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General Motors B platform
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The GM B platform was introduced in 1926 with the <a href="/facts/Buick_Master_Six/QwIt6cun">Buick Master Six</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Model_30/m544tI7X">Oldsmobile Model 30</a>, and had at least 12 major re-engineering and restyling efforts, for the 1937, 1939, 1941, 1949, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1965, 1971, 1977, and 1991 model years; along with interim styling changes for 1942, 1969, and 1980 that included new sheetmetal and revised rooflines. The platform was downsized in length by approximately 10 inches in 1977 and reduced in weight by an average of 800 pounds. </p><p>In 1991, the platform received its last major redesign, regaining several inches in length and featuring numerous frame improvements and reinforcements, while the shorter wheelbase remained unchanged. The last B-cars rolled off the line in 1996, leaving only <a href="/facts/Ford_Motor_Company/lY6Wcwty">Ford</a> producing domestic large rear-wheel-drive sedans until the <a href="/facts/Ford_Panther_platform/X13XHwTN">line</a> was phased out in late 2011, with Chrysler reentering the market with their <a href="/facts/Chrysler_LX_platform/2R4fTDrx">LX platform</a> in 2005. </p> <p>Known for being durable and reliable, most B-platform cars used suspensions utilizing coil springs in the front and leaf springs in the rear until 1958, when they switched to coils in the rear; one exception is the 1959–60 Oldsmobile 88, which used coil springs in front and multi-leaf springs in the rear. All B-platform cars since 1965 used perimeter frames with side rails, along with the 1961–64 B-platform Pontiacs and Oldsmobiles. The 1958–60 Buicks and 1959–60 Oldsmobiles used a ladder-type frame, while an X-frame without side rails was used on 1959–60 Pontiacs, 1959–64 Chevrolets, and 1961–64 Buicks. </p><p>The B platform was the last platform design to have the <a href="/facts/Gasoline/lcnxq5BS">gasoline</a> tank filler port behind the <a href="/facts/License_plate/okvNxmyB">license plate</a> after 1958. Exceptions included all station wagons, as well as all 1961–64 cars (which had the tank filler in the rear fender on the driver's side) and 1965 Buicks (which had their fuel filler door above the license plate). Also, the B-platform vehicles from Pontiac, Oldsmobile, and Buick from 1941 to 1948 had the fuel filler door in the rear fender on the driver's side. </p><p> By 1986, the <a href="/facts/Buick_LeSabre/HQTHEmfU">Buick LeSabre</a> and <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_88/xsTE2VyQ">Oldsmobile Delta 88</a> moved to the <a href="/facts/GM_H_platform_(FWD)/vrbg5vHM">GM H platform</a>. And in 1991, Chairman <a href="/facts/Robert_Stempel/Wqghfg3C">Robert Stempel</a> said:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></p><p>There are some corporate things we're going to drive; we are a front-drive corporation.</p><p> He also stated that the rear-wheel-drive 1992 <a href="/facts/Buick_Roadmaster/3yxbuSQL">Buick Roadmaster</a> and <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Caprice/u6HIdBXW">Chevrolet Caprice</a> had been produced "over my dead body."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> No direct successor for this platform was made after 1996, when the Roadmaster and Caprice ceased production. However, the Caprice would be revived and built on the <a href="/facts/Opel/hFsySxoa">Opel</a>-developed <a href="/facts/GM_V_platform_(1966)/vaLdrnRk">V platform</a> for the Middle East but built by <a href="/facts/Holden/fTHoYMnw">Holden</a>, while years later, the Caprice for police use along with the Impala SS successor, the <a href="/facts/Holden_VF_Commodore/rGFD0QtM">Chevrolet SS</a>, would return to the United States, built on the <a href="/facts/General_Motors_Zeta_platform/5hvSpTvm">GM Zeta platform</a> developed by Holden in Australia. </p><h2 id="use">Use</h2> <h3>Sedans</h3> <p>Chevrolet </p> <ul><li>1959–1972 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Biscayne/JoxDPtSh">Chevrolet Biscayne</a></li> <li>1973–1975 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Biscayne/JoxDPtSh">Chevrolet Biscayne</a> (sold only in Canada)</li> <li>1958–1975 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Bel_Air/xUBmIKTo">Chevrolet Bel Air</a></li> <li>1976–1981 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Bel_Air/xUBmIKTo">Chevrolet Bel Air</a> (sold only in Canada, as a rebadged Impala)</li> <li>1958–1985 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Impala/g2b81ra6">Chevrolet Impala</a></li> <li>1994–1996 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Impala_SS/g2b81ra6">Chevrolet Impala SS</a></li> <li>1966–1996 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Caprice/u6HIdBXW">Chevrolet Caprice</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Caprice/u6HIdBXW">Chevrolet Caprice SS</a> (sold only in the Middle East, as a rebadged Impala SS)</li></ul> <p>Pontiac </p> <ul><li>1937–1940 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Streamliner/LUbr0850">Pontiac Deluxe Eight</a></li> <li>1941 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Torpedo/ueWlUVjS">Pontiac Streamliner Torpedo</a></li> <li>1942–1951 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Streamliner/LUbr0850">Pontiac Streamliner</a></li> <li>1959–1981 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Bonneville/KWbjWASF">Pontiac Bonneville</a></li> <li>1959–1981 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Catalina/yddYM0wJ">Pontiac Catalina</a></li> <li>1959–1981 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Parisienne/MCmff4Vo">Pontiac Parisienne</a> (Canada only)</li> <li>1983–1986 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Parisienne/MCmff4Vo">Pontiac Parisienne</a></li> <li>1959–1966 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Star_Chief/vhlK1bKX">Pontiac Star Chief</a></li> <li>1959–1970 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Strato_Chief/vhlK1bKX">Pontiac Strato Chief</a> (Canada only)</li> <li>1960–1961 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Ventura/1LYy0NvC">Pontiac Ventura</a></li> <li>1962–1981 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Laurentian/yddYM0wJ">Pontiac Laurentian</a> (Canada only)</li> <li>1966–1969 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Parisienne/MCmff4Vo">Pontiac Grande Parisienne</a> (Canada only)</li> <li>1967–1970 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Executive/TU62mBcb">Pontiac Executive</a></li> <li>1971–1975 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Grand_Ville/1B2RmprB">Pontiac Grand Ville</a></li></ul> <p>Oldsmobile </p> <ul><li>1926–1935 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_F-Series/WGr2rh4L">Oldsmobile F-Series</a></li> <li><i>1929–1931 <a href="/facts/Viking_(automobile)/R49q4vxX">Viking</a></i></li> <li>1936–1939 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_L-Series/TKgzHQTK">Oldsmobile L-Series</a></li> <li>1939 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_F-Series/WGr2rh4L">Oldsmobile G-Series</a></li> <li>1940 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Series_70/LInwu4zy">Oldsmobile Series 70</a></li> <li>1941 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Series_70/LInwu4zy">Oldsmobile Dynamic 76</a></li> <li>1941 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Series_70/LInwu4zy">Oldsmobile Dynamic 78</a></li> <li>1942–1947 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Series_70/LInwu4zy">Oldsmobile Dynamic Cruiser 76</a></li> <li>1942–1947 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Series_70/LInwu4zy">Oldsmobile Dynamic Cruiser 78</a></li> <li>1948 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Series_70/LInwu4zy">Oldsmobile Dynamic 76</a></li> <li>1948 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Series_70/LInwu4zy">Oldsmobile Dynamic 78</a></li> <li>1949 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Series_70/LInwu4zy">Oldsmobile Futuramic 76</a></li> <li>1949 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_88/xsTE2VyQ">Oldsmobile Futuramic 88</a></li> <li>1950 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Series_70/LInwu4zy">Oldsmobile 76</a></li> <li>1950–1956 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_88/xsTE2VyQ">Oldsmobile 88</a></li> <li>1951–1964 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_88/xsTE2VyQ">Oldsmobile Super 88</a></li> <li>1957 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_88/xsTE2VyQ">Oldsmobile Golden Rocket 88</a></li> <li>1958–1966 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_88/xsTE2VyQ">Oldsmobile Dynamic 88</a></li> <li>1964–1966 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_88/xsTE2VyQ">Oldsmobile Jetstar 88</a></li> <li>1965–1985 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_88/xsTE2VyQ">Oldsmobile Delta 88</a></li> <li>1967–1968 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_88/xsTE2VyQ">Oldsmobile Delmont 88</a></li></ul> <p>Buick </p> <ul><li>1926–1935 <a href="/facts/Buick_Master_Six/QwIt6cun">Buick Master Six</a></li> <li>1926–1935 <a href="/facts/Buick_Standard_Six/Y2vPcvwH">Buick Standard Six</a></li> <li><i>1930 <a href="/facts/Marquette_(automobile)/xIuwzlLz">Marquette</a></i></li> <li>1936–1942 <a href="/facts/Buick_Century/d86atSrq">Buick Century</a></li> <li>1954–1958 <a href="/facts/Buick_Century/d86atSrq">Buick Century</a></li> <li>1936–1958 <a href="/facts/Buick_Special/BmFuaR0c">Buick Special</a></li> <li>1959–1962 <a href="/facts/Buick_Invicta/CR8n1n5H">Buick Invicta</a></li> <li>1959–1985 <a href="/facts/Buick_LeSabre/HQTHEmfU">Buick LeSabre</a></li> <li>1963–1970 <a href="/facts/Buick_Wildcat/9aq7even">Buick Wildcat</a></li> <li>1971–1973 <a href="/facts/Buick_Centurion/1AV854AK">Buick Centurion</a></li> <li>1991–1996 <a href="/facts/Buick_Roadmaster/3yxbuSQL">Buick Roadmaster</a></li></ul> <p>Cadillac </p> <ul><li>1936–1938 <a href="/facts/Cadillac_Series_60/bpkAQRSz">Cadillac Series 60</a></li> <li><i>1936–1940 <a href="/facts/LaSalle_(automobile)/tlmbS5j5">LaSalle Series 50</a></i></li> <li>1939 <a href="/facts/Cadillac_Series_61/MJ2QFkSt">Cadillac Series 61</a></li> <li>1941–1947 <a href="/facts/Cadillac_Series_61/MJ2QFkSt">Cadillac Series 61</a></li> <li>1950–1951 <a href="/facts/Cadillac_Series_61/MJ2QFkSt">Cadillac Series 61</a></li> <li>1941–1942 <a href="/facts/Cadillac_Series_61/MJ2QFkSt">Cadillac Series 63</a></li></ul> <h3>Two-door only</h3> <ul><li>1961–1969 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Impala/g2b81ra6">Chevrolet Impala SS</a></li> <li>1961–1966 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Starfire/5gbYANPt">Oldsmobile Starfire</a></li> <li>1964–1965 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Jetstar_I/CMC5F14z">Oldsmobile Jetstar I</a></li> <li>1962–1968 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Grand_Prix/oha7XJRj">Pontiac Grand Prix</a></li> <li>1966 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_2%2B2/4PWPUE7d">Pontiac 2+2</a></li> <li>1977–1978 <a href="/facts/Buick_Riviera/8zRvCXIn">Buick Riviera</a></li> <li>1959–1960 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_El_Camino/XRJg0hQW">Chevrolet El Camino</a> coupe utility</li></ul> <h3>Station wagons</h3> <ul><li>1941–1942 <a href="/facts/Buick_Special/BmFuaR0c">Buick Special Estate</a></li> <li>1954–1958 <a href="/facts/Buick_Century/d86atSrq">Buick Century Estate</a></li> <li>1954–1958 <a href="/facts/Buick_Special/BmFuaR0c">Buick Special Estate</a></li> <li>1959–1963 <a href="/facts/Buick_Invicta/CR8n1n5H">Buick Invicta Estate</a></li> <li>1959–1964 <a href="/facts/Buick_LeSabre/HQTHEmfU">Buick LeSabre Estate</a></li> <li>1970 <a href="/facts/Buick_Estate/o2V2HzDG">Buick Estate</a></li> <li>1971–1976 Buick Estate (trim between LeSabre and Electra)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>1977–1979 <a href="/facts/Buick_Estate/o2V2HzDG">Buick Estate</a> (with LeSabre trim)</li> <li>1977–1979 <a href="/facts/Buick_Estate_Limited/o2V2HzDG">Buick Estate Limited</a> (with Electra trim)</li> <li>1980–1989 <a href="/facts/Buick_Estate/o2V2HzDG">Buick Electra Estate</a></li> <li>1980–1989 <a href="/facts/Buick_Estate/o2V2HzDG">Buick LeSabre Estate</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/facts/Buick_Estate/o2V2HzDG">Buick Estate</a></li> <li>1991–1996 <a href="/facts/Buick_Roadmaster/3yxbuSQL">Buick Roadmaster Estate</a></li> <li>1966–1968 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Caprice_Estate/u6HIdBXW">Chevrolet Caprice Estate</a></li> <li>1969–1970 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Kingswood_Estate/ldBPIk9t">Chevrolet Kingswood Estate</a></li> <li>1971–1972 Chevrolet Kingswood Estate (Caprice trim)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>1973–1976 Chevrolet Caprice Estate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>1977–1996 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Caprice_Estate/u6HIdBXW">Chevrolet Caprice Estate</a></li> <li>1959–1961 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Nomad/wUTk6NEx">Chevrolet Nomad</a> (Impala trim)</li> <li>1962–1968 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Impala/g2b81ra6">Chevrolet Impala</a></li> <li>1969–1970 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Kingswood/ldBPIk9t">Chevrolet Kingswood</a></li> <li>1971–1972 Chevrolet Kingswood (Impala trim)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>1973–1976 Chevrolet Impala<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>1977–1985 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Impala/g2b81ra6">Chevrolet Impala</a></li> <li>1959–1960 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Kingswood/ldBPIk9t">Chevrolet Kingswood</a> (Bel Air trim)</li> <li>1959–1961 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Parkwood/0aB9IXpW">Chevrolet Parkwood</a> (Bel Air trim)</li> <li>1962–1968 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Bel_Air/xUBmIKTo">Chevrolet Bel Air</a></li> <li>1969–1970 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Townsman/qTzs6Th2">Chevrolet Townsman</a></li> <li>1971–1972 Chevrolet Townsman (Bel Air trim)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>1973–1975 Chevrolet Bel Air<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>1977–1979 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Bel_Air/xUBmIKTo">Chevrolet Bel Air</a> (sold only in Canada, as a rebadged Impala)</li> <li>1959–1961 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Brookwood/DVb2TQn9">Chevrolet Brookwood</a> (Biscayne trim)</li> <li>1962–1968 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Biscayne/JoxDPtSh">Chevrolet Biscayne</a></li> <li>1969–1970 <a href="/facts/Chevrolet_Brookwood/DVb2TQn9">Chevrolet Brookwood</a></li> <li>1971–1972 Chevrolet Brookwood (Biscayne trim)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>1949–1950 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_88/xsTE2VyQ">Oldsmobile 88 station wagon</a></li> <li>1949–1950 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Series_70/LInwu4zy">Oldsmobile 76 station wagon</a></li> <li>1957 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_88/xsTE2VyQ">Oldsmobile 88 Golden Rocket Fiesta</a></li> <li>1957–1963 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_88/xsTE2VyQ">Oldsmobile Super 88 Fiesta</a></li> <li>1958–1964 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_88/xsTE2VyQ">Oldsmobile Dynamic 88 Fiesta</a></li> <li>1971–1976 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser (trim between 88 and 98)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>1977–1992 <a href="/facts/Oldsmobile_Custom_Cruiser/p6BEpcwp">Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser</a></li> <li>1942–1951 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Streamliner/LUbr0850">Pontiac Streamliner station wagon</a></li> <li>1959–1970 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Bonneville_Safari/S4VWf80x">Pontiac Bonneville Safari</a></li> <li>1971–1976 Pontiac Grand Safari (Grand Ville trim)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>1977–1978 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Grand_Safari/LM0PeC47">Pontiac Grand Safari</a></li> <li>1977–1981 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Bonneville_Safari/S4VWf80x">Pontiac Bonneville Safari</a></li> <li>1959–1970 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Parisienne_Safari/S4VWf80x">Pontiac Parisienne Safari</a> (Canada only)</li> <li>1977–1981 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Parisienne_Safari/S4VWf80x">Pontiac Parisienne Safari</a> (Canada only)</li> <li>1967–1969 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Parisienne/MCmff4Vo">Pontiac Grande Parisienne Safari</a> (Canada only)</li> <li>1983–1986 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Parisienne_Safari/S4VWf80x">Pontiac Parisienne Safari</a></li> <li>1959–1970 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Catalina_Safari/S4VWf80x">Pontiac Catalina Safari</a></li> <li>1971–1976 Pontiac Safari (Catalina trim)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>1977–1981 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Catalina_Safari/S4VWf80x">Pontiac Catalina Safari</a></li> <li>1959–1970 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Laurentian_Safari/S4VWf80x">Pontiac Laurentian Safari</a> (Canada only)</li> <li>1977–1981 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Laurentian_Safari/S4VWf80x">Pontiac Laurentian Safari</a> (Canada only)</li> <li>1987–1989 <a href="/facts/Pontiac_Safari/S4VWf80x">Pontiac Safari</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://BBodyForum.com/">BBodyForum.com</a> The '66-'96 GM B-Body Community</li> <li><a href="http://www.gmbbody.net/">GM B platform Forum</a> For owners & enthusiasts of 1977 to 1990 GM B-Bodies</li> <li><a href="http://pp.kpnet.fi/haydee/GM_VIN_codes.htm">List of GM VIN codes</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Kowalke, Ron (1997). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975. Krause publications. ISBN 0-87341-521-3. <a href="0-87341-521-3" target="_blank">0-87341-521-3</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Requiem for Misterl: The 1959 Cadillac and the Winter of Harley Earl". ateupwithmotor.com. Retrieved 2013-01-05. <a href="http://ateupwithmotor.com/luxury-and-personal-luxury-cars/101-cadillac-1959.html" target="_blank">http://ateupwithmotor.com/luxury-and-personal-luxury-cars/101-cadillac-1959.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"AUTOMOTIVE ORAL HISTORIES: The Reminiscences of William L. Mitchell". www.autolife.umd.umich.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-10-21. Retrieved 2013-01-05. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101021111440/http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Design/Mitchell/mitchellinterview.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101021111440/http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Design/Mitchell/mitchellinterview.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Bonsall, Thomas (2004). The Cadillac Story: The Postwar Years. Stanford UP. p. 167. ISBN 978-0804749428. <a href="978-0804749428" target="_blank">978-0804749428</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Bonsall, Thomas (2004). The Cadillac Story: The Postwar Years. Stanford UP. p. 167. ISBN 978-0804749428. <a href="978-0804749428" target="_blank">978-0804749428</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Model 460, 4BR per 1976 sales brochure <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Model 166 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Model 1BN <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Model 164 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Model 1BL <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Model 156 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Model 1BK <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Model 154 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Models 3BQ and 3BR <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Model 2BR <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Model 2BL <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>