Visual artifact

<h2 id="in-digital-graphics">In digital graphics</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Image_quality/hSzpSszC">Image quality factors</a>, different types of visual artifacts</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Compression_artifact/7DhxoVAv">Compression artifacts</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Digital_artifact/AgqnmFVc">Digital artifacts</a>, visual artifacts resulting from digital image processing</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Image_noise/zwhrU8lc">Noise</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Screen-door_effect/LwDI7Szz">Screen-door effect</a>, also known as fixed-pattern noise (FPN), a visual artifact of digital projection technology</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ghosting_(television)/oybe05LJ">Ghosting (television)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Screen_burn-in/wSQTDzbR">Screen burn-in</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Distortion/z8RJcwNy">Distortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Silk_screen_effect/CyJ9SouA">Silk screen effect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Rainbow_effect/jxMs8emm">Rainbow effect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Screen_tearing/FhBBfFj5">Screen tearing</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Moir%C3%A9_pattern/nvxDu1qK">Moiré pattern</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Color_banding/xV10UrTS">Color banding</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="in-video-entertainment">In video entertainment</h2>
<p>Many people who use their computers as a hobby experience artifacting due to a hardware or software malfunction. The cases can differ but the usual causes are:
</p>
<ul><li>Temperature issues, such as failure of cooling fan.</li>
<li>Unsuited <a href="/facts/Video_card/bcKfPyFt">video card</a> (graphics card) drivers.</li>
<li>Drivers that have values that the graphics card is not suited with.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Overclocking/wNpjgAFI">Overclocking</a> beyond the capabilities of the particular video card.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Software_bug/I1uSXySv">Software bugs</a> in the application or operating system.</li></ul>
<p>The differing cases of visual artifacting can also differ between scheduled task(s).
</p>
<h2 id="in-photography">In photography</h2>

<p>These effects can occur in both <a href="/facts/Analog_photography/nL7SlGmc">analog</a> and <a href="/facts/Digital_photography/a2UfweJh">digital photography</a>.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Chromatic_aberration/Fy1hIg1Y">Chromatic aberration</a> due to <a href="/facts/Optical_dispersion/cUdHnYXz">optical dispersion</a> through a <a href="/facts/Lens/ejlH6n5c">lens</a>, leading to color fringes at high-contrast boundaries in a photograph
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Purple_fringing/nJINrp4g">Purple fringing</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Motion_blur/y7jR2shk">Motion blur</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Backscatter_(photography)/JrStNIRB">Near-camera reflection</a>, visual artifacts caused by the <a href="/facts/Backscatter/C79g5QLB">backscatter</a> of light by unfocused particles</li></ul>
<h2 id="in-microscopy">In microscopy</h2>

<p>In <a href="/facts/Microscopy/GpHlElDS">microscopy</a>, an artifact is an apparent structural detail that is caused by the processing of the specimen and is thus not a legitimate feature of the specimen. In <a href="/facts/Optical_microscope/5700vcna">light microscopy</a>, artifacts may be produced by air bubbles trapped under the <a href="/facts/Microscope_slide/DaM2Lrac">slide</a>'s cover slip.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a>
</p><p>In <a href="/facts/Electron_microscope/XtaBktwF">electron microscopy</a>, distortions may be produced in the drying out of the specimen. <a href="/facts/Staining/jqGqWEE1">Staining</a> can cause the appearance of solid chemical deposits that may be seen as structures inside the cell. Different techniques including <a href="/facts/Electron_microscope/XtaBktwF">freeze-fracturing</a> and <a href="/facts/Cell_fractionation/azte2Hba">cell fractionation</a> may be used to overcome the problems of artifacts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a>
</p><p>A <i>crush artifact</i> is an artificial elongation and distortion seen in <a href="/facts/Histopathology/9Eggjrg4">histopathology</a> and <a href="/facts/Cytopathology/za3sn0Jt">cytopathology</a> studies, presumably because of iatrogenic compression of tissues. Distortion can be caused by the slightest compression of tissue and can provide difficulties in diagnosis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> It may cause chromatin to be squeezed out of nuclei.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Inflammatory and tumor cells are most susceptible to crush artifacts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a>
</p>

<h2 id="in-radiography">In radiography</h2>
<p>In <a href="/facts/Projectional_radiography/IUvVylwq">projectional radiography</a>, visual artifacts that can constitute disease mimics include jewelry, clothes and <a href="/facts/Skin_fold/rfXBBN8Y">skin folds</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a>
</p>

<h2 id="in-magnetic-resonance-imaging">In magnetic resonance imaging</h2>
<p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/MRI_artifact/4ccc1jmn">MRI artifact</a> and <a href="/facts/Ghosting_(medical_imaging)/61yJqH8A">Ghosting (medical imaging)</a></p>
<p>In <a href="/facts/Magnetic_resonance_imaging/Vh9yG9qq">Magnetic resonance imaging</a>, artifacts can be classified as patient-related, signal processing-dependent or hardware (machine)-related.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a>
</p>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Kent, Michael (2000). Advanced Biology (Repr. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0199141959. <a href="0199141959" target="_blank">0199141959</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Kent, Michael (2000). Advanced Biology (Repr. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0199141959. <a href="0199141959" target="_blank">0199141959</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Chatterjee, S. (September 2014). "Artefacts in histopathology". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 18 (Suppl 1): S111-6. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.141346. PMC 4211218. PMID 25364159. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4211218" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4211218</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Komanduri S, Swanson G, Keefer L, Jakate S (December 2009). "Use of a new jumbo forceps improves tissue acquisition of Barrett's esophagus surveillance biopsies". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 70 (6): 1072–8.e1. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2009.04.009. PMID 19595312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Chatterjee, Shailja (2014). "Artefacts in histopathology". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 18 (4): S111 – S116. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.141346. ISSN 0973-029X. PMC 4211218. PMID 25364159. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4211218" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4211218</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Chatterjee, Shailja (2014). "Artefacts in histopathology". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 18 (4): S111 – S116. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.141346. ISSN 0973-029X. PMC 4211218. PMID 25364159. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4211218" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4211218</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>Page 46 in: Michael Darby, Nicholas Maskell, Anthony Edey, Ladli Chandratreya (2012). Pocket Tutor Chest X-Ray Interpretation. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 9781907816062.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="9781907816062" target="_blank">9781907816062</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>Erasmus, L.J.; Hurter, D.; Naude, M.; Kritzinger, H.G.; Acho, S. (2004). "A short overview of MRI artifacts". South African Journal of Radiology. 8 (2): 13. doi:10.4102/sajr.v8i2.127. ISSN 2078-6778. (CC-BY 4.0) <a href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fsajr.v8i2.127" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fsajr.v8i2.127</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Visual artifact open-in-new

Visual artifact