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Soyuz programme
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<h2 id="soyuz-rocket">Soyuz rocket</h2> <p>The launch vehicles used in the Soyuz <a href="/facts/Expendable_launch_system/CaW43W5z">expendable launch system</a> are manufactured at the <a href="/facts/Progress_State_Research_and_Production_Rocket_Space_Center/TNdXAyNn">Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center</a> (TsSKB-Progress) in <a href="/facts/Samara,_Russia/3UQ0dGG9">Samara, Russia</a>. As well as being used in the Soyuz programme as the launcher for the crewed Soyuz spacecraft, Soyuz launch vehicles are now also used to launch robotic <a href="/facts/Progress_spacecraft/l9GvvKLs">Progress supply spacecraft</a> to the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a> and commercial launches marketed and operated by TsSKB-Progress and the <a href="/facts/Starsem/16WNgNdt">Starsem</a> company. Currently Soyuz vehicles are launched from the <a href="/facts/Baikonur_Cosmodrome/sk16LwcH">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> in Kazakhstan and the <a href="/facts/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome/QG25T5Ph">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a> in northwest Russia and, since 2011, Soyuz launch vehicles are also being launched from the <a href="/facts/Guiana_Space_Centre/hp6TSJ6W">Guiana Space Centre</a> in French Guiana.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The Spaceport's <a href="/facts/Ensemble_de_Lancement_Soyouz/KfapNnLj">new Soyuz launch site</a> has been handling Soyuz launches since 21 October 2011, the date of the first launch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> As of December 2019, 19 <a href="/facts/Soyuz_at_the_Guiana_Space_Centre/vVR1DUFl">Guiana Soyuz launches</a> had been made from <a href="/facts/Guiana_Space_Centre/hp6TSJ6W">French Guiana Space Centre</a>, all successful.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Soyuz_(rocket)/GKUhhzoA">Soyuz rocket</a> family is one of the most dependable and widely utilized launch vehicles in the history of space travel. It has been in operation for nearly six decades, having been developed by the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> and presently run by <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>. The Soyuz rockets have played an important role in both crewed and uncrewed space missions, launching people to the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a> (ISS) and delivering satellites and scientific payloads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="soyuz-spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Soyuz_(spacecraft)/meooRg7U">Soyuz (spacecraft)</a></p> <p>The basic <a href="/facts/Soyuz_spacecraft/meooRg7U">Soyuz spacecraft</a> design was the basis for many projects, many of which were never developed. Its earliest form was intended to travel to the Moon without employing a huge booster like the <a href="/facts/Saturn_V/WhpUEFJM">Saturn V</a> or the Soviet <a href="/facts/N1_rocket/7dVhShJU">N-1</a> by repeatedly docking with upper stages that had been put in orbit using the same rocket as the Soyuz. This and the initial civilian designs were done under the Soviet Chief Designer <a href="/facts/Sergei_Korolev/JolDYmYC">Sergei Pavlovich Korolev</a>, who did not live to see the craft take flight. Several military derivatives took precedence in the Soviet design process, though they never came to pass. </p><p>A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back): </p> <ul><li>a spheroid <a href="/facts/Orbital_module/2mtRwXTU">orbital module</a></li> <li>a small aerodynamic <a href="/facts/Reentry_module/qKfYDb5p">reentry module</a></li> <li>a cylindrical <a href="/facts/Service_module/79YA3cdQ">service module</a> with solar panels attached</li></ul> <p>There have been many variants of the Soyuz spacecraft, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Sever_(spacecraft)/oeEUMjnx">Sever</a> early crewed spacecraft proposal to replace Vostok (1959) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Sever_(spacecraft)/oeEUMjnx">L1-1960</a> crewed circumlunar spacecraft proposal (1960); evolved into the Soyuz-A design</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sever_(spacecraft)/oeEUMjnx">L4-1960</a> crewed lunar orbiter proposal (1960)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sever_(spacecraft)/oeEUMjnx">L1-1962</a> crewed lunar flyby spacecraft proposal (1962); early design led to Soyuz</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sever_(spacecraft)/oeEUMjnx">OS-1962</a> space station proposal (1962)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz-A/2rRS0577">Soyuz-A</a> 7K-9K-11K circumlunar complex proposal (1963) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Soyuz-A/2rRS0577">Soyuz 7K</a> crewed spacecraft concept; cancelled in 1964 in favor of the <a href="/facts/LK-1/urIuPw8J">LK-1</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz-B/L9npYWxp">Soyuz 9K</a> proposed orbital tug; cancelled in 1964 when the Soyuz 7K and Soyuz P were cancelled</li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz-V/01u9GgCG">Soyuz 11K</a> proposed fuel tanker; cancelled in 1964 when the Soyuz 7K and Soyuz P were cancelled</li></ul></li> <li>L3-1963 crewed lunar lander proposal (1963)</li> <li>L4-1963 crewed lunar orbiter proposal; modified 7K (1963)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_7K-OK/8roJUvkM">Soyuz 7K-OK</a> (1967–1970) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_7K-L1/CyPlMKlg">Soyuz 7K-L1</a> Zond (1967–1970)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_7K-LOK/tLuNWavJ">Soyuz 7K-L3</a> LOK (1971–1972)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_7K-OKS/LVXENR2W">Soyuz 7K-OKS</a> (1971); also known as 7KT-OK</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_7K-T/WqSBrfrf">Soyuz 7K-T</a> or "ferry" (1973–1981) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_7K-T-AF/1tL0qhVw">Soyuz 7K-T-AF</a> (1973); 7K-T modified for space station flight with Orion 2 space telescope</li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_7K-T/WqSBrfrf">Soyuz 7K-T/A9</a> (1974–1978); 7K-T modified for flights to military Almaz space stations</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_7K-TM/L3J1HGc2">Soyuz 7K-TM</a> (1974–1976) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_7K-MF6/FT9rtfKl">7K-MF6</a> (1976); 7K-TM modified for space station flight with MKF-6 camera</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz-T/bQHhzff0">Soyuz-T</a> (1976–1986)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zarya_(space_capsule)/wjeEuEmh">Zarya</a> planned 'Super Soyuz' replacement for Soyuz and Progress (1985) <ul><li>Alpha Lifeboat rescue spacecraft based on Zarya (1995); cancelled in favor of a modified Soyuz TM</li> <li>Big Soyuz enlarged version of Soyuz reentry vehicle (2008)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz-TM/09kWcRYY">Soyuz-TM</a> (1986–2003)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_TMA/AdpcUS5T">Soyuz TMA</a> (2003–2012)</li> <li><a href="/facts/CSTS/WXzGCnoB">Soyuz-ACTS</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_TMA/AdpcUS5T">Soyuz TMA-M</a> (2010–2016)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_MS/0FkvePzv">Soyuz MS</a> (since 2016)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Military_Soyuz/4us1Bw1j">Military Soyuz</a> (P, PPK, R, 7K-VI Zvezda, and OIS) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_P/tJEQhX96">Soyuz P</a> crewed satellite interceptor proposal (1962); cancelled in 1964 in favor of the <a href="/facts/Istrebitel_Sputnikov/HGWqGP0w">Istrebitel Sputnikov</a> program</li> <li><a href="/facts/Military_Soyuz/4us1Bw1j">Soyuz R</a> command-reconnaissance spacecraft proposal (1962); cancelled in 1966 and replaced by Almaz <ul><li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_7K-TK/t6VDBxj7">Soyuz 7K-TK</a> transport spacecraft proposal for delivering cosmonauts to Soyuz R military stations (1966); cancelled in 1970 in favor of the TKS spacecraft</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Military_Soyuz/4us1Bw1j">Soyuz PPK</a> revised version of Soyuz P (1964)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda/4us1Bw1j">Soyuz 7K-VI Zvezda</a> space station proposal (1964)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz-VI/4us1Bw1j">Soyuz-VI</a> crewed combat spacecraft proposal; cancelled in 1965</li> <li><a href="/facts/Military_Soyuz/4us1Bw1j">Soyuz OIS</a> (1967) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Military_Soyuz/4us1Bw1j">Soyuz OB-VI</a> space station proposal (1967)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Military_Soyuz/4us1Bw1j">Soyuz 7K-S</a> military transport proposal (1974)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Military_Soyuz/4us1Bw1j">Soyuz 7K-ST</a> concept for Soyuz T and TM (1974)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="derivatives">Derivatives</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Zond_program/199wjh20">Zond</a> spacecraft was designed to take a crew around the Moon, but never achieved the required degree of safety or political need. <a href="/facts/Zond_5/vjbmz14z">Zond 5</a> did circle the Moon in September 1968, with two tortoises and other life forms, and returned safely to Earth although in an <a href="/facts/Atmospheric_entry/p7TMk9sa">atmospheric entry</a> which probably would have killed human travelers. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Progress_spacecraft/l9GvvKLs">Progress</a> series of robotic cargo ships for the <a href="/facts/Salyut/2hcw9vX2">Salyut</a>, <a href="/facts/Mir/pILadPoB">Mir</a>, and ISS use the engine section, orbital module, automatic navigation, docking mechanism, and overall layout of the Soyuz spacecraft, but are incapable of reentry. </p><p>While not a direct derivative, the Chinese <a href="/facts/Shenzhou_(spacecraft)/h5sA5L6L">Shenzhou spacecraft</a> follows the basic template originally pioneered by Soyuz.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="soyuz-crewed-flights">Soyuz crewed flights</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions/6lbPjIuk">List of Soviet human spaceflight missions</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions/9ucTsaIz">List of Russian human spaceflight missions</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions/6lbPjIuk">Soviet human spaceflight missions</a> started in 1961 and ended in 1991 with the <a href="/facts/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union/Fyn5jw3n">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions/9ucTsaIz">Russian human spaceflight missions</a> program started in 1991 and continues to this day. Soyuz crewed missions were the only spacecraft visiting the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a>, starting from when the <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle/7BoyetEv">Space Shuttle</a> program ended in 2011, until the launch of <a href="/facts/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2/0D3BuCxE">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a> on 30 May 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The International Space Station always has at least one Soyuz spacecraft docked at all times for use as an escape craft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="soyuz-uncrewed-flights">Soyuz uncrewed flights</h2> <ol><li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_133/LbUFx86s">Kosmos 133</a> - launch failure</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_140/bpJXoAbk">Kosmos 140</a> - reentry damage</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_186/9Dn4IBE3">Kosmos 186</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_188/9Dn4IBE3">Kosmos 188</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_212/vL3JJ3TU">Kosmos 212</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_213/jckcKNCM">Kosmos 213</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_238/3MFKESdJ">Kosmos 238</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_2/Se9HQYqH">Soyuz 2</a> - failed to dock</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_379/daSWWEdH">Kosmos 379</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_396/wq0JwGdx">Kosmos 396</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_434/sDPWNGjg">Kosmos 434</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_496/VXl5XATs">Kosmos 496</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_573/lvsejYEv">Kosmos 573</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_613/uhDREqqD">Kosmos 613</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_638/NbCL5qFe">Kosmos 638</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_656/RMbMfeKP">Kosmos 656</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_670/yzv8JtC7">Kosmos 670</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_672/3dojrya5">Kosmos 672</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_772/5bYblXkv">Kosmos 772</a> - partial fail</li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_20/Jz2eW9q7">Soyuz 20</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_869/m2oD9mxa">Kosmos 869</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_1001/ETjnczS8">Kosmos 1001</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kosmos_1074/PD31RFE8">Kosmos 1074</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_34/7ndU0Gmp">Soyuz 34</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_T-1/L13h9gIP">Soyuz T-1</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_TM-1/w0B2TeRR">Soyuz TM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_MS-14/ostVSunX">Soyuz MS-14</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soyuz_MS-23/sJV1bkxd">Soyuz MS-23</a></li></ol> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Spaceflight portal</li></ul> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soyuz program. <ul><li><a href="/facts/Shenzhou_spacecraft/h5sA5L6L">Shenzhou</a>, a Chinese spacecraft influenced by Soyuz</li> <li><a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle/7BoyetEv">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Buran_(spacecraft)/s0nNfe61">Buran (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents/yoI0cEQd">List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Harland, David M. "Soyuz". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/Soyuz" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/Soyuz</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Hendrickx, Bart (2018). "Russian Life Support Systems: Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz". In Seedhouse, Erik; Shayler, David J. (eds.). Handbook of Life Support Systems for Spacecraft and Extraterrestrial Habitats. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–15. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09575-2_39-1. ISBN 978-3-319-09575-2. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. <a href="978-3-319-09575-2" target="_blank">978-3-319-09575-2</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Wild, Flint (27 June 2018). "What Is the Soyuz Spacecraft?". NASA. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-the-soyuz-spacecraft-k-4" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-the-soyuz-spacecraft-k-4</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>O'Callaghan, Jonathan (9 April 2020). "The Last Soyuz - NASA Ends Reliance On Russia With Final Launch Before Crew Dragon". Forbes. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2020/04/09/the-last-soyuznasa-ends-reliance-on-russia-with-final-launch-before-crew-dragon/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2020/04/09/the-last-soyuznasa-ends-reliance-on-russia-with-final-launch-before-crew-dragon/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>O'Callaghan, Jonathan (9 April 2020). "The Last Soyuz - NASA Ends Reliance On Russia With Final Launch Before Crew Dragon". Forbes. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2020/04/09/the-last-soyuznasa-ends-reliance-on-russia-with-final-launch-before-crew-dragon/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2020/04/09/the-last-soyuznasa-ends-reliance-on-russia-with-final-launch-before-crew-dragon/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Luscombe, Richard; Sample, Ian (30 May 2020). "SpaceX successfully launches Nasa astronauts into orbit". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2022. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/may/30/spacex-nasa-crewed-spaceflight-launch-dragon-capsule-elon-musk-trump" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/may/30/spacex-nasa-crewed-spaceflight-launch-dragon-capsule-elon-musk-trump</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Soyuz & Vega at the Spaceport". Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415214124/http://www.arianespace.com/news-soyuz-vega/2008/2008-10-03-Vega-Soyuz.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090415214124/http://www.arianespace.com/news-soyuz-vega/2008/2008-10-03-Vega-Soyuz.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Galileo: Europe readies itself for October launch". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2011. <a href="http://www.arianespace.com/news-press-release/2011/5-23-2011-galileo-soyuz.asp" target="_blank">http://www.arianespace.com/news-press-release/2011/5-23-2011-galileo-soyuz.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"CNES at Europe's Spaceport". European Space Agency. ESA. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2019. <a href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Europe_s_Spaceport/CNES_at_Europe_s_Spaceport" target="_blank">http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Europe_s_Spaceport/CNES_at_Europe_s_Spaceport</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"ESA at Europe's Spaceport". European Space Agency. ESA. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2019. <a href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Europe_s_Spaceport/ESA_at_Europe_s_Spaceport" target="_blank">http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Europe_s_Spaceport/ESA_at_Europe_s_Spaceport</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Arianespace at Europe's Spaceport". European Space Agency. ESA. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2019. <a href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Europe_s_Spaceport/Arianespace_at_Europe_s_Spaceport" target="_blank">http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Europe_s_Spaceport/Arianespace_at_Europe_s_Spaceport</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) (1 January 2010). NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 20100014848: Estimating the Reliability of a Soyuz Spacecraft Mission. <a href="https://archive.org/details/NASA_NTRS_Archive_20100014848" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/NASA_NTRS_Archive_20100014848</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Shenzhou-5 – Quick Facts Archived 1 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Astronautix.com. Retrieved on 23 October 2013. <a href="http://www.astronautix.com/articles/shefacts.htm" target="_blank">http://www.astronautix.com/articles/shefacts.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"ShenZhou Manned Spacecraft". sinodefence.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202015355/http://www.sinodefence.com/space/spacecraft/shenzhou.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101202015355/http://www.sinodefence.com/space/spacecraft/shenzhou.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Launch and Landing". NASA. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2011. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Oberhaus, Daniel. "SpaceX Launched Two Astronauts—Changing Spaceflight Forever". Wired. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020. <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/spacex-launched-two-astronauts-changing-spaceflight-forever/" target="_blank">https://www.wired.com/story/spacex-launched-two-astronauts-changing-spaceflight-forever/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"LA times, U.S.-Russian Crew Blasts Off to Space, By David Holley, 26 April 2003, Times Staff Writer". Los Angeles Times. 26 April 2003. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-26-fg-soyuz26-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-26-fg-soyuz26-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Beyond the Saga of Rocket Science: In Space to Stay, By Walter Sierra, page 225-226, 2019 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>