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Aquilegia bertolonii
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>This is a dwarf species, growing to 30 cm (12 in) in height. In early summer each erect stem produces up to four spurred, blue-purple flowers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p><i>Aquilegia bertolonii</i> is most closely related to <i><a href="/facts/Aquilegia_einseleana/PloQebpX">Aquilegia einseleana</a></i>, Einsele's columbine from the Eastern Alps. The two species are estimated to have diverged from each other in the <a href="/facts/Pliocene/MjcIVQ86">Pliocene</a> around 1.23 million years ago, and form a sister clade to one containing the other European and some North and East Asian species of <i>Aquilegia</i>, from which they diverged approximately 2.5 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h3>Etymology</h3> <p>The specific name <i>bertolonii</i> honours the Italian botanist <a href="/facts/Antonio_Bertoloni/13Cqtf7I">Antonio Bertoloni</a> (1775–1869).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> When first describing this species, Heinrich Wilhelm Schott noted that Bertoloni had classified a specimen as <i><a href="/facts/Aquilegia_pyrenaica/Jns0S3zd">Aquilegia pyrenaica</a></i>, but Schott considered this specimen to be too different for the identification to hold, instead describing it as a new species with Bertoloni's name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2> <p><i>Aquilegia bertolonii</i> is native to the northwestern <a href="/facts/Apennine_Mountains/1rBnujaP">Apennine Mountains</a> in Italy,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> also being found in southern France and three disjunct areas in the Slovenian <a href="/facts/Alps/Q3zdQId4">Alps</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> It grows on cliffs or limestone areas, steep slopes, rocky areas, stabilised screes and woodlands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="conservation">Conservation</h2> <p>Although listed as a Least Concern species overall by the <a href="/facts/IUCN_Red_List/8gemqCLu">IUCN Red List</a>, <i>Aquilegia bertolonii</i> is protected by national legislation in France and by regional legislation in Italy, and is listed as Vulnerable in Italy and Rare in Slovenia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cultivation">Cultivation</h2> <p>In cultivation this dwarf columbine is a useful subject for the <a href="/facts/Rockery/caAAenn0">rockery</a> or <a href="/facts/Alpine_garden/jqMzP2zQ">alpine garden</a>. It has gained the <a href="/facts/Royal_Horticultural_Society/QrtXmlUo">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/facts/Award_of_Garden_Merit/zQ4Ya8S6">Award of Garden Merit</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Aquilegia bertolonii". Retrieved 28 May 2013. <a href="http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=150" target="_blank">http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=150</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Bertoloni's Columbine (Aquilegia bertolonii)". National Gardening Association. Retrieved 25 October 2024. <a href="https://garden.org/plants/view/139150/Bertolonis-Columbine-Aquilegia-bertolonii/" target="_blank">https://garden.org/plants/view/139150/Bertolonis-Columbine-Aquilegia-bertolonii/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Buord, S.; Gargano, D.; Gigot, G.; Jogan, N.; Montagnani, C. (2011). "Aquilegia bertolonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T161950A5518331. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T161950A5518331.en. Retrieved 25 October 2024. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161950/5518331" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161950/5518331</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965. <a href="978-1405332965" target="_blank">978-1405332965</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Fior, Simone; Li, Mingai; Oxelman, Bengt; Viola, Roberto; Hodges, Scott A.; Ometto, Lino; Varotto, Claudio (2013). "Spatiotemporal reconstruction of the Aquilegia rapid radiation through next-generation sequencing of rapidly evolving cpDNA regions". New Phytologist. 198 (2): 579–592. Bibcode:2013NewPh.198..579F. doi:10.1111/nph.12163. PMID 23379348. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.12163" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.12163</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Bertoloni's Columbine (Aquilegia bertolonii)". National Gardening Association. Retrieved 25 October 2024. <a href="https://garden.org/plants/view/139150/Bertolonis-Columbine-Aquilegia-bertolonii/" target="_blank">https://garden.org/plants/view/139150/Bertolonis-Columbine-Aquilegia-bertolonii/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Schott, Heinrich Wilhelm (1853). "Ueber Aquilegien". Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien. 3: 125–130. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26711342#page/381/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26711342#page/381/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Aquilegia bertolonii Schott". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 25 October 2024. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/708818-1" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/708818-1</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Buord, S.; Gargano, D.; Gigot, G.; Jogan, N.; Montagnani, C. (2011). "Aquilegia bertolonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T161950A5518331. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T161950A5518331.en. Retrieved 25 October 2024. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161950/5518331" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161950/5518331</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Buord, S.; Gargano, D.; Gigot, G.; Jogan, N.; Montagnani, C. (2011). "Aquilegia bertolonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T161950A5518331. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T161950A5518331.en. Retrieved 25 October 2024. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161950/5518331" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161950/5518331</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Buord, S.; Gargano, D.; Gigot, G.; Jogan, N.; Montagnani, C. (2011). "Aquilegia bertolonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T161950A5518331. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T161950A5518331.en. Retrieved 25 October 2024. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161950/5518331" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161950/5518331</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"RHS Plant Selector - Aquilegia bertolonii". Retrieved 28 May 2013. <a href="http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=150" target="_blank">http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=150</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>