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Western cattle egret
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The cattle egret was first described in 1758 by <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Linnaeus</a> in his <i><a href="/facts/Systema_naturae/8o4rU1DD">Systema naturae</a></i> as <i>Ardea ibis</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> but was moved to the genus <i>Bubulcus</i> by <a href="/facts/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte/PunLn0Xz">Charles Lucien Bonaparte</a> in 1855.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> It was moved back to the genus <i><a href="/facts/Ardea_(bird)/x6tnY90k">Ardea</a></i> based on the results of a <a href="/facts/Molecular_phylogenetic/FysplHP5">molecular phylogenetic</a> study published in 2023 that found the cattle egrets were embedded with members of the genus <i>Ardea</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The genus name <i>Ardea</i> is the <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> word for a "heron".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> <i>Ibis</i> is a Latin and <a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a> word which originally referred to another white wading bird, the <a href="/facts/Sacred_ibis/tsnhM1w1">sacred ibis</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> but was applied to this species in error.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>Despite superficial similarities in appearance, the cattle egret is more closely related to the genus <i><a href="/facts/Ardea_(genus)/x6tnY90k">Ardea</a></i>, which comprises the great or typical herons and the <a href="/facts/Great_egret/yHd8hjvk">great egret</a> (<i>A. alba</i>), than to the majority of species termed egrets in the genus <i><a href="/facts/Egretta/TSwUJGWu">Egretta</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Rare cases of <a href="/facts/Hybridisation_in_birds/glaHIlrF">hybridization</a> with <a href="/facts/Little_blue_heron/A6XellCH">little blue herons</a> <i>Egretta caerulea</i>, <a href="/facts/Little_egret/sSFteBmR">little egrets</a> <i>Egretta garzetta</i> and <a href="/facts/Snowy_egret/nsDn0JE8">snowy egrets</a> <i>Egretta thula</i> have been recorded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The cattle egret is a stocky <a href="/facts/Heron/4G5a0YFP">heron</a> with an 88–96 cm (35–38 in) wingspan; it is 46–56 cm (18–22 in) long and weighs 270–512 g (9.5–18.1 oz).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> It has a relatively short thick neck, a sturdy <a href="/facts/Beak/ogF79j48">bill</a>, and a hunched posture. The non-breeding adult has mainly white plumage, a yellow bill and greyish-yellow legs. During the breeding season, adults of the nominate western subspecies develop orange-buff <a href="/facts/Plume_(feather)/UMfD5eQc">plumes</a> on the back, breast and <a href="/facts/Crown_(anatomy)/07RPs2CL">crown</a>, and the bill, legs and <a href="/facts/Iris_(anatomy)/e774BXL8">irises</a> become bright red for a brief period prior to pairing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The sexes are similar, but the male is marginally larger and has slightly longer breeding plumes than the female; juvenile birds lack coloured plumes and have a black bill.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>The positioning of the egret's eyes allows for <a href="/facts/Binocular_vision/koERAQCV">binocular vision</a> during feeding,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and physiological studies suggest that the species may be capable of <a href="/facts/Crepuscular/nHEUNhSo">crepuscular</a> or nocturnal activity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Adapted to foraging on land, they have lost the ability possessed by their wetland relatives to accurately correct for light <a href="/facts/Refraction/S8kvSKzM">refraction</a> by water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>This species gives a quiet, throaty <i>rick-rack</i> call at the breeding colony, but is otherwise largely silent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2> <p>The cattle egret has undergone one of the most rapid and wide reaching natural expansions of any bird species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> It was originally native to parts of Southern <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a> and <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a>, tropical and subtropical <a href="/facts/Africa/XkqQUP9s">Africa</a> and humid tropical and western <a href="/facts/Asia/4IToYrrQ">Asia</a>. In the end of the 19th century it began expanding its range into southern Africa, first breeding in the <a href="/facts/Cape_Province/H4xFY2hY">Cape Province</a> in 1908.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Cattle egrets were first sighted in the Americas on the boundary of <a href="/facts/French_Guiana/aFSETEKm">Guiana</a> and <a href="/facts/Suriname/zjwRFBPL">Suriname</a> in 1877, having apparently flown across the <a href="/facts/Atlantic_Ocean/EI4uChIb">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> It was not until the 1930s that the species is thought to have become established in that area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>The species first arrived in <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North America</a> in 1941 (these early sightings were originally dismissed as escapees), bred in <a href="/facts/Florida/cF245A3Q">Florida</a> in 1953, and spread rapidly, breeding for the first time in <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a> in 1962.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> It is now commonly seen as far west as <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>. It was first recorded breeding in <a href="/facts/Cuba/vHjTXLPW">Cuba</a> in 1957, in <a href="/facts/Costa_Rica/baw0GTI1">Costa Rica</a> in 1958, and in <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a> in 1963, although it was probably established before that.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> In Europe, the species had historically declined in Spain and Portugal, but in the latter part of the 20th century it expanded back through the <a href="/facts/Iberian_Peninsula/ztFXI8zt">Iberian Peninsula</a>, and then began to colonise other parts of Europe; southern <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a> in 1958, northern France in 1981 and <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a> in 1985.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Breeding in the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a> was recorded for the first time in 2008 only a year after an influx seen in the previous year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> In 2008, cattle egrets were also reported as having moved into <a href="/facts/Ireland/35vYxXdP">Ireland</a> for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>The massive and rapid expansion of the cattle egret's <a href="/facts/Range_(biology)/SAI9lJq9">range</a> is due to its relationship with humans and their <a href="/facts/Domesticated_animals/Fk2MhQzL">domesticated animals</a>. Originally adapted to a <a href="/facts/Commensalism/KnJkboX0">commensal</a> relationship with large grazing and browsing animals, it was easily able to switch to domesticated cattle and horses. As the keeping of livestock spread throughout the world, the cattle egret was able to occupy otherwise empty <a href="/facts/Ecological_niche/YnhNkL2e">niches</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Many populations of cattle egrets are highly <a href="/facts/Bird_migration/GvraPhgn">migratory</a> and dispersive,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> and this has helped the species' range expansion. The species has been seen as a vagrant in various sub-Antarctic islands, including <a href="/facts/South_Georgia_Island/KPqSsmkl">South Georgia</a>, <a href="/facts/Marion_Island/0K0mX8PB">Marion Island</a>, the <a href="/facts/South_Sandwich_Islands/6N4RScxK">South Sandwich Islands</a> and the <a href="/facts/South_Orkney_Islands/d8LaByIN">South Orkney Islands</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> A small flock of eight birds was also seen in <a href="/facts/Fiji/JU8Hs8WH">Fiji</a> in 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>In addition to the natural expansion of its range, cattle egrets have been <a href="/facts/Introduced_species/s0aHefyp">deliberately introduced</a> into a few areas. The species was introduced to <a href="/facts/Hawaii/ImxFefeK">Hawaii</a> in 1959. Successful releases were also made in the <a href="/facts/Seychelles/Ub9we8XU">Seychelles</a> and <a href="/facts/Rodrigues_(island)/oF8Co0LI">Rodrigues</a>, but attempts to introduce the species to <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a> failed. Numerous birds were also released by <a href="/facts/Whipsnade_Zoo/fuEDPdnB">Whipsnade Zoo</a> in England, but the species was never established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>Although the cattle egret sometimes feeds in shallow water, unlike most herons it is typically found in fields and dry grassy habitats, reflecting its greater dietary reliance on terrestrial insects rather than aquatic prey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="migration-and-movements">Migration and movements</h2> <p>Some populations of cattle egrets are <a href="/facts/Bird_migration/GvraPhgn">migratory</a>, others are dispersive, and distinguishing between the two can be difficult for this species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> In many areas populations can be both <a href="/facts/Sedentism/5lUa65CJ">sedentary</a> and migratory. In the northern hemisphere, migration is from cooler climes to warmer areas. Migration in western Africa is in response to rainfall, and in South America migrating birds travel south of their breeding range in the non-breeding season.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>Young birds are known to disperse up to 5,000 km (3,100 mi) from their breeding area. Flocks may fly vast distances and have been seen over seas and oceans including in the middle of the Atlantic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="status">Status</h2> <p>This species has a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km2 (3,900,000 sq mi). On the other hand, the expansion and establishment of the species over large ranges has led it to be classed as an <a href="/facts/Invasive_species/Ya1v6RGx">invasive species</a> (although little, if any impact has been noted yet).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="breeding">Breeding</h2> <p>The cattle egret nests in <a href="/facts/Bird_colony/UnbIx6aM">colonies</a>, which are often, but not always, found around bodies of water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> The colonies are usually found in woodlands near lakes or rivers, in swamps, or on small inland or coastal islands, and are sometimes shared with other wetland birds, such as <a href="/facts/Heron/4G5a0YFP">herons</a>, <a href="/facts/Egret/7j6fxwLc">egrets</a>, <a href="/facts/Ibis/94mwonYN">ibises</a> and <a href="/facts/Cormorant/82RPsdeT">cormorants</a>. The <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North American</a> breeding season lasts from April to October.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/Seychelles/Ub9we8XU">Seychelles</a>, the breeding season is April to October.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>The male displays in a tree in the colony, using a range of <a href="/facts/Ritual/EIJngpmf">ritualised</a> behaviours such as shaking a twig and sky-pointing (raising his bill vertically upwards),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> and the pair forms over three or four days. A new mate is chosen in each season and when re-nesting following nest failure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> The nest is a small untidy platform of sticks in a tree or shrub constructed by both parents. Sticks are collected by the male and arranged by the female, and stick-stealing is rife.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Clutch_(eggs)/suAybckh">clutch</a> size can be anywhere from one to five eggs, although three or four is most common. The pale bluish-white eggs are oval-shaped and measure 45 mm × 53 mm (1.8 in × 2.1 in).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Avian_incubation/E6sRJBSn">Incubation</a> lasts around 23 days, with both sexes sharing incubation duties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The chicks are partly covered with <a href="/facts/Down_feather/pkb6hQQI">down</a> at hatching, but are <a href="/facts/Nidicolous/jH3d6fTb">not capable of fending for themselves</a>; they become capable of <a href="/facts/Thermoregulation/V692hIjw">regulating their temperature</a> at 9–12 days and are fully feathered in 13–21 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> They begin to leave the nest and climb around at 2 weeks, <a href="/facts/Fledge/czdPQ52J">fledge</a> at 30 days and become independent at around the 45th day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>The cattle egret engages in low levels of <a href="/facts/Brood_parasitism/BIFuJnMb">brood parasitism</a>, and there are a few instances of cattle egret eggs being laid in the nests of <a href="/facts/Snowy_egret/nsDn0JE8">snowy egrets</a> and <a href="/facts/Little_blue_heron/A6XellCH">little blue herons</a>, although these eggs seldom hatch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> There is also evidence of low levels of intraspecific brood parasitism, with females laying eggs in the nests of other cattle egrets. As much as 30% <a href="/facts/Extra-pair_copulation/EFfdC4xf">extra-pair copulations</a> have been noted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p><p>The dominant factor in nesting mortality is starvation. Sibling rivalry can be intense, and in <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a> third and fourth chicks inevitably starve.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> In the dryer habitats with fewer amphibians the diet may lack sufficient vertebrate content and may cause bone abnormalities in growing chicks due to calcium deficiency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Barbados/ywYtqmRB">Barbados</a>, nests were sometimes raided by <a href="/facts/Vervet_monkey/zDTeI9mu">vervet monkeys</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> and a study in <a href="/facts/Florida/cF245A3Q">Florida</a> reported the <a href="/facts/Fish_crow/4xHxJTre">fish crow</a> and <a href="/facts/Black_rat/tphNVemz">black rat</a> as other possible nest raiders. The same study attributed some nestling mortality to <a href="/facts/Brown_pelican/yPry3QUv">brown pelicans</a> nesting in the vicinity, which accidentally, but frequently, dislodged nests or caused nestlings to fall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="feeding">Feeding</h2> <p>The cattle egret feeds on a wide range of prey, particularly <a href="/facts/Insect/IgDNvnUL">insects</a>, especially <a href="/facts/Grasshopper/gyPPoBhh">grasshoppers</a>, <a href="/facts/Cricket_(insect)/XeY1Nkuq">crickets</a>, <a href="/facts/Fly/ugzGBFKG">flies</a> (adults and maggots<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a>), and <a href="/facts/Moth/bPrkvkGh">moths</a>, as well as <a href="/facts/Spider/aqpU7eg3">spiders</a>, <a href="/facts/Frog/IxYhbeda">frogs</a>, and <a href="/facts/Earthworm/V7IUvWgQ">earthworms</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> In a rare instance they have been observed foraging along the branches of a <a href="/facts/Banyan/q3qLlmQ6">banyan</a> tree for ripe figs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> The species is usually found with <a href="/facts/Cattle/44qV9B6S">cattle</a> and other large grazing and browsing animals, and catches small creatures disturbed by the mammals. Studies have shown that cattle egret foraging success is much higher when foraging near a large animal than when feeding singly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> When foraging with cattle, it has been shown to be 3.6 times more successful in capturing prey than when foraging alone. Its performance is similar when it follows <a href="/facts/Farm_machinery/24Ttzjlm">farm machinery</a>, but it is forced to move more.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> In urban situations cattle egrets have also been observed foraging in peculiar situations like railway lines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p><p>A cattle egret will weakly defend the area around a grazing animal against others of the same species, but if the area is swamped by egrets it will give up and continue foraging elsewhere. Where numerous large animals are present, cattle egrets selectively forage around species that move at around 5–15 steps per minute, avoiding faster and slower moving herds; in Africa, cattle egrets selectively forage behind <a href="/facts/Plains_zebra/SzTwGCR9">plains zebras</a>, <a href="/facts/Waterbuck/hcymaddn">waterbuck</a>, <a href="/facts/Blue_wildebeest/3o6wRyIp">blue wildebeest</a> and <a href="/facts/Cape_buffalo/E867fwqK">Cape buffalo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Dominance_(ethology)/l9N9GvmH">Dominant</a> birds feed nearest to the host, and obtain more food.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> </p><p>The cattle egret may also show versatility in its diet. On islands with <a href="/facts/Seabird_colony/UnbIx6aM">seabird colonies</a>, it will prey on the eggs and chicks of <a href="/facts/Tern/J0GS92PB">terns</a> and other <a href="/facts/Seabird/zmMQPeEU">seabirds</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> During <a href="/facts/Bird_migration/GvraPhgn">migration</a> it has also been reported to eat exhausted migrating landbirds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> Birds of the Seychelles race also indulge in some <a href="/facts/Kleptoparasitism/jjESGTzF">kleptoparasitism</a>, chasing the chicks of <a href="/facts/Sooty_tern/BEAne6d4">sooty terns</a> and forcing them to disgorge food.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="relationship-with-humans">Relationship with humans</h2> <p>A conspicuous species, the cattle egret has attracted many <a href="/facts/Common_name/3KNNezEU">common names</a>. These mostly relate to its habit of following cattle and other large animals, and it is known variously as cow crane, cow bird or cow heron, or even elephant bird or rhinoceros egret.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> Its <a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> name, <i>abu qerdan</i>, means "father of ticks", a name derived from the huge number of parasites such as avian ticks found in its breeding colonies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </p><p>The cattle egret is a popular bird with cattle <a href="/facts/Rancher/0rnYTjQK">ranchers</a> for its perceived role as a <a href="/facts/Biocontrol/khkjgaQw">biocontrol</a> of cattle <a href="/facts/Parasite/HWPcgky7">parasites</a> such as <a href="/facts/Tick/LNe33WJf">ticks</a> and <a href="/facts/Fly/ugzGBFKG">flies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> A study in Australia found that cattle egrets reduced the number of flies that bothered cattle by pecking them directly off the skin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> It was the benefit to stock that prompted ranchers and the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and Forestry to release the species in Hawaii.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> </p><p>Not all interactions between humans and cattle egrets are beneficial. The cattle egret can be a safety hazard to aircraft due to its habit of feeding in large groups in the grassy verges of airports,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> and it has been implicated in the spread of animal infections such as <a href="/facts/Heartwater/RGn2lDWD">heartwater</a>, <a href="/facts/Infectious_bursal_disease/2XCQKUr8">infectious bursal disease</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> and possibly <a href="/facts/Newcastle_disease/d0gwDWpE">Newcastle disease</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li>Blasco-Zumeta, Javier; Heinze, Gerd-Michael. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121165218/http://blascozumeta.com/wp-content/uploads/aragon-birds/non-passeriformes/039.cattleegret-bibis.pdf">"Western cattle egret"</a> (PDF). <i>Identification Atlas of Aragon's Birds</i>. Archived from <a href="http://blascozumeta.com/wp-content/uploads/aragon-birds/non-passeriformes/039.cattleegret-bibis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2021-11-21. Retrieved 2018-06-01.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Holmiae [Stockholm]: Laurentii Salvii. p. 144. A. capite laevi, corpore albo, rostro flavescente apice pedibusque nigris <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" target="_blank">/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1855). "[untitled]". Annales des Sciences Naturelles comprenant la zoologie (in French). 4 (1): 141. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" target="_blank">/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 September 2024. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Hruska, J.P.; Holmes, J.; Oliveros, C.; Shakya, S.; Lavretsky, P.; McCracken, K.G.; Sheldon, F.H.; Moyle, R.G. (2023). "Ultraconserved elements resolve the phylogeny and corroborate patterns of molecular rate variation in herons (Aves: Ardeidae)". Ornithology. 140 (2): ukad005. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukad005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Jobling, James A. "Ardea". The Key to Scientific Names. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 25 September 2024. <a href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=Ardea" target="_blank">https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=Ardea</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Ibis". Webster's Online Dictionary. Webster's. Retrieved 15 March 2008. <a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ibis" target="_blank">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ibis</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. <a href="978-1-4081-2501-4" target="_blank">978-1-4081-2501-4</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Sheldon, F.H. (1987). "Phylogeny of herons estimated from DNA-DNA hybridization data". The Auk. 104 (1): 97–108. doi:10.2307/4087238. JSTOR 4087238. <a href="https://sora.unm.edu/node/24358" target="_blank">https://sora.unm.edu/node/24358</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006). Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 190. ISBN 0-19-518323-1. <a href="0-19-518323-1" target="_blank">0-19-518323-1</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Cattle Egret". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 28 February 2008. <a href="http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cattle_Egret/id" target="_blank">http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cattle_Egret/id</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Krebs, E.A.; Hunte, W.; Green, D.J. (2004). "Plume variation, breeding performance and extra-pair copulations in the cattle egret". Behaviour. 141 (4): 479–499. doi:10.1163/156853904323066757. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Cattle Egret". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 28 February 2008. <a href="http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cattle_Egret/id" target="_blank">http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cattle_Egret/id</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>McKilligan, Neil (2005). Herons, Egrets and Bitterns: Their Biology and Conservation in Australia (PDF extract). 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S2CID 21430848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Katzir, G.; Strod, T.; Schectman, E.; Hareli, S.; Arad, Z. (1999). "Cattle egrets are less able to cope with light refraction than are other herons". Animal Behaviour. 57 (3): 687–694. doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.1002. PMID 10196060. S2CID 11941872. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Telfair II, Raymond C. (2006). Poole, A. (ed.). "Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis)". The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bna.113. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084700/http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/113" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084700/http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/113</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Telfair II, Raymond C. (2006). Poole, A. (ed.). "Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis)". The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bna.113. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084700/http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/113" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084700/http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/113</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Martínez-Vilalta, A.; Motis, A. (1992). "Family Ardeidae (Herons)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions. pp. 401–402. ISBN 84-87334-09-1. <a href="84-87334-09-1" target="_blank">84-87334-09-1</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Krebs, Elizabeth A.; Riven-Ramsey, Deborah; Hunte, W. (1994). "The Colonization of Barbados by Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis) 1956–1990". Colonial Waterbirds. 17 (1). Waterbird Society: 86–90. doi:10.2307/1521386. JSTOR 1521386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Cattle Egret". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 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ISBN 84-87334-09-1. <a href="84-87334-09-1" target="_blank">84-87334-09-1</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Crosby, G. (1972). "Spread of the Cattle Egret in the Western Hemisphere" (PDF). Journal of Field Ornithology. 43 (3): 205–212. doi:10.2307/4511880. JSTOR 4511880. <a href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/jfo/v043n03/p0205-p0212.pdf" target="_blank">http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/jfo/v043n03/p0205-p0212.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Martínez-Vilalta, A.; Motis, A. (1992). "Family Ardeidae (Herons)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions. pp. 401–402. ISBN 84-87334-09-1. <a href="84-87334-09-1" target="_blank">84-87334-09-1</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"First cattle egrets breed in UK". 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Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084700/http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/113" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084700/http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/113</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Silva, M.P.; Coria, N.E.; Favero, M.; Casaux, R.J. (1995). "New Records of Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, Blacknecked Swan Cygnus melancoryhyphus and White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica" (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 23: 65–66. <a href="http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/23_1/MO_1995_11.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/23_1/MO_1995_11.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Dutson, G.; Watling, D. (2007). "Cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) and other vagrant birds in Fiji" (PDF). 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(ed.). "Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis)". The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bna.113. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084700/http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/113" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084700/http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/113</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Telfair II, Raymond C. (2006). Poole, A. (ed.). "Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis)". The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bna.113. 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"Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis)". The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bna.113. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084700/http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/113" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084700/http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/113</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Skerrett, A.; Bullock, I.; Disley, T. (2001). Birds of the Seychelles. Helm Field Guides. ISBN 0-7136-3973-3. <a href="0-7136-3973-3" target="_blank">0-7136-3973-3</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.J. (1990). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 1 (Ratites to Ducks). Oxford University Press. 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