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Adalbert of Italy
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<h2 id="accession">Accession</h2> <p>Adalbert was born between 932 and 936, the son of <a href="/facts/Berengar_II_of_Italy/ehsk8YdN">Berengar</a>, then <a href="/facts/Margrave_of_Ivrea/p2KtHvch">margrave of Ivrea</a>, and <a href="/facts/Willa_of_Tuscany/xkXXVmKV">Willa</a>, daughter of <a href="/facts/Boso,_Margrave_of_Tuscany/WK8DuppT">Boso</a>, <a href="/facts/Margrave_of_Tuscany/PM3z152b">margrave of Tuscany</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> In 950, he and his father were simultaneously elected by the high nobility to succeed King <a href="/facts/Lothar_II_of_Italy/9InFETGl">Lothar II of Italy</a>. They were crowned together in the <a href="/facts/San_Michele_Maggiore,_Pavia/zqERPlEw">basilica of Saint Michael</a> in <a href="/facts/Pavia/gVzFpug5">Pavia</a> on 15 December.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Berengar tried to force Lothair's widow, <a href="/facts/Adelaide_of_Italy/jz1n9BCs">Adelaide</a>, to marry Adalbert and cement their claim to joint kingship. Although later traditions speak of a marriage, Adelaide refused to be married and fled to <a href="/facts/Canossa/avfTo6Pa">Canossa</a>. She was tracked down and imprisoned for four months at <a href="/facts/Como,_Italy/d5QHB9vT">Como</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="german-invasion">German invasion</h2> <p>In 951, King <a href="/facts/Otto_I_of_Germany/W4EfIxXd">Otto I of Germany</a> invaded Italy, forcing the release of Adelaide and marrying her himself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> He made no effort to depose the kings of Italy, however. Instead, Adalbert and Berengar were compelled to attend the Diet of Augsburg in Germany in August 952, where Otto formally invested them with the kingdom of Italy, thus subjecting the kingdom to Germany. Between 953 and 956, Adalbert and Berengar besieged Count <a href="/facts/Adalbert_Azzo_of_Canossa/alMX3UmR">Adalbert Azzo of Canossa</a> in his castle, where Adelaide had taken refuge in 951.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In 956, Duke <a href="/facts/Liudolf,_Duke_of_Swabia/nWkE2SJN">Liudolf of Swabia</a>, Otto's son, entered Italy with a large army to re-assert his father's authority. Adalbert gathered a large force to oppose him. He defeated Liudolf, but before the latter could return to Germany he died in September 957. Following this victory, Adalbert, assisted by Duke <a href="/facts/Hugh_of_Tuscany/thujmzU5">Hugh of Tuscany</a>, campaigned against Duke <a href="/facts/Theobald_II_of_Spoleto/o64V2q0l">Theobald II of Spoleto</a>. During this campaign his forces even encroached on <a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Rome/lPcLq4hY">Roman territory</a> in 960.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <p><a href="/facts/Pope_John_XII/AXs5MJkf">Pope John XII</a> asked the king of Germany for help against Adalbert.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Otto entered Italy in 961, while Adalbert assembled a large army at <a href="/facts/Verona/tquPI1yc">Verona</a>. According to contemporary sources it was 60,000 strong, although this is an obvious exaggeration. Many of the leading noble families refused to join in the defence of Italy except on the condition that Berengar abdicate in favour of his son. This the elder king refused to do, and thus Adalbert was unable to effectively oppose the German invasion. Otto proceeded unopposed to <a href="/facts/Milan/0xrtbPdt">Milan</a>, where he was crowned king by Archbishop Walbert in November, and from there to Rome, where he was crowned <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Emperor/RYrqYynl">emperor</a> by the pope on 3 February 962. Adalbert and Berengar went into hiding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="exile">Exile</h2> <p>After his imperial coronation, Otto besieged the various fortresses loyal to Adalbert and Berengar. In the fall of 962, Adalbert left Italy and took refuge with the Arabs of <a href="/facts/Fraxinetum/XsPYKk0l">Fraxinetum</a> in southern <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Arles/y3AcRFBJ">Burgundy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> From there he went to <a href="/facts/Medieval_Corsica/8oXdEjzf">Corsica</a>. From Corsica he opened negotiations with John XII, proposing a joint action against Otto. He sailed to Italy, landing in <a href="/facts/Civitavecchia/2lKHUHI9">Civitavecchia</a>. There he was met by the pope's representatives, who escorted him to Rome. Otto, who had forced Berengar to surrender, then marched against Rome. After a perfunctory defence, Adalbert and the pope fled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Adalbert returned to Corsica in his second exile. He did not try to regain Italy again until after Otto had returned north of the Alps. When he finally returned in 965, he tried to take Pavia, the Italian capital, but was defeated by another Swabian army, this time under Duke <a href="/facts/Burchard_III,_Duke_of_Swabia/0TwwxDnT">Burchard III</a>. On 25 June, Burchard defeated him in battle between <a href="/facts/Parma/q95VPYJF">Parma</a> and <a href="/facts/Piacenza/A6x3dVQj">Piacenza</a>. Fighting alongside Adalbert were his brothers: <a href="/facts/Conrad_of_Ivrea/pQ56KENo">Conrad</a>, <a href="/facts/Count_of_Milan/DeCHqIqW">count of Milan</a>, who had initially made his peace with Otto, and <a href="/facts/Guy_of_Ivrea/WD2cUoa0">Guy</a>, margrave of Ivrea, who died in the fighting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Failing in his second attempt to regain his kingdom, Adalbert began a long series of negotiations with the <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Empire/njEELXWF">Byzantine Empire</a>, which was threatened by Otto's designs on southern Italy. When these fell through, he retired with his wife <a href="/facts/Gerberga,_mother_of_Otto-William/bceuoDDY">Gerberga</a> to her family's estates in Burgundy. Adalbert died at <a href="/facts/Autun/kClrjAX6">Autun</a>, either on 30 April 971 or between 972 and 975.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> From his marriage, Adalbert had one son, <a href="/facts/Otto-William,_Count_of_Burgundy/pCbeKuNx">Otto-William</a>, born at the latest in 962<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> (the marriage must have been contracted before), who succeeded to the <a href="/facts/County_of_M%C3%A2con/1WuKd2r3">county of Mâcon</a> through marriage to the widow of the previous count. This has led some scholars to mistakenly conclude that Gerberga must have been related to the counts of Mâcon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> After Adalbert's death, Gerberga married <a href="/facts/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Burgundy/mD0J6jHk">Henry I, Duke of Burgundy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Henry adopted Otto-William making him a possible heir of the <a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Burgundy/XVFYR4rR">Duchy of Burgundy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Otto-William was even offered the Italian crown after the death of <a href="/facts/Arduin_of_Ivrea/AtX3Dl6T">Arduin</a> in 1015, although he did not accept.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Sixteen diplomas issued jointly with his father and three issued by himself alone have survived from Adalbert's reign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> They have been edited and published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Berengar and Adalbert had silver <i><a href="/facts/Denarii/GupDv9vW">denarii</a></i> minted at Pavia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Gina Fasoli, "Adalberto, re d'Italia", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 1 (Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960). <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, vol. 2 (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), table 59. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Gina Fasoli, "Adalberto, re d'Italia", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 1 (Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960). <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Eleanor Shipley Duckett, Death and Life in the Tenth Century (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1967), pp. 70–71. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Roger Collins, Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000, Second Edition (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), p. 400. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Gina Fasoli, "Adalberto, re d'Italia", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 1 (Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960). <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Gina Fasoli, "Adalberto, re d'Italia", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 1 (Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960). <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Constance Brittain Bouchard, Sword, Miter, and Cloister; Nobility and the Church in Burgundy, 980–1198 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2009 [1987]), pp. 33, 265, 267 and 310. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Gina Fasoli, "Adalberto, re d'Italia", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 1 (Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960). <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Gina Fasoli, "Adalberto, re d'Italia", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 1 (Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960). <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Constance Brittain Bouchard, Sword, Miter, and Cloister; Nobility and the Church in Burgundy, 980–1198 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2009 [1987]), pp. 33, 265, 267 and 310. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Gina Fasoli, "Adalberto, re d'Italia", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 1 (Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960). <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Gina Fasoli, "Adalberto, re d'Italia", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 1 (Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960). <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Gina Fasoli, "Adalberto, re d'Italia", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 1 (Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960). <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, vol. 2 (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), table 59. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Constance Brittain Bouchard, Sword, Miter, and Cloister; Nobility and the Church in Burgundy, 980–1198 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2009 [1987]), pp. 33, 265, 267 and 310. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Constance Brittain Bouchard, Sword, Miter, and Cloister; Nobility and the Church in Burgundy, 980–1198 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2009 [1987]), pp. 33, 265, 267 and 310. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, vol. 2 (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), table 59. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Constance Brittain Bouchard, Sword, Miter, and Cloister; Nobility and the Church in Burgundy, 980–1198 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2009 [1987]), pp. 33, 265, 267 and 310. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Gina Fasoli, "Adalberto, re d'Italia", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 1 (Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960). <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, vol. 2 (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), table 59. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Gina Fasoli, "Adalberto, re d'Italia", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 1 (Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960). <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/re-d-italia-adalberto_(Dizionario_Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>L. Schiaparelli, "I diplomi di Ugo e di Lotario, di Berengario II e di Adalbert", Fonti per la Storia d'Italia, 38 (Rome: 1924), pp. 291–347. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>J. G. Pfister, "On a Very Rare Silver Coin (denaro d'argento) of Berengarius II., King of Italy, with His Son Albertus (Adalbertus) as Coregent, A.D. 950–962", The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, vol. 18 (1855–56), pp. 57–75. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>