine/gS3nEt3V">University of California, Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Los_Angeles/KwPz7AK1">University of California, Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Riverside/QVdCJj5c">University of California, Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_San_Diego/srMClpNv">University of California, San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Santa_Barbara/G7UvBWlK">University of California, Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Santa_Cruz/ez1IKCYp">University of California, Santa Cruz</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h4>Colorado</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/University_of_Denver/RxD3ouT4">University of Denver</a></li></ul> <h4>Georgia</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Savannah_College_of_Art_and_Design/fo3Efq6T">Savannah College of Art and Design</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Illinois</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/DePaul_University/nHb9xUxp">DePaul University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Northwestern_University/4dunJHBf">Northwestern University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_Chicago/z6zRMUmV">University of Chicago</a></li></ul> <h4>Indiana</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Rose%25E2%2580%2593Hulman_Institute_of_Technology/bqvVcDBd">Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology</a></li></ul> <h4>Louisiana</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Louisiana_Tech_University/3YocGyXR">Louisiana Tech University</a></li></ul> <h4>New Hampshire</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Dartmouth_College/JLk2nNaN">Dartmouth College</a></li></ul> <h4>Ohio</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Antioch_College/NKJSAbNI">Antioch College</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Online</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Capella_University/3vzKdpKl">Capella University</a></li></ul> <h4>Oregon</h4> <p>All but one of the public universities in <a href="/facts/Oregon/4Uq446Ko">Oregon</a> is on the quarter system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Eastern_Oregon_University/sJoTzahc">Eastern Oregon University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oregon_Health_%2526_Science_University/I3vtQYF6">Oregon Health & Science University</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/zmdLUXvu">Oregon Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oregon_State_University/FR0MGWWg">Oregon State University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Portland_State_University/uzc2z68w">Portland State University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Southern_Oregon_University/IwAKMYbc">Southern Oregon University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_Oregon/Y2bxdILd">University of Oregon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Western_Oregon_University/v1Pzkrut">Western Oregon University</a></li></ul> <h4>Rhode Island</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/New_England_Institute_of_Technology/xPX7x48X">New England Institute of Technology</a></li></ul> <h4>Pennsylvania</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Drexel_University/t1CjDDmE">Drexel University</a></li></ul> <h4>Washington</h4> <p>All but one of the public universities in <a href="/facts/Washington_(state)/7tCrTFnN">Washington</a> is on the quarter system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Central_Washington_University/nWJekyo1">Central Washington University</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Eastern_Washington_University/SYbKgmnw">Eastern Washington University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Evergreen_State_College/cRsUupbg">Evergreen State College</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Seattle_University/egS5Tdlq">Seattle University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Seattle_Pacific_University/5z1fEWqJ">Seattle Pacific University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_Washington/36PG6qkG">University of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_Washington_Tacoma/ogI8sCCK">University of Washington Tacoma</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Walla_Walla_University/rhvDqy8G">Walla Walla University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Western_Washington_University/ntpdWqXj">Western Washington University</a></li></ul> <h4>Wisconsin</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Milwaukee_School_of_Engineering/EkQRYhe5">Milwaukee School of Engineering</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Academic_term/hbs0UQo1">Academic term</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Legal_year/nIsUHlrS">Legal year</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"University of Oxford - History". University of Oxford. Retrieved 2016-07-16. <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/history" target="_blank">https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/history</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"University of Cambridge - History". University of Cambridge. 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2016-07-16. <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history/early-records" target="_blank">https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history/early-records</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Practice Resources, NAFSA: Association of International Educators". Archived from the original on 2008-05-03. Retrieved 2008-08-07. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503123134/http://www.nafsa.org/knowledge_community_network.sec/education_abroad_1/managing_an_education/practice_resources_37/facts_figures/how_to_fill_out_the_open" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080503123134/http://www.nafsa.org/knowledge_community_network.sec/education_abroad_1/managing_an_education/practice_resources_37/facts_figures/how_to_fill_out_the_open</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Kemp Malone, 'Semester' , American Speech, Dec. 1946, p. 264 <a href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/487322" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/pss/487322</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kemp Malone, 'Semester' , American Speech, Dec. 1946, p. 264 <a href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/487322" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/pss/487322</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Report of the 1998-99 ad hoc Calendar Committee, Northeastern University, July 30, 1999[permanent dead link] <a href="http://www.neu.edu/semesterinfo/Backgrounddocuments/calendar99.doc" target="_blank">http://www.neu.edu/semesterinfo/Backgrounddocuments/calendar99.doc</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>H.W. James, The Semester versus the Quarter, Journal of Higher Education, Oct. 1930, p. 38 <a href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1974175" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/pss/1974175</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Ensuring Access with Quality to California's Community Colleges". The National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221182647/http://www.highereducation.org/reports/hewlett/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200221182647/http://www.highereducation.org/reports/hewlett/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Lum, Lydia (2 June 2004). "Too Fast, Too Furious? As community colleges grow in enrollment and appeal, some question their ability to serve disadvantaged students". Diverse Issues in Higher Education. Retrieved 7 March 2021. <a href="https://diverseeducation.com/article/3726/" target="_blank">https://diverseeducation.com/article/3726/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"University proposes master plan". The Daily Aztec. 21 October 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2021. <a href="http://thedailyaztec.com/21564/daily-aztec-stories/university-proposes-master-plan/" target="_blank">http://thedailyaztec.com/21564/daily-aztec-stories/university-proposes-master-plan/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Debate: Semesters or Quarters, UCLA Faculty Senate Voice, Apr. 2003 (iss. 3) Archived February 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.senate.ucla.edu/SenateVoice/Issue3/Debate_Semesters_Or_Quarters.htm" target="_blank">http://www.senate.ucla.edu/SenateVoice/Issue3/Debate_Semesters_Or_Quarters.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Harlan Lebo, Semester vs. quarter?, UCLA Today, 2002 Archived August 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.today.ucla.edu/2002/021119semester.html" target="_blank">http://www.today.ucla.edu/2002/021119semester.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Debate: Semesters or Quarters, UCLA Faculty Senate Voice, Apr. 2003 (iss. 3) Archived February 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.senate.ucla.edu/SenateVoice/Issue3/Debate_Semesters_Or_Quarters.htm" target="_blank">http://www.senate.ucla.edu/SenateVoice/Issue3/Debate_Semesters_Or_Quarters.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Robbins, Gary (February 19, 2020). "UC San Diego might switch to semester system to ease stress on students". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved February 20, 2020. <a href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/story/2020-02-19/uc-san-diego-might-switch-from-quarter-to-semester-say-to-ease-stress-on-students" target="_blank">https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/story/2020-02-19/uc-san-diego-might-switch-from-quarter-to-semester-say-to-ease-stress-on-students</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Debate: Semesters or Quarters, UCLA Faculty Senate Voice, Apr. 2003 (iss. 3) Archived February 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.senate.ucla.edu/SenateVoice/Issue3/Debate_Semesters_Or_Quarters.htm" target="_blank">http://www.senate.ucla.edu/SenateVoice/Issue3/Debate_Semesters_Or_Quarters.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Chris Ziegler, Faculty Considers Switch from Quarter to Semester, (University of California, Santa Barbara) Daily Nexus, Jan. 29, 1990 (reprinted Jan. 29, 2007) Archived May 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.dailynexus.com/article.php?a=13006" target="_blank">http://www.dailynexus.com/article.php?a=13006</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Farkas, Karen (May 30, 2012). "State universities, community colleges switching from quarters to semesters". Cleveland.com. 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