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Fortriu
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<h2 id="name">Name</h2> <p>The people of Fortriu left no surviving indigenous writings<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> and the name they used to describe themselves is unrecorded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> They were first documented in the late 4th century by the Roman historian <a href="/facts/Ammianus_Marcellinus/Q9Mf1KeS">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, who referred to them in <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> as the <i>Verturiones (or Vecturiones)</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The Latin root <i>verturio</i> has been connected etymologically by <a href="/facts/John_Rhys/YMNxJbkF">John Rhys</a> with the later <a href="/facts/Welsh_language/4Pz8r6yk">Welsh</a> word <i>gwerthyr</i>, meaning "fortress",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> suggesting that both came from a <a href="/facts/Common_Brittonic/YnFau4up">Common Brittonic</a> root <i>vertera</i>, and implying that the group's name meant "Fortress People".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Mallory & Adams saw the name as representing <i>tu(:)rjones</i>, derived from Indo European <i>tur</i> meaning "mighty", with the intensive prefix <i>*wer</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> A reconstructed form in the <a href="/facts/Pictish_language/PM5zpEkM">Pictish language</a> would be something like <i>*Uerteru</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>A connected <a href="/facts/Old_Irish/79xpaDv5">Old Irish</a> form of the name appears from the 6th to the 10th centuries in the <a href="/facts/Annals_of_Ulster/FDmG3qhJ">Annals of Ulster</a> and later sources, which contain repeated references to <i>rex Fortrenn</i>, ("the King of Fortriu"), <i>la firu Fortrenn</i> ("the men of Fortriu") and <i>Maigh Fortrenn</i> ("the plain of Fortriu"), alongside references to battles occurring <i>i Fortrinn</i> ("in Fortriu").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> These are examples of a common pattern of <a href="/facts/Goidelic_languages/gJPUYXlc">Goidelic languages</a> rendering with an <i>f</i> what in <a href="/facts/Brittonic_languages/9MPYrKUG">Brittonic languages</a> is <i>U</i>/<i>V</i>, <i>W</i> or <i>Gw</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The word <i>Fortriu</i> is a modern reconstruction of a <a href="/facts/Nominative_case/wXX3Vn4x">nominative form</a> for this word that has survived only in these <a href="/facts/Genitive_case/nMXh3StK">genitive</a> and <a href="/facts/Dative_case/bBjY0RVf">dative</a> cases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Anglo-Saxon/qWLes0LP">Anglo-Saxon</a> sources, from the <i><a href="/facts/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle/vub2M2h7">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> in the 6th century to <a href="/facts/Bede/BDQugzAn">Bede</a> in the 8th century, refer to the group using the <a href="/facts/Old_English/9rsmQG2a">Old English</a> form of the name <i>Wærteras</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Modern scholars writing in English usually refer to the kingdom using the name <i>Fortriu</i> and the adjective <i>Verturian</i>, and use the name the <i>Wærteras</i> to refer to the people as an <a href="/facts/Ethnic_group/XSp5l24t">ethnic group</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Roman Iron Age</h3> <p>Fortriu is first recorded by the Roman author <a href="/facts/Ammianus_Marcellinus/Q9Mf1KeS">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, who writing in c. 392 used the <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> name <i>Verturiones</i> to describe one of the two <i>gentes</i> or "peoples" of the <a href="/facts/Picts/Y2M50Ulj">Picts</a> who took part in the <a href="/facts/Great_Conspiracy/ejfygjdJ">Great Conspiracy</a> of 367–368.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Although alongside the <i><a href="/facts/Dicalydones/vBlyfUUD">Dicalydones</a></i> they are clearly described as Pictish, at this time this may just have been a pejorative Roman word for <a href="/facts/Romanitas/ln0TPTGq">unromanised</a> Britons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The <i>Verturiones</i> were probably based like their successors around the <a href="/facts/Moray_Firth/Kx8la9VA">Moray Firth</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> It is not clear what relationship they had to earlier peoples documented in the same area, such as the <a href="/facts/Vacomagi/09Tmrxps">Vacomagi</a> and <a href="/facts/Decantae/w1Eg28eB">Decantae</a> surveyed under <a href="/facts/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola/3vev6XAy">Agricola</a> in the 1st century and listed in <a href="/facts/Ptolemy/htudGQTQ">Ptolemy</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Geography_(Ptolemy)/gbCXgJR7">Geography</a></i>, but archeological discoveries at Birnie near <a href="/facts/Elgin%2c_Moray/pJdvag34">Elgin</a> indicate that Rome had remained in diplomatic contact with the area throughout the 2nd century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>The <i>Verturiones</i> may have emerged as part of a pattern seen in other Roman frontier zones such as Germany, where areas beyond the border saw population groups amalgamating into fewer but larger political units.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>As well as the two Pictish groupings, the conspiracy of 367–368 included <i><a href="/facts/Scoti/bIIBlXMc">Scotti</a></i> from <a href="/facts/Ireland/35vYxXdP">Ireland</a>; <i><a href="/facts/Attacotti/g7FrxWs8">Attacotti</a></i> whose origins are uncertain but likely to have been somewhere within the <a href="/facts/British_Isles/4fBquvMU">British Isles</a>; and <a href="/facts/Franks/RHyCqfkd">Franks</a> and <a href="/facts/Saxons/mqm06m4r">Saxons</a> from across the <a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a>; suggesting high levels of intercommunication between the <i>Verturiones</i> and the peoples of Ireland and continental Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The conspiracy may have been caused by a decline in the level of subsidies given to barbarian tribes by the emperor <a href="/facts/Valentinian_I/48ukbyEa">Valentinian</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The fact that <a href="/facts/Fullofaudes/NS1lAcMo">Fullofaudes</a>, the leader of the northern Roman troops, was captured rather than killed suggests that the Pictish invaders may have been motivated mainly by extracting treasure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h3>Verturian hegemony</h3> <p>After the 4th century Fortriu is not explicitly mentioned in documentary sources until 664, but there are indications that Fortriu's later power may have been foreshadowed in the late 6th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Adomnan/beUGlf0X">Adomnan</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Life_of_Columba/3EU7b5Mm">Life of Columba</a></i> describes the stronghold of the Pictish king <a href="/facts/Bridei_son_of_Maelchon/qjfH8W5X">Bridei son of Maelchon</a>, who ruled from 554 to 584, as being by the <a href="/facts/River_Ness/fzqIrzqD">River Ness</a>, in or near to the heartland of Fortriu.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Bridei is depicted by Adomnan as overlord of a <i>regulus</i> or "underking" of <a href="/facts/Orkney/CDuLIPfu">Orkney</a>, and was separately described by the <a href="/facts/Northumbria/fkVzk6xc">Northumbrian</a> historian <a href="/facts/Bede/BDQugzAn">Bede</a> as <i>rex potentissimus</i> or "very powerful king".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Irish annals record a "flight" or "migration" of Gaels "before the son of Mailcon" between 558 and 560, suggesting that by then Bridei's power may have been extending into the territory of <a href="/facts/Cen%25C3%25A9l_Loairn/WzbaLIcy">Cenél Loairn</a> in <a href="/facts/D%25C3%25A1l_Riata/lk0qLeaF">Dál Riata</a>, at the opposite end of the <a href="/facts/Great_Glen/gPNRDUN0">Great Glen</a> from Fortriu,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> and Adomnan records a slave girl from Dál Riata at Bridei's court at the time of Columba's visit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>By the end of the 7th century Fortriu had established a dominant position over most or all of the Picts, one of the most significant developments in the history of early medieval Scotland,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> described by historians as the <i>Verturian Hegemony</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> The status of Fortriu as a powerful over-kingdom can be seen from the reign of <a href="/facts/Bridei_son_of_Beli/wBUKhkbs">Bridei son of Beli</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> who was the first king to be explicitly described as "King of Fortriu" in contemporary chronicles,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> and whose victory over <a href="/facts/Ecgfrith_of_Northumbria/2ScfdFH5">Ecgfrith of Northumbria</a> at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Dun_Nechtain/cxf9w0XR">Battle of Dun Nechtain</a> in 685 extended Fortriu's power southward, replacing Northumbrian rule north of the <a href="/facts/River_Forth/bHg6GINP">Forth</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Bridei had possibly been a sub-king of the Northumbrians at the start of his reign in 671, but began to extend his power with a siege of <a href="/facts/Dunottar/5ME14qtw">Dunottar</a> in 680 and an attack on <a href="/facts/Orkney/CDuLIPfu">Orkney</a> in 681.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> As the influence of the kings of Fortriu grew they promoted the idea of the Picts as a single people with a single king,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> playing a key role in uniting the Picts and establishing a self-conscious Pictish identity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>The continuing power of the kings of Fortriu over the Picts can be seen in the activities of Bridei son of Beli's successors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Bridei_son_of_Derilei/BbL7jN8a">Bridei son of Derilei</a> and the cleric <a href="/facts/Curet%25C3%25A1n/eU4qCWEC">Curetán</a> of <a href="/facts/Rosemarkie/pmhu4G59">Rosemarkie</a> were the only Pictish signatories to <i><a href="/facts/C%25C3%25A1in_Adomn%25C3%25A1in/5W9V4cz1">Cáin Adomnáin</a></i> or "Law of the Innocents" in 697, indicating that Bridei was able to enforce adherence of the Picts as a whole; while <a href="/facts/Nechtan_son_of_Derilei/W2jcaJEX">Nechtan son of Derilei</a>'s church reforms of the 710s were described by Bede as being enacted "throughout all the provinces of the Picts".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> The kings of Fortriu maintained their control over southern Pictish territories in the 7th and 8th centuries by planting them with loyal Gaelic lords and their military retinues; creating <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Scotland/M0hcuD5V">provinces</a> named after leading Gaelic kindreds including <a href="/facts/Cen%25C3%25A9l_Comgaill/X29nRn67">Cenél Comgaill</a> in <a href="/facts/Strathearn/e8RPgzIk">Strathearn</a>, <a href="/facts/Cen%25C3%25A9l_n%25C3%2593engusa/bnzxXx29">Cenél nÓengusa</a> in <a href="/facts/Angus%2c_Scotland/LB36fVyh">Angus</a> and <a href="/facts/Cen%25C3%25A9l_nGabr%25C3%25A1in/yk0VUaeD">Cenél nGabráin</a> in <a href="/facts/Gowrie/w8YV7Eup">Gowrie</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>A series of campaigns under <a href="/facts/Onuist_son_of_Uurguist/cHDj55YE">Onuist son of Uurguist</a> between 731 and 741 saw this power extended further with the invasion and conquest of the <a href="/facts/Gaels/Vm9XaXpL">Gaelic</a> kingdom of <a href="/facts/D%25C3%25A1l_Riata/lk0qLeaF">Dál Riata</a>, located in the area of modern-day <a href="/facts/Argyll/jIh6JfeA">Argyll</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Onuist became the first Pictish king known to have invaded <a href="/facts/Northumbria/fkVzk6xc">Northumbria</a> and <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde/0xyDpcwQ">Strathclyde</a> and may even have invaded <a href="/facts/Ireland/35vYxXdP">Ireland</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> establishing a domination over northern Britain unmatched by any preceding king, that would not be rivalled again for another 150 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>A period of instability in Fortriu following the death of Elphin son of Wrad in 780 saw four rulers in quick succession – three from the family of Onuist son of Uurguist – and allowed Dál Riata to reassert its independence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> The succession of <a href="/facts/Constant%25C3%25ADn_son_of_Uurguist/FmnwybCF">Constantín son of Uurguist</a> to the kingship of Fortriu in 789 was challenged by the Dál Riatan king <a href="/facts/Conall_mac_Taidg/KX61WQbI">Conall mac Taidg</a>, but Constantín proved to be strong leader and reigned through to his death in 820.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h3>The Viking Age</h3> <p>The dominance of Fortriu and the <a href="/facts/House_of_Uurguist/b6lXw1Xt">House of Uurguist</a>, which had lasted for over fifty years and for much of that period had also extended to Gaelic <a href="/facts/D%25C3%25A1l_Riata/lk0qLeaF">Dál Riata</a> and the Britons of <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde/0xyDpcwQ">Strathclyde</a>, came to a sudden and dramatic end with a decisive defeat by <a href="/facts/Vikings/d0WFeQ6f">Vikings</a> in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_839/Cr2mPU5P">Battle of 839</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> The <i><a href="/facts/Annals_of_Ulster/FDmG3qhJ">Annals of Ulster</a></i> record the deaths in the battle of the king of Fortriu, <a href="/facts/Wen_son_of_Onuist/6AnjvuP3">Wen son of Onuist</a>, and his brother Bran son of Onuist, together with the king of Dál Riata <a href="/facts/%25C3%2581ed_mac_Boanta/QwBm7j7b">Áed mac Boanta</a> – suggesting Dál Riata was still under Pictish control – alongside "others almost innumerable".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> The fact that so many were slain, including the kings of both Fortriu and Dál Riata, suggests that Wen had had time to gather his forces, and that this was the culmination of a campaign rather than a fortuitous raid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> This was one of the most important and decisive battles in British history and although its location is uncertain it probably took place in the heartland of Fortriu on the shores of the Moray Firth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>The Viking Kings of Dublin <a href="/facts/Amla%25C3%25ADb_Conung/P3W9Tq4C">Amlaíb</a> and <a href="/facts/Auisle/W66CbcMT">Auisle</a> are recorded in the <i>Annals of Ulster</i> going to Fortriu and plundering "the entire Pictish nation" in 866.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Although the chronology of written sources is confused, they probably occupied Fortriu for three years and took hostages,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> before <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Dumbarton/lAygg5hU">attacking Dumbarton Rock</a> in 870 and returning to Dublin in 871, bringing with them "a great prey of English, and Britons and Picts."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h3>Fragmentation and disappearance</h3> <p>Fortriu continued to be recorded into the early 10th century, suggesting a degree of continuity with the earlier period of over-kingship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> The <i>Annals of Ulster</i> record the "men of Fortriu" killing the Scandinavian leader <a href="/facts/%25C3%258Dmar_ua_%25C3%258Dmair/fYxhwqAh">Ímar ua Ímair</a> in 904, four years after it had started using the description <i>ri Alban</i> for the <a href="/facts/King_of_Alba/ICagnHIG">King of Alba</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The last dated reference to Fortriu in any of the <a href="/facts/Irish_Annals/G9b0VkVw">Irish Annals</a> is for 918 in the <i><a href="/facts/Fragmentary_Annals_of_Ireland/AamRs9VA">Fragmentary Annals of Ireland</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> where the phrases "Men of Fortriu" and "Men of Alba" are treated as synonymous.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> The <i><a href="/facts/Historia_Regum_Anglorum/cEg3BX7l">Historia Regum Anglorum</a></i> describes King <a href="/facts/Aethelstan/5cqXYCub">Aethelstan</a> of England wasting <i>Scotia</i> as far as Dunottar and <i>Wertermorum</i> – the "muir of Fortriu" – in 934, indicating that Fortriu was still recognised at this stage as a reference for features in the landscape.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p><p>The complete disappearance of the name Fortriu beyond this point suggests that it fragmented into its successor polities – the <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Scotland/M0hcuD5V">provinces</a> of <a href="/facts/Province_of_Moray/Xg4q74lR">Moray</a> and <a href="/facts/Ross%2c_Scotland/Vb4sQg3J">Ross</a> – during the 10th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> Moray is first recorded in an entry in the <i><a href="/facts/Chronicle_of_the_Kings_of_Alba/rqyF8BIL">Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</a></i> for the reign of <a href="/facts/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland/LAVyb9dA">Malcolm I</a>, which lasted from 943 to 954;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> while Ross first appears in the documentary record in a <a href="/facts/Hagiography/CtKDrTXm">hagiography</a> of the Scottish-born saint <a href="/facts/Cathr%25C3%25B3e_of_Metz/9CmNM6E5">Cathróe of Metz</a>, written in <a href="/facts/Metz/IgGFKcq6">Metz</a> between 971 and 976.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="location">Location</h2> <p>From the 19th century until 2006 most historians believed that the kingdom recorded as Fortriu in the Irish annals lay south of the <a href="/facts/Mounth/GkQIBauG">Mounth</a> in present-day <a href="/facts/Central_Lowlands/qDq51LNn">central Scotland</a>, based on the work of <a href="/facts/Eben_William_Robertson/7FHmLzqu">E. W. Robertson</a> and <a href="/facts/William_Forbes_Skene/HFgLQctE">W. F. Skene</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> Robertson, in his 1862 work <i>Scotland under her Early Kings</i>, identified Fortriu as comprising <a href="/facts/Clackmannanshire/yuedEdfg">Clackmannanshire</a>, <a href="/facts/Menteith/8SG3gS3t">Menteith</a> and west <a href="/facts/Fife/0szE4X7X">Fife</a> on the left bank of the <a href="/facts/River_Forth/bHg6GINP">Forth</a>, arguing that the names of both Fortriu and the medieval <a href="/facts/Deanery/jIjEg2Rb">deanery</a> of <a href="/facts/Fothriff/YuJwecas">Fothriff</a> derived from an earlier hypothetical <i>*Forthreim</i>, which he translated as "Forth Realm".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> This argument is based on unsound etymology, however, as Fothriff derives from the Gaelic words <i>foithir</i> and <i>Fib</i> and means "district appended to Fife", while Fortriu is related to the earlier Latin name <i>Verturiones</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> Skene, in his 3 volume work <i>Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban</i>, published between 1876 and 1880, identified Fortriu with <a href="/facts/Strathearn/e8RPgzIk">Strathearn</a> and <a href="/facts/Menteith/8SG3gS3t">Menteith</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Scotland/M0hcuD5V">province</a> listed in the 12th century document <i><a href="/facts/De_Situ_Albanie/kh6Trd9g">De Situ Albanie</a></i>, on the basis that a battle recorded by the <i><a href="/facts/Chronicle_of_the_Kings_of_Alba/rqyF8BIL">Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</a></i> as taking place in <i>Sraith Herenn</i> was also recorded by the <i><a href="/facts/Annals_of_Ulster/FDmG3qhJ">Annals of Ulster</a></i> as the killing of <a href="/facts/%25C3%258Dmar_ua_%25C3%258Dmair/fYxhwqAh">Ímar ua Ímair</a> by the "Men of Fortriu".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> This argument is also inconclusive, however: <i>Sraith Herenn</i> could refer to either Strathearn in <a href="/facts/Perthshire/5Y0mMycX">Perthshire</a>, south of the Mounth; or Strathdearn, the valley of the <a href="/facts/River_Findhorn/ETMBypHU">River Findhorn</a> in <a href="/facts/Moray/mIbCrRLS">Moray</a>, north of the Mounth;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> while the fact that Ímar was killed by the "Men of Fortriu" does not prove that he was killed within the territory of Fortriu.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> Despite Skene's initial suggestion being tentative, this identification of Fortriu as including western Perthshire became established as a consensus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> </p><p>However, new research by <a href="/facts/Alex_Woolf/DLKbwkWq">Alex Woolf</a> seems to have destroyed this consensus, if not the idea itself. A northern recension of the <i><a href="/facts/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle/vub2M2h7">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> makes it clear that Fortriu was north of the <a href="/facts/Mounth/GkQIBauG">Mounth</a> (<i>i.e.</i>, the eastern <a href="/facts/Grampian_Mountains/LLVnYW2G">Grampians</a>), in the area visited by <a href="/facts/Columba/Uk3Na6vD">Columba</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> The long poem known as <i><a href="/facts/The_Prophecy_of_Berch%25C3%25A1n/NjDdNtKJ">The Prophecy of Berchán</a></i>, written perhaps in the 12th century, but purporting to be a prophecy made in the <a href="/facts/Early_Middle_Ages/9FrTq3rt">Early Middle Ages</a>, says that <a href="/facts/Dub%2c_King_of_Scotland/uSAIGFHQ">Dub, King of Scotland</a> was killed in the <i>Plain of Fortriu</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> Another source, the <a href="/facts/Chronicle_of_the_Kings_of_Alba/rqyF8BIL">Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</a>, indicates that King Dub was killed at <a href="/facts/Forres/xLaG2IK6">Forres</a>, a location in Moray.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> Additions to the <a href="/facts/Chronicle_of_Melrose/nEJ81bCd">Chronicle of Melrose</a> confirm that Dub was killed by the men of Moray at Forres.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p><p><i><a href="/facts/The_Prophecy_of_Berch%25C3%25A1n/NjDdNtKJ">The Prophecy of Berchán</a></i> states that "Mac Bethad, the glorious king of Fortriu, will take [Scotland]."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> As <a href="/facts/Macbeth%2c_King_of_Scotland/s6360xkh">Macbeth, King of Scotland</a> may have been <a href="/facts/Mormaer_of_Moray/Xg4q74lR">Mormaer of Moray</a> before he became King of Scots, it is possible that Fortriu was understood to be interchangeable with Moray in the <a href="/facts/High_Middle_Ages/uPRGYdE6">High Middle Ages</a>. Fortriu is also mentioned as one of the seven ancient Pictish kingdoms in the 13th-century source known as <i><a href="/facts/De_Situ_Albanie/kh6Trd9g">De Situ Albanie</a></i>. </p><p>There can be little or no doubt then that Fortriu centred on northern Scotland. Other Pictish scholars, such as James E. Fraser are now taking it for granted that Fortriu was in the north of Scotland, centred on Moray and <a href="/facts/Easter_Ross/hPEwrDbY">Easter Ross</a>, where most early Pictish monuments are located.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Province_of_Moray/Xg4q74lR">Province of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Alba/nYVx5g9d">Kingdom of Alba</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Anderson, Alan Orr, <i>Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286</i>, 2 vols, (Edinburgh, 1922)</li> <li>Evans, Nicholas (2019). "A historical introduction to the northern Picts". In Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (eds.). <i>The King in the North: The Pictish realms of Fortriu and Ce. Collected essays written as part of the University of Aberdeen's Northern Picts project</i>. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 10–38. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781780275512.</li> <li>Foster, Sally M. (2014). <i>Picts, Scots and Gaels — Early Historic Scotland</i>. Edinburgh: Birlinn. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781780271910.</li> <li>Fraser, James (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC"><i>From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780748612321.</li> <li>Hudson, Benjamin T., Kings of Celtic Scotland, (Westport, 1994)</li> <li>Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (2006), <i>The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world</i> (Repr. ed.), Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780199287918</li> <li>Márkus, Gilbert (2017). <i>Conceiving a Nation: Scotland to AD 900</i>. New History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780748678983.</li> <li>Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). <i>The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North</i>. Edinburgh: Birlinn. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781780277783.</li> <li>Ross, Alasdair (2011). <i>The Kings Of Alba: c.1000–c.1130</i>. Edinburgh: John Donald. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781906566159.</li> <li>Ross, Alasdair (2015). <i>Land Assessment and Lordship in Medieval Northern Scotland</i>. Turnhout: Brepols. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9782503541334.</li> <li>Watson, William J. (2004) [1926]. Taylor, Simon (ed.). <i>The Celtic Placenames of Scotland</i>. Edinburgh: Birlinn. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781841583235.</li> <li>Woolf, Alex (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=692KMYcJLO0C&pg=PA106">"The Verturian Hegemony: A Mirror in the North"</a>. In Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol Ann (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=692KMYcJLO0C"><i>Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe</i></a>. Leicester: Leicester University Press. pp. 106–112. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780826477651.</li> <li>Woolf, Alex (October 2006). "Dén Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts". <i>Scottish Historical Review</i>. 85 (2): 182–201. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029">10.3366/shr.2007.0029</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-9241">0036-9241</a>.</li> <li>Woolf, Alex (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C"><i>From Pictland to Alba 789–1070</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780748612345.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Fraser 2009, p. 50. - Fraser, James (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612321. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Woolf 2001, p. 106. - Woolf, Alex (2001). "The Verturian Hegemony: A Mirror in the North". In Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol Ann (eds.). Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe. Leicester: Leicester University Press. pp. 106–112. ISBN 9780826477651. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=692KMYcJLO0C&pg=PA106" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=692KMYcJLO0C&pg=PA106</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Woolf 2007, p. 31. - Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612345. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Woolf 2006, p. 188. - Woolf, Alex (October 2006). "Dén Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts". Scottish Historical Review. 85 (2): 182–201. doi:10.3366/shr.2007.0029. ISSN 0036-9241. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Watson 2004, p. 69. - Watson, William J. (2004) [1926]. Taylor, Simon (ed.). The Celtic Placenames of Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781841583235. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Anderson, Alan Orr; Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie (1961). Adomnan's Life of Columba. London: Nelson. p. 33. OCLC 669641. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Mallory & Adams 2006, p. 516. - Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (2006), The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world (Repr. ed.), Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press, ISBN 9780199287918 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Woolf 2001, p. 107. - Woolf, Alex (2001). "The Verturian Hegemony: A Mirror in the North". In Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol Ann (eds.). Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe. Leicester: Leicester University Press. pp. 106–112. ISBN 9780826477651. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=692KMYcJLO0C&pg=PA106" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=692KMYcJLO0C&pg=PA106</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Woolf 2006, pp. 193, 196. - Woolf, Alex (October 2006). "Dén Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts". Scottish Historical Review. 85 (2): 182–201. doi:10.3366/shr.2007.0029. ISSN 0036-9241. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Watson 2004, p. 48. - Watson, William J. (2004) [1926]. Taylor, Simon (ed.). The Celtic Placenames of Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781841583235. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Watson 2004, p. 68. - Watson, William J. (2004) [1926]. Taylor, Simon (ed.). The Celtic Placenames of Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781841583235. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Woolf 2006, pp. 198. - Woolf, Alex (October 2006). "Dén Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts". Scottish Historical Review. 85 (2): 182–201. doi:10.3366/shr.2007.0029. ISSN 0036-9241. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Fraser 2009, p. 50. - Fraser, James (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612321. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Noble & Evans 2022, pp. 7, 16. - Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780277783. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Fraser 2009, p. 50. - Fraser, James (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612321. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Noble & Evans 2022, p. 7. - Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780277783. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Fraser 2009, p. 50. - Fraser, James (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612321. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Evans 2019, p. 12. - Evans, Nicholas (2019). "A historical introduction to the northern Picts". In Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (eds.). The King in the North: The Pictish realms of Fortriu and Ce. Collected essays written as part of the University of Aberdeen's Northern Picts project. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 10–38. ISBN 9781780275512. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Fraser 2009, pp. 55–56. - Fraser, James (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612321. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Fraser 2009, p. 57. - Fraser, James (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612321. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Fraser 2009, pp. 56–57. - Fraser, James (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612321. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Noble & Evans 2022, p. 16. - Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780277783. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Noble & Evans 2022, p. 16. - Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780277783. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Noble & Evans 2022, p. 16. - Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780277783. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Fraser 2009, pp. 94–95. - Fraser, James (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612321. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Foster 2014, p. 136. - Foster, Sally M. (2014). Picts, Scots and Gaels — Early Historic Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780271910. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Evans 2019, p. 14. - Evans, Nicholas (2019). "A historical introduction to the northern Picts". In Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (eds.). The King in the North: The Pictish realms of Fortriu and Ce. Collected essays written as part of the University of Aberdeen's Northern Picts project. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 10–38. ISBN 9781780275512. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Foster 2014, p. 150. - Foster, Sally M. (2014). Picts, Scots and Gaels — Early Historic Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780271910. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Noble & Evans 2022, p. 18. - Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780277783. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Fraser 2009, p. 202. - Fraser, James (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612321. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Noble & Evans 2022, p. 18. - Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780277783. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Evans 2019, pp. 17–18. - Evans, Nicholas (2019). "A historical introduction to the northern Picts". In Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (eds.). The King in the North: The Pictish realms of Fortriu and Ce. Collected essays written as part of the University of Aberdeen's Northern Picts project. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 10–38. ISBN 9781780275512. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Foster 2014, p. 37. - Foster, Sally M. (2014). Picts, Scots and Gaels — Early Historic Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780271910. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Fraser 2009, p. 50. - Fraser, James (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612321. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Noble & Evans 2022, p. 18. - Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780277783. <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Noble & Evans 2022, p. 18. - Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780277783. <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Márkus 2017, p. 109. - Márkus, Gilbert (2017). Conceiving a Nation: Scotland to AD 900. New History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748678983. <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Noble & Evans 2022, p. 18. - Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780277783. <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Ross 2011, p. 100. - Ross, Alasdair (2011). The Kings Of Alba: c.1000–c.1130. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 9781906566159. <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Fraser 2009, pp. 287–288. - Fraser, James (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612321. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Woolf 2007, p. 41. - Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612345. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Woolf 2007, p. 41. - Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612345. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Woolf 2007, pp. 66–67. - Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612345. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Woolf 2007, p. 66. - Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612345. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Woolf 2007, p. 66. - Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612345. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Woolf 2007, p. 66. - Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612345. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Woolf 2007, p. 107. - Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612345. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Woolf 2007, p. 109. - Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612345. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Woolf 2007, p. 110. - Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612345. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Noble & Evans 2022, p. 252. - Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780277783. <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Noble & Evans 2022, p. 252. - Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780277783. <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Ross 2015, p. 51. - Ross, Alasdair (2015). Land Assessment and Lordship in Medieval Northern Scotland. Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 9782503541334. <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Ross 2011, p. 46. - Ross, Alasdair (2011). The Kings Of Alba: c.1000–c.1130. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 9781906566159. <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Noble & Evans 2022, p. 252. - Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9781780277783. <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Woolf 2006, pp. 201. - Woolf, Alex (October 2006). "Dén Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts". Scottish Historical Review. 85 (2): 182–201. doi:10.3366/shr.2007.0029. ISSN 0036-9241. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Woolf 2007, pp. 177–178. - Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612345. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Evans 2019, p. 31. - Evans, Nicholas (2019). "A historical introduction to the northern Picts". In Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (eds.). The King in the North: The Pictish realms of Fortriu and Ce. Collected essays written as part of the University of Aberdeen's Northern Picts project. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 10–38. ISBN 9781780275512. <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Ross 2011, pp. 95–96. - Ross, Alasdair (2011). The Kings Of Alba: c.1000–c.1130. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 9781906566159. <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Woolf 2006, p. 188. - Woolf, Alex (October 2006). "Dén Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts". Scottish Historical Review. 85 (2): 182–201. doi:10.3366/shr.2007.0029. ISSN 0036-9241. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Woolf 2006, p. 188. - Woolf, Alex (October 2006). "Dén Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts". Scottish Historical Review. 85 (2): 182–201. doi:10.3366/shr.2007.0029. ISSN 0036-9241. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Woolf 2006, pp. 191–192. - Woolf, Alex (October 2006). "Dén Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts". Scottish Historical Review. 85 (2): 182–201. doi:10.3366/shr.2007.0029. ISSN 0036-9241. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Ross 2011, p. 98. - Ross, Alasdair (2011). The Kings Of Alba: c.1000–c.1130. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 9781906566159. <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Woolf 2006, p. 192. - Woolf, Alex (October 2006). "Dén Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts". Scottish Historical Review. 85 (2): 182–201. doi:10.3366/shr.2007.0029. ISSN 0036-9241. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Woolf 2007, p. 10. - Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612345. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Woolf 2006, p. 199. - Woolf, Alex (October 2006). "Dén Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts". Scottish Historical Review. 85 (2): 182–201. doi:10.3366/shr.2007.0029. ISSN 0036-9241. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2007.0029</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, Vol. I, p. 474. <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, Vol. I, p. 473. <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, Vol. I, pp. 473–474. <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, Vol. I, p. 601. <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Fraser 2009, p. 50. - Fraser, James (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612321. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>