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Leaf warbler
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours, varying little or not at all with the seasons. The tails are not very long and contain 12 feathers (unlike the similar <i><a href="/facts/Abroscopus/DqAYbtEl">Abroscopus</a></i> species, which have 10 tail feathers). Many species are more easily identified by their distinctive songs than their dull plumage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> These are very small passerines with adult body masses that can vary from 3.5 to 17 g (0.12 to 0.60 oz) and in some cases, such as the <a href="/facts/Chinese_leaf_warbler/nGChUI3o">Chinese leaf warbler</a>, are among the lightest passerines anywhere. Several of the larger species are similar in size including the <a href="/facts/Large-billed_leaf_warbler/vTn295sX">large-billed leaf warbler</a>, <a href="/facts/Radde%2527s_warbler/RBbcQASb">Radde's warbler</a> and the <a href="/facts/Pale-legged_leaf_warbler/zPhzXsoX">pale-legged leaf warbler</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Total length can vary from 9 to 14.5 cm (3.5 to 5.7 in).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2> <p>Its members occur in Eurasia, ranging into <a href="/facts/Wallacea/3FmddtYw">Wallacea</a> and Africa with one species, the <a href="/facts/Arctic_warbler/pq40aB8I">Arctic warbler</a>, breeding as far east as <a href="/facts/Alaska/LlDNr2uR">Alaska</a>. Many of the species breed at temperate and high latitudes in Eurasia and migrate substantial distances to winter in southeastern Asia, India, or Africa. One example is <a href="/facts/Tickell%2527s_leaf_warbler/SGBXFFua">Tickell's leaf warbler</a>, which breeds in scrub at high elevation in the Himalayas and on the Tibetan Plateau and then moves down-slope and south to winter in the Himalayan foothills of India and Burma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Most live in forest and scrub and many are canopy or sub-canopy dwellers. </p> <h2 id="behavior-and-ecology">Behavior and ecology</h2> <p>The family Phylloscopidae comprises many small tree-loving warbler species that feed by gleaning insects from leaves or catching food on the wing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The genus <i>Phylloscopus</i> was introduced by the German zoologist <a href="/facts/Friedrich_Boie/U3AmgfCQ">Friedrich Boie</a> in 1826 to accommodate a single species, the <a href="/facts/Willow_warbler/WMhSlQsj">willow warbler</a>, which is therefore considered as the <a href="/facts/Type_species/kL03T6V4">type species</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The name combines the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a> <i>phullon</i> meaning "leaf" and <i>skopos</i> meaning "seeker" (from <i>skopeo</i>, "to watch").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> <i>Phylloscopus</i> is the only genus placed in the family Phylloscopidae that was introduced in 2006 by the Swedish ornithologist <a href="/facts/Per_Alstr%25C3%25B6m/dMMVmUzb">Per Alström</a> and coworkers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>Aegithaloidea</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Phylloscopidae – leaf warblers (81 species)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Hyliidae/M5AycXtD">Hyliidae</a> – hylias (2 species)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Aegithalidae/Wtn06l7R">Aegithalidae</a> – bushtits (13 species)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Erythrocercidae/j33LWgPw">Erythrocercidae</a> – flycatchers (3 species)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Scotocercidae/FC5CTg4s">Scotocercidae</a> – streaked scrub warbler</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Cettiidae/35cmnlrU">Cettiidae</a> – bush warblers and allies (32 species)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td>Cladogram showing the family relationships based on a study by Carl Oliveros and colleagues published in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The number of species is taken from the bird list maintained by <a href="/facts/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)/uQKvla9I">Frank Gill</a>, <a href="/facts/Pamela_Rasmussen/HbHu8095">Pamela Rasmussen</a> and David Donsker on behalf of the <a href="/facts/International_Ornithological_Committee/475sIgrJ">International Ornithological Committee</a> (IOC).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The genus contains 81 species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Of these, eleven species were formerly placed in the genus <i>Seicercus</i>, but a 2018 molecular phylogeny study indicated that the genus <i>Seicercus</i> is a synonym of <i>Phylloscopus</i>, leaving the family Phylloscopidae with a single genus, <i>Phylloscopus</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wood_warbler/BfQuK2sR">Wood warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus sibilatrix</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Western_Bonelli%2527s_warbler/AWM2yYuS">Western Bonelli's warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus bonelli</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eastern_Bonelli%2527s_warbler/WY2oblrk">Eastern Bonelli's warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus orientalis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Buff-barred_warbler/0yagkIXA">Buff-barred warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus pulcher</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ashy-throated_warbler/X5ql4Jvj">Ashy-throated warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus maculipennis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hume%2527s_leaf_warbler/VNP2UVSC">Hume's leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus humei</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yellow-browed_warbler/g9acfPJm">Yellow-browed warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus inornatus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Brooks%2527s_leaf_warbler/RhbFFwLM">Brooks's leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus subviridis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chinese_leaf_warbler/nGChUI3o">Chinese leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus yunnanensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lemon-rumped_warbler/2IbwUQrd">Lemon-rumped warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus chloronotus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sichuan_leaf_warbler/KIyxn0do">Sichuan leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus forresti</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gansu_leaf_warbler/8Lhg4nhS">Gansu leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus kansuensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pallas%2527s_leaf_warbler/HJTcYLuo">Pallas's leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus proregulus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tytler%2527s_leaf_warbler/bMHaTq4s">Tytler's leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus tytleri</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yellow-streaked_warbler/7DDoSF9X">Yellow-streaked warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus armandii</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Radde%2527s_warbler/RBbcQASb">Radde's warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus schwarzi</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sulphur-bellied_warbler/sIV9AgRN">Sulphur-bellied warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus griseolus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tickell%2527s_leaf_warbler/SGBXFFua">Tickell's leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus affinis</i> (includes the Alpine leaf warbler, <i>P. a. occisinensis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Smoky_warbler/fIjY8YFb">Smoky warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus fuligiventer</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dusky_warbler/alT2D4Pm">Dusky warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus fuscatus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Plain_leaf_warbler/KLLejmT7">Plain leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus neglectus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Buff-throated_warbler/BhTeL8CU">Buff-throated warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus subaffinis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Willow_warbler/WMhSlQsj">Willow warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus trochilus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mountain_chiffchaff/AkhXvxdA">Mountain chiffchaff</a>, <i>Phylloscopus sindianus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Canary_Islands_chiffchaff/CGvgQHJ1">Canary Islands chiffchaff</a>, <i>Phylloscopus canariensis</i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Eastern_Canary_Islands_chiffchaff/s2tMjQmB">Eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff</a>, <i>Phylloscopus canariensis exsul</i> (<a href="/facts/Extinct/24p5NP2q">extinct</a>: 1986?)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Western_Canary_Islands_chiffchaff/HHxzb1cP">Western Canary Islands chiffchaff</a>, <i>Phylloscopus canariensis canariensis</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Common_chiffchaff/AbjM6Y03">Common chiffchaff</a>, <i>Phylloscopus collybita</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Iberian_chiffchaff/Jb0lTnjR">Iberian chiffchaff</a>, <i>Phylloscopus ibericus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eastern_crowned_warbler/6ARuxfYt">Eastern crowned warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus coronatus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ijima%2527s_leaf_warbler/0rUcCbKr">Ijima's leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus ijimae</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Philippine_leaf_warbler/BPUEpfLI">Philippine leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus olivaceus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lemon-throated_leaf_warbler/tT4UlPGI">Lemon-throated leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus cebuensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yellow-throated_woodland_warbler/pGx13sDD">Yellow-throated woodland warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus ruficapilla</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Brown_woodland_warbler/N850Ioa1">Brown woodland warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus umbrovirens</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Red-faced_woodland_warbler/rIvuSjHK">Red-faced woodland warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus laetus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Laura%2527s_woodland_warbler/1pvHtCE4">Laura's woodland warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus laurae</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Black-capped_woodland_warbler/trhIRlqY">Black-capped woodland warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus herberti</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Uganda_woodland_warbler/nV47H7tN">Uganda woodland warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus budongoensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/White-spectacled_warbler/cJWaDdNQ">White-spectacled warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus intermedius</i> – (previously <i>Seicercus affinis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Grey-cheeked_warbler/0cj7zR5H">Grey-cheeked warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus poliogenys</i> – (previously placed in <i>Seicercus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Green-crowned_warbler/wC7VtXjq">Green-crowned warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus burkii</i> – (previously placed in <i>Seicercus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Grey-crowned_warbler/8nGTpgHs">Grey-crowned warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus tephrocephalus</i> – (previously placed in <i>Seicercus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Whistler%2527s_warbler/1kL4dEyE">Whistler's warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus whistleri</i> – (previously placed in <i>Seicercus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bianchi%2527s_warbler/f4FdXvhW">Bianchi's warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus valentini</i> – (previously placed in <i>Seicercus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alstr%25C3%25B6m%2527s_warbler/dcTq293h">Alström's warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus soror</i> – (first described in 1999; previously placed in <i>Seicercus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Martens%2527s_warbler/Ux1EVA5C">Martens's warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus omeiensis</i> – (first described in 1999; previously placed in <i>Seicercus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Green_warbler/5C91g9pd">Green warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus nitidus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Two-barred_warbler/m5UT1T5L">Two-barred warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Greenish_warbler/uHuNdm2g">Greenish warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus trochiloides</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Emei_leaf_warbler/7dAEt3gE">Emei leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus emeiensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Large-billed_leaf_warbler/vTn295sX">Large-billed leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus magnirostris</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sakhalin_leaf_warbler/gAYG8rta">Sakhalin leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus borealoides</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pale-legged_leaf_warbler/zPhzXsoX">Pale-legged leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus tenellipes</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Japanese_leaf_warbler/Ky8oJz2P">Japanese leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus xanthodryas</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kamchatka_leaf_warbler/QJlMprb7">Kamchatka leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus examinandus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Arctic_warbler/pq40aB8I">Arctic warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus borealis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chestnut-crowned_warbler/a0TV9tbR">Chestnut-crowned warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus castaniceps</i> – (previously placed in <i>Seicercus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sunda_warbler/g8RukIPW">Sunda warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus grammiceps</i> – (previously placed in <i>Seicercus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Yellow-breasted_warbler/c2fn8QWk">Yellow-breasted warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus montis</i> – (previously placed in <i>Seicercus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Limestone_leaf_warbler/KF1Elhjb">Limestone leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus calciatilis</i> – (first described in 2010)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sulphur-breasted_warbler/xt5Q6Y2m">Sulphur-breasted warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus ricketti</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yellow-vented_warbler/GGuRDvvk">Yellow-vented warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus cantator</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Western_crowned_warbler/Y0kNPcFy">Western crowned warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus occipitalis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Blyth%2527s_leaf_warbler/DTV9Ef5q">Blyth's leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus reguloides</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Claudia%2527s_leaf_warbler/SquJTeNP">Claudia's leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus claudiae</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hartert%2527s_leaf_warbler/HVt2691k">Hartert's leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus goodsoni</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kloss%2527s_leaf_warbler/1JAvJ5J2">Kloss's leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus ogilviegranti</i> – (formerly considered as a subspecies of Davison's leaf warbler)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hainan_leaf_warbler/nxzmutd8">Hainan leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus hainanus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Davison%2527s_leaf_warbler/yHmdNc8s">Davison's leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus intensior</i> – (previously white-tailed leaf warbler, <i>Phylloscopus davisoni</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Grey-hooded_warbler/WwxlkUtH">Grey-hooded warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus xanthoschistos</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mountain_leaf_warbler/zjd4WYHY">Mountain leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus trivirgatus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Negros_leaf_warbler/fbSxyF1X">Negros leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus nigrorum</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timor_leaf_warbler/w4GT3xEF">Timor leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus presbytes</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Flores_leaf_warbler/YpXXzoGN">Flores leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus floresianus</i> – (formerly considered as a subspecies of the Timor leaf warbler)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rote_leaf_warbler/ed3VdyC3">Rote leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus rotiensis</i> (first described in 2018)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Makira_leaf_warbler/p7eQ0tJ4">Makira leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus makirensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sulawesi_leaf_warbler/12pJ23f2">Sulawesi leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus nesophilus</i> – (formerly considered as a subspecies of Lompobattang leaf warbler)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lompobattang_leaf_warbler/12pJ23f2">Lompobattang leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus sarasinorum</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kolombangara_leaf_warbler/VukKz2Pw">Kolombangara leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus amoenus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Island_leaf_warbler/yQ8Agt09">Island leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus poliocephalus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Numfor_leaf_warbler/lVyACefc">Numfor leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus maforensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Biak_leaf_warbler/JlxsLSpt">Biak leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus misoriensis</i></li></ul> <p>Two birds were described in 2020 but have not yet been recognised as species by the <a href="/facts/International_Ornithologists%2527_Union/475sIgrJ">International Ornithologists' Union</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Peleng_leaf_warbler/HRu4sBkA">Peleng leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus suaramerdu</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Taliabu_leaf_warbler/oLcBmKDs">Taliabu leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus emilsalimi</i></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/facts/Alpine_leaf_warbler/rgKqJhut">alpine leaf warbler</a>, <i>Phylloscopus occisinensis</i>, was reclassified as conspecific with <a href="/facts/Tickell%2527s_leaf_warbler/SGBXFFua">Tickell's leaf warbler</a> (<i>P. affinis</i>) by the IOC, but other authorities such as eBird still consider it distinct.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Badyaev, Alexander V. & Leaf, Elizabeth S. (1997): "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014015226/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v114n01/p0040-p0046.pdf">Habitat associations of song characteristics in <i>Phylloscopus</i> and <i>Hippolais</i> warblers</a>". <i><a href="/facts/Auk_(journal)/VSwW4cY1">Auk</a></i> 114(1): 40–46.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phylloscopus. <ul><li><a href="http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/old-world-warblers-sylviidae">Leaf warbler videos</a> on the Internet Bird Collection</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Baker, Kevin (2010-06-30). Warblers of Europe, Asia and North Africa. A&C Black. p. 17. ISBN 9781408131701. <a href="9781408131701" target="_blank">9781408131701</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5. <a href="978-1-4200-6444-5" target="_blank">978-1-4200-6444-5</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Winkler, D. W., S. M. Billerman, and I.J. Lovette (2020). Leaf Warblers (Phylloscopidae), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Lead-Warblers Phylloscopidae". creagrus.home.montereybay.com. 25 May 2006. Retrieved 2017-09-29. <a href="http://creagrus.home.montereybay.com/leaf-warblers.html" target="_blank">http://creagrus.home.montereybay.com/leaf-warblers.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Lead-Warblers Phylloscopidae". creagrus.home.montereybay.com. 25 May 2006. Retrieved 2017-09-29. <a href="http://creagrus.home.montereybay.com/leaf-warblers.html" target="_blank">http://creagrus.home.montereybay.com/leaf-warblers.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 11. Vol. 11. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" target="_blank">/wiki/Ernst_Mayr</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Boie, Friedrich (1826). "Generalübersicht der ornithologischen Ordnungen Familien und Gattugen". Isis von Oken (in German). 19. col. 972. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Boie" target="_blank">/wiki/Friedrich_Boie</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. <a href="978-1-4081-2501-4" target="_blank">978-1-4081-2501-4</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Alström, P.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Olsson, U.; Sundberg, P. (2006). "Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (2): 381–397. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015. PMID 16054402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (16): 7916–7925. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7916O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423. 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Retrieved 7 June 2022. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Alström, P.; Rheindt, F.E.; Zhang, R.; Zhao, M.; Wang, J.; Zhu, X.; Gwee, C.Y.; Hao, Y.; Ohlson, J.; Jia, C.; Prawiradilaga, D.M.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Lei, F.; Olsson, U. (2018). "Complete species-level phylogeny of the leaf warbler (Aves: Phylloscopidae) radiation". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 126: 141–152. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.031. PMID 29631054. S2CID 4720300. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/2587011" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/2587011</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Ng, Nathaniel. S. R.; Prawiradilaga, Dewi. M.; Ng, Elize. Y. X.; Suparno; Ashari, Hidayat; Trainor, Colin; Verbelen, Philippe; Rheindt, Frank. E. (2018). "A striking new species of leaf warbler from the Lesser Sundas as uncovered through morphology and genomics". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 15646. Bibcode:2018NatSR...815646N. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34101-7. PMC 6199301. PMID 30353148. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199301" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199301</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Species Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-05-28. <a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/" target="_blank">https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Species Updates – IOC World Bird List". 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See supplement. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax2146" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax2146</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Species Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-05-28. <a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/" target="_blank">https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Alpine Leaf Warbler - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 2021-06-18. <a href="https://ebird.org/species/alplew1" target="_blank">https://ebird.org/species/alplew1</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>