Discrete least squares meshless method

<h2 id="description">Description</h2>
While most of the existing meshless methods need background cells for <a href="/facts/Numerical_integration/MwJnvcDV">numerical integration</a>, DLSM did not require a numerical integration procedure due to the use of the <a href="/facts/Discrete_mathematics/XdRUnzUL">discrete</a> least squares method to discretize the governing <a href="/facts/Differential_equation/9MGbE3Ca">differential equation</a>. A <a href="/facts/Moving_least_squares/hwcae71G">Moving least squares</a> (MLS) approximation method is used to construct the shape function, making the approach a fully least squares-based approach.
Arzani and Afshar<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> developed the DLSM method in 2006 for the solution of <a href="/facts/Poisson%27s_equation/Pr8zkCXB">Poisson's equation</a>. Firoozjaee and Afshar<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> proposed the collocated discrete least squares meshless (CDLSM) method to solve <a href="/facts/Elliptic_differential_equation/pQx2wB7V">elliptic</a> partial differential equations, and studied the effect of the collocation points on the convergence and accuracy of the method. The method can be considered as an extension the earlier method of DLSM by the introduction of a set of <a href="/facts/Collocation_point/YMVkNS7m">collocation points</a> for the calculation of the least squares functional.
CDLSM was later used by Naisipour et al.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> to solve <a href="/facts/Elasticity_(mathematics)/AU4fEx94">elasticity</a> problems regarding the irregular distribution of nodal points. Afshar and Lashckarbolok used the CDLSM method for the adaptive simulation of <a href="/facts/Hyperbolic_distribution/K7zvdIGL">hyperbolic</a> problems. A simple a posteriori error indicator based on the value of the least squares functional and a node moving strategy was used and tested on <a href="/facts/One-dimensional_space/bC4W2dHd">1-D</a> hyperbolic problems. Shobeyri and Afshar simulated <a href="/facts/Free_surface/NB0yMSxH">free surface</a> problems using the DLSM method.
The method was then extended for adaptive simulation of <a href="/facts/Two-dimensional/f4b397W8">two-dimensional</a> shocked hyperbolic problems by Afshar and Firoozjaee. Also, <a href="/facts/Adaptive_mesh_refinement/5FHW0UbQ">adaptive</a> node-moving refinement<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> and multi-stage node enrichment adaptive refinement<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> are formulated in the DLSM for the solution of elasticity problems.
Amani, Afshar and Naisipour.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> proposed mixed discrete least squares meshless (MDLSM) formulation for solution of planar elasticity problems. In this approach, the differential equations governing the planar elasticity problems are written in terms of the <a href="/facts/Stress_(mechanics)/ErAXDbbd">stresses</a> and displacements which are approximated independently using the same shape functions. Since the resulting governing <a href="/facts/Equation/pxFzLAVR">equations</a> are of the <a href="/facts/First-order_approximation/FxajXyHk">first order</a>, both the displacement and stress boundary conditions are of the <a href="/facts/Dirichlet/b5UIU7Uy">Dirichlet</a> type, which is easily incorporated via a <a href="/facts/Penalty_method/IVXJnaIz">penalty method</a>. Because this is a least squares based <a href="/facts/Algorithm/fnl5NmRt">algorithm</a> of the MDLSM method, the proposed method does not need to be satisfied by the <a href="/facts/Olga_Aleksandrovna_Ladyzhenskaya/nwVvlBSx">Ladyzhenskaya</a>–<a href="/facts/Ivo_Babu%C5%A1ka/G5NbtybI">Babuška</a>–Brezzi (LBB) condition.

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<ul><li>H. Arzani, M.H. Afshar, Solving Poisson's equations by the discrete least square meshless method, WIT Transactions on Modelling and Simulation 42 (2006) 23–31.</li>
<li>M. H. Afshar, M. Lashckarbolok, Collocated discrete least square (CDLS) meshless method: error estimate and adaptive refinement, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 56 (2008) 1909–1928.</li>
<li>M. Naisipour, M. H. Afshar, B. Hassani, A.R. Firoozjaee, Collocation Discrete Least Square (CDLS) Method for Elasticity Problems. International Journal of Civil Engineering 7 (2009) 9–18.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955799708000349">A.R. Firoozjaee, M.H. Afshar, Discrete least squares meshless method with sampling points for the solution of elliptic partial differential equations. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 33 (2009) 83–92.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004579300900142X">G. Shobeyri, M.H. Afshar, Simulating free surface problems using Discrete Least Squares Meshless method. Computers & Fluids 39 (2010) 461–470.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045793010001787">M.H.Afshar, and A.R. Firoozjaee, Adaptive Simulation of Two Dimensional Hyperbolic Problems by Collocated Discrete Least Squares Meshless Method, Computer and Fluids, 39, (2010) 2030–2039.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168874X11001338">M.H.Afshar, M. Naisipour, J. Amani, Node moving adaptive refinement strategy for planar elasticity problems using discrete least squares meshless method, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 47, (2011) 1315–1325.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955799711001901">M.H.Afshar, J. Amani, M. Naisipour, A node enrichment adaptive refinement by Discrete Least Squares Meshless method for solution of elasticity problems, Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 36, (2012) 385–393.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095579971100213X">J. Amani, M.H.Afshar, M. Naisipour, Mixed Discrete Least Squares Meshless method for planar elasticity problems using regular and irregular nodal distributions, Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 36, (2012) 894–902.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://scientiairanica.sharif.edu/article_1650.html">Faraji, S., M. Afshar, et al. (2014). "Mixed discrete least square meshless method for solution of quadratic partial differential equations." Scientia Iranica. Transaction A, Civil Engineering 21(3): 492.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://scientiairanica.sharif.edu/article_4189.html">Faraji, S. et al. (2018) Mixed discrete least squares meshless method for solving the linear and non-linear propagation problems</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">H. Arzani, M.H. Afshar, Solving Poisson’s equation by the discrete least square meshless method, WIT Transactions on Modelling and Simulation 42 (2006) 23–31. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">A.R. Firoozjaee, M.H. Afshar, Discrete least squares meshless method with sampling points for the solution of elliptic partial differential equations. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 33 (2009) 83–92. <a href="/wiki/Partial_differential_equation" target="_blank">/wiki/Partial_differential_equation</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">M. Naisipour, M. H. Afshar, B. Hassani, A.R. Firoozjaee, Collocation Discrete Least Square (CDLS) Method for Elasticity Problems. International Journal of Civil Engineering 7 (2009) 9–18. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">M.H.Afshar, M. Naisipour, J. Amani, Node moving adaptive refinement strategy for planar elasticity problems using discrete least squares meshless method, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 47, (2011) 1315–1325. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">M.H.Afshar, J. Amani, M. Naisipour, A node enrichment adaptive refinement by Discrete Least Squares Meshless method for solution of elasticity problems, Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 36, (2012) 385–393. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">J. Amani, M.H.Afshar, M. Naisipour, Mixed Discrete Least Squares Meshless method for planar elasticity problems using regular and irregular nodal distributions, Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 36, (2012) 894–902. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Discrete least squares meshless method open-in-new

Discrete least squares meshless method