RF front end

<h2 id="superheterodyne-receiver">Superheterodyne receiver</h2>
<p>For most <a href="/facts/Superheterodyne_receiver/S2SA0NCV">superheterodyne</a> architectures, the RF front end consists of:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a>
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<ul><li>A <a href="/facts/Band-pass_filter/JyTCLleb">band-pass filter</a> (BPF) to reduce <a href="/facts/Image_response/wjSsDoFn">image response</a>.  This removes any signals at the <a href="/facts/Image_frequency/S2SA0NCV">image frequency</a>, which would otherwise interfere with the desired signal. It also prevents    strong out-of-band signals from saturating the input stages.</li>
<li>An <a href="/facts/Amplifier/pnRgxncC">RF amplifier</a>, often called the <a href="/facts/Low-noise_amplifier/MIHTJV0J">low-noise amplifier</a> (LNA).  Its primary responsibility is to increase the sensitivity of the receiver by amplifying weak signals without contaminating them with noise, so that they can stay above the noise level in succeeding stages.  It must have a very low <a href="/facts/Noise_figure/XUtUWKDL">noise figure</a> (NF). The RF amplifier may not be needed and is often omitted (or switched off) for frequencies below 30 MHz, where the signal-to-noise ratio is defined by atmospheric and human-made noise.</li>
<li>A <a href="/facts/Local_oscillator/VQ5vQMEH">local oscillator</a> (LO) which generates a radio frequency signal at an offset from the incoming signal, which is mixed with the incoming signal.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Frequency_mixer/RopD2DxD">mixer</a>, which mixes the incoming signal with the signal from the local oscillator to convert the signal to the <a href="/facts/Intermediate_frequency/9mPpJtSA">intermediate frequency</a> (IF).</li></ul>
<h2 id="digital-receiver">Digital receiver</h2>
<p>In digital receivers, particularly those in wireless devices such as <a href="/facts/Cell_phone/H3EcqD9h">cell phones</a> and Wifi receivers, the intermediate frequency is digitized; sampled and converted to a <a href="/facts/Binary_number/a6JDSRPs">binary</a> <a href="/facts/Digital_signal_(signal_processing)/bCtTHxre">digital</a> form, and the rest of the processing – IF filtering and demodulation – is done by <a href="/facts/Digital_filter/2wcxCRdh">digital filters</a> (<a href="/facts/Digital_signal_processing/PEG7azr8">digital signal processing</a>, DSP), as these are smaller, use less power and can have more selectivity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a>  In this type of receiver the RF front end is defined as everything from the antenna to the <a href="/facts/Analog-to-digital_converter/8YYNsMFg">analog-to-digital converter</a> (ADC) which digitizes the signal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a>   The general trend is to do as much of the signal processing in digital form as possible, and some receivers digitize the RF signal directly, without down-conversion to an IF, so here the front end is merely an RF filter in the simple receiver path/chain.
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<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Carr, Joseph J. (2001). The Technician's Radio Receiver Handbook: Wireless and Telecommunication Technology. Newnes. p. 23. ISBN 0750673192. <a href="0750673192" target="_blank">0750673192</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Carr 2001 The Technician's Radio Receiver Handbook p. 37-39 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNnJnWMQCNkC&pg=PA37&dq=%22front+end" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=PNnJnWMQCNkC&pg=PA37&dq=%22front+end</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Bowick, Christopher (2011). RF Circuit Design (2 ed.). Newnes. pp. 185–187. ISBN 978-0080553429. <a href="978-0080553429" target="_blank">978-0080553429</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Bowick, Christopher (2011). RF Circuit Design (2 ed.). Newnes. pp. 185–187. ISBN 978-0080553429. <a href="978-0080553429" target="_blank">978-0080553429</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

RF front end open-in-new

RF front end