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<h2 id="services">Services</h2><p> Tooway makes use of the <a href="/facts/Internet_Protocol/Qq6VeEal">Internet Protocol</a> over satellite to provide consumers across Europe and the Mediterranean Basin with <a href="/facts/Internet_access/EMbwSrnK">Internet access</a>. Unlike services relying on terrestrial infrastructures (such as <a href="/facts/Cable_Internet/fnVm7AK9">cable</a> or <a href="/facts/ADSL/Y5wsglVy">ADSL</a>), satellites provide service in wide <a href="/facts/Coverage_(telecommunication)/aCogHsR7">coverage</a> areas as broad as a <a href="/facts/Continent/Pysd9Sw8">continent</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></p> <p>Terrestrial <a href="/facts/Wireless_broadband/99xYxl9I">wireless broadband</a> technologies focus on dense <a href="/facts/Urban_area/fu9v8h5P">urban</a> centers and leave consumers outside these areas with <a href="/facts/Narrowband/76nBsRml">narrowband</a> connections or no connection at all.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Unserved and unsatisfied users were estimated to reach 30 million <a href="/facts/Household/snEgg9vP">households</a> in <a href="/facts/Western_Europe/YmWlV59w">Western</a> and <a href="/facts/Eastern_Europe/f5CDGzNA">Eastern Europe</a> by 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>Tooway services operate over <a href="/facts/Ka_band/YqDrokxy">Ka band</a> and <a href="/facts/Ku_band/czTuuqpT">Ku band</a> via Eutelsat's geostationary satellites. This enabled <a href="/facts/Bit_rate/ppUNMmVd">bit rates</a> of 3.6 Mbit/s downstream and 384 kbit/s upstream in 2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Service differentiation is done on volume consumption per month through a <a href="/facts/Fair_Access_Policy/upqYxhpV">Fair Access Policy</a>. When consumption is above volume thresholds, the service remains available but at lower speeds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Tooway also provides a <a href="/facts/Voice_over_IP/5QGBbXYg">Voice over IP</a> service for voice telephone calls over the Internet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>In mid-2011, commercial use of KA-SAT with the <i>SurfBeam 2</i> system from <a href="/facts/ViaSat/VxRn12zo">ViaSat</a> allowed higher bit-rates and volumes at the same price over the European coverage area. Tooway service over KA-SAT satellite provides up to 50 Mbit/s <a href="/facts/Downstream_(networking)/n9EHXVSN">downstream</a> and up to 6 Mbit/s <a href="/facts/Upstream_(networking)/PtHgaPtx">upstream</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Since KA-SAT is located at 9°E, near Eutelsat's HOT BIRD TV neighborhood (13° East), Internet Protocol services can be combined with <a href="/facts/Digital_Video_Broadcasting/KPGNTGBJ">Digital Video Broadcasting</a> television service using a single satellite dish with two <a href="/facts/Low_noise_block-downconverter/4CNPNzMb">low noise block-downconverters</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> This means subscribers can access <a href="/facts/Satellite_TV/UxytxnPW">satellite TV</a> channels without additional dishes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Tooway also markets <a href="/facts/IPTV/tHqsXX6h">IPTV</a> services with <a href="/facts/Video_on_Demand/jWQq1o80">Video on Demand</a> and <a href="/facts/Digital_video_recorder/g8V6BsU5">Digital video recorder</a> features.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <p>ViaSat <i>SurfBeam</i> technology uses the Ka band, approximately twice as high in <a href="/facts/Frequency/QUSbPaW8">frequency</a> as Ku band. This implies a smaller beam which contributes towards smaller end-user terminals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Uplink/wCxVKCKo">Uplink</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Downlink/wCxVKCKo">Downlink</a></th></tr><tr><th>Ka band</th><td><a href="/facts/Hertz/6Wshj5qm">27.5 GHz - 30.0 GHz</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hertz/6Wshj5qm">17.7 GHz - 20.2 GHz</a></td></tr><tr><th>Ku band</th><td><a href="/facts/Hertz/6Wshj5qm">12.75 GHz - 14.5 GHz</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hertz/6Wshj5qm">10.7 GHz - 12.75 GHz</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Smaller beams allow more efficient use of satellite power on the <a href="/facts/Forward_link/wCxVKCKo">forward link</a> and improved <a href="/facts/G/T/dnCk9Ept">G/T</a> (<a href="/facts/Link_budget/MjBDlWAh">Gain-over-Temperature</a>) on the <a href="/facts/Return_link/cXpe0qVl">return link</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Smaller beams draw smaller cells on ground (beam footprint) which also permits more cells in a given service area, increasing frequency reuse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>Ka band has less interference than Ku band, since fewer satellites operate in this frequency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>Tooway and ViaSat <i>SurfBeam</i> make use of <a href="/facts/DVB-S2/xLdKrwvo">DVB-S2</a> <a href="/facts/Variable_Coding_and_Modulation/xLdKrwvo">Variable Coding and Modulation</a> technologies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Adaptive Coding and Modulation gathers <a href="/facts/Thermal_fade/g95vzLPw">fading</a> conditions from each terminal and adapts signal encoding and modulation to each individual terminal's receiving condition. This allows efficient transmission to each terminal, without degenerating the efficiency of the whole network. A <a href="/facts/Return_channel/cXpe0qVl">return channel</a> on the end-user terminal is needed to send the condition changes. </p><p>Variable Coding and Modulation does not require a return channel and does not adapt to fading conditions in real-time. Instead a static efficiency is defined for each terminal according to the availability needed. This improves waveform efficiency as opposed to Constant Code and Modulation which forces to apply the worst <a href="/facts/Link_budget/MjBDlWAh">link budget</a> to the entire spot. </p><p>The IPTV service uses <a href="/facts/H.264/soCzKcmJ">H.264</a> Scalable Video Coding (SVC) for <a href="/facts/Video_coding/Dmzykxmn">video coding</a>. SVC allows transmitting the same video coded with different resolutions or bit-rates. For example, a high definition program could be received by a terminal in clear sky conditions while the standard definition could be received by a terminal affected by fading conditions during rain. In more stringent fading conditions, a program with even lower bit-rate could use an H.264 SVC stream. </p> <h2 id="customer-premises-equipment">Customer premises equipment</h2> <p>Customer equipment comprises an Outdoor Unit (ODU) and Indoor Unit (IDU). The ODU is a <a href="/facts/Parabolic_antenna/8EpLcN6q">parabolic satellite antenna</a> manufactured by ViaSat of typically 60–70 cm in diameter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>The ViaSat <i>SurfBeam</i> antenna employs a frequency selective sub-reflector that allows reflecting one range of frequency while being transparent to another range. This feature enables the reception of both interactive services in Ka band and broadcast services (DTH) in Ku band with the same ODU.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>The installation of the ODU employs automated tools for simplified antenna alignment and commissioning. The installation procedure is identical anywhere within the satellite service area and the use of <a href="/facts/Circular_polarization/fYQvT0mI">circular polarization</a> further simplifies the setup which permits to reduce the time and cost of the home installation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Although the installation could be done by some advanced users, it is recommended to contact a <i>certified Tooway installer</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Poor alignment of the dish system results in higher error rates and a lower broadband speed. The relatively unique transmission system of <a href="/facts/Turbo_Code/F3nmelu0">Turbo Code</a> 8PSK used is not recognized with standard DVB-S or DVB-S2 installation meters. Horizon Global Electronics manufactures a Test and Measurement meter specifically designed to align the Tooway dish. <a href="http://www.horizonhge.com/products_hd_tc8.html">HD-TC8</a> <a href="/facts/Applied_Instruments/phb2HfLS">Applied Instruments</a> also manufactures a Test and Measurement meter, the model Super Buddy 29, designed to align the Tooway dish. <a href="http://www.appliedin.com/www/products/SuperBuddy21.html">Super Buddy 29</a> None of these two meters are able to do the new Viasat SurfBeam DVB-S2 signals. Also for these higher capacity signals and in addition on the higher Ka band, the accuracy of the installation becomes much more critical. Maxpeak AB (publ) manufactures a meter specifically for these new signals, SAM-plus (DVB-S2 ACM and VCM)<a href="http://www.maxpeak.tv/samplus.php?lang=eng">[1]</a>. The current KA-SAT Surfbeam TRIA (dish receiving block) incorporates an audible tuner allowing accurate pointing of the dish without any additional external meter. </p><p>The IDU is a <a href="/facts/Satellite_modem/ENmt1UD9">satellite modem</a> providing a <a href="/facts/Plug-and-play/LISny9tL">plug-and-play</a> <a href="/facts/Ethernet/nMfhU8tU">Ethernet</a> interface<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> with <a href="/facts/DHCP/lpASHnhz">DHCP</a>. The current version is manufactured by ViaSat. A <a href="/facts/WiFi/u94quCsx">WiFi</a> <a href="/facts/Router_(computing)/Nh5cIyVf">router</a> may be connected to the satellite modem in order to deploy <a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">wireless Internet access</a> in the home. No <a href="/facts/Software/RP79lVSW">software</a> is required on the <a href="/facts/Computer/SQe1aK05">computer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Recent changes (mid-2012) to the software disabled DHCP in the modem/system which means the subscriber must provide their own router with DHCP server if they use more than one device connecting to the internet. </p><p><a href="/facts/LED/gE8x4MDb">LED</a> indicators on the modem front inform on satellite reception and transmission statuses (RX and TX) as well as on network activities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>The IDU is connected to the ODU using two <a href="/facts/Coaxial_cable/aG9FfCpL">coaxial cables</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="performance">Performance</h2> <p>Packages, called Tooway 2, 10, 25,40, Extra and Infinite, became available through service providers all over Europe in May 2014 which offer downstream rates of up to 22 Mbit/s and upstream up to 6 Mbit/s (excepting entry level service). The Small entry-level package provides bit-rates of 2 Mbit/s downstream and 1 Mbit/s upstream with a volume (<a href="/facts/Fair_Access_Policy/upqYxhpV">FAP</a>) of about <a href="/facts/Gigabyte/s2hb2SEg">2GB</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Round-trip_time/jYgNMK98">round-trip time</a> inherent to <a href="/facts/Satellite_communications/y5RXPMDT">satellite communications</a> comes from the <i>double hop</i> between <a href="/facts/Earth/HLLmDfj0">earth</a> and <a href="/facts/Space/tq6LUM3C">space</a>. All communications travel at the <a href="/facts/Speed_of_light/sKSQwdNx">speed of light</a> (approx. 300 million metres per second or 671 million miles per hour) from a terminal on ground to a satellite in geostationary orbit (approx. 36,000 km or 22,000 miles in altitude), then to another terminal on earth and back. The result is roughly a half a second round-trip time which may be unsuitable for <a href="/facts/Real-time_data/2QHvKISU">real-time</a> critical applications, including many games, though it is sufficient to support other applications, including (with minimal delays), VoIP. </p><p>Tooway domestic consumers are subject to a 1/50 contention rate which under peak loading, typically from 17:00 GMT onwards can result in heavily degraded performance for applications such as streaming media services which manifests as pausing, buffering and heavily pixellated pictures. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Internet portal</li><li>Space portal</li><li>Spaceflight portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/ASTRA2Connect/DD0pSFx8">ASTRA2Connect</a> European satellite Internet service by <a href="/facts/SES_S.A./rmak3edy">SES</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.tooway.com">Tooway website</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Koeleman, Donald (29 May 2007). "Tooway prepares for debut". Broadband TV News. Retrieved 28 May 2009. <a href="http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/?p=3196" target="_blank">http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/?p=3196</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Eutelsat satellite fleet :: Upcoming launches". Eutelsat. Archived from the original on 2008-06-18. Retrieved 26 May 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618181945/http://www.eutelsat.com/satellites/upcoming-launches.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080618181945/http://www.eutelsat.com/satellites/upcoming-launches.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Hot Bird 6 @ 13 Degrees East (PDF). Eutelsat. April 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-08. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408041416/http://www.eutelsat.com/news/media_library/brochures/hb6_brochure.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090408041416/http://www.eutelsat.com/news/media_library/brochures/hb6_brochure.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Idate (October 2007). Broadband Coverage in Europe (PDF). Idate Consulting & Research. pp. 17 & 36. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/benchmarking/broadband_coverage_10_2007.pdf" target="_blank">http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/benchmarking/broadband_coverage_10_2007.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Idate (April 2008). Satellite Broadband - Outlook for the residential market in Europe and North Africa. Idate Consulting & Research. pp. 3, 54, 74 & 82. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-13. Retrieved 9 July 2009. <a href="https://archive.today/20130213134446/http://www.idate.fr/2009/pages/index.php?all=f_actualite&id=580" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130213134446/http://www.idate.fr/2009/pages/index.php?all=f_actualite&id=580</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Grand, Philippe; Renauld, Emmanuelle; Seval, Jean-Dominique (31 May 2009). "Idate - Broadband via Satellite - An alternative for the 30 million households in Europe and North Africa". PRLog. Retrieved 9 July 2009. <a href="http://www.prlog.org/10208606-idate-broadband-via-satellite-an-alternative-for-the-30-million-households-in-europe-and-north-af.html" target="_blank">http://www.prlog.org/10208606-idate-broadband-via-satellite-an-alternative-for-the-30-million-households-in-europe-and-north-af.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Eutelsat's Tooway Satellite Broadband Service Raises Speeds to 3.6 Mbps from July 1". News release. Eutelsat. 8 June 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2011.[permanent dead link] <a href="http://www.eutelsat.com/news/compress/en/2009/pdf/PR%203109%20Tooway%203-6Mbps.pd" target="_blank">http://www.eutelsat.com/news/compress/en/2009/pdf/PR%203109%20Tooway%203-6Mbps.pd</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Satellite Signals (16 October 2008). "Calculating FAP restrictions". Satellite Signals. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="http://www.satsig.net/cgi-bin/yabb/YaBB.pl?board=tooway;action=display;num=1224154655" target="_blank">http://www.satsig.net/cgi-bin/yabb/YaBB.pl?board=tooway;action=display;num=1224154655</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Eutelsat and Viasat Ready to Launch Tooway Consumer Satellite Broadband Service in Germany" (PDF) (Press release). Eutelsat. 31 August 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="http://www.eutelsat.com/news/compress/en/2007/pdf/PR%202407%20Tooway.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eutelsat.com/news/compress/en/2007/pdf/PR%202407%20Tooway.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Eutelsat satellite fleet :: Upcoming launches". Eutelsat. Archived from the original on 2008-06-18. Retrieved 26 May 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618181945/http://www.eutelsat.com/satellites/upcoming-launches.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080618181945/http://www.eutelsat.com/satellites/upcoming-launches.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Eutelsat's Tooway Satellite Internet Service Makes Lord Carter's Digital Britain a Reality" (PDF) (Press release). Eutelsat. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="http://www.eutelsat.com/news/compress/en/2009/pdf/CP2309UK-Tooway.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eutelsat.com/news/compress/en/2009/pdf/CP2309UK-Tooway.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Eutelsat satellite fleet :: Upcoming launches". Eutelsat. Archived from the original on 2008-06-18. Retrieved 26 May 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618181945/http://www.eutelsat.com/satellites/upcoming-launches.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080618181945/http://www.eutelsat.com/satellites/upcoming-launches.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Eutelsat and Viasat Ready to Launch Tooway Consumer Satellite Broadband Service in Germany" (PDF) (Press release). Eutelsat. 31 August 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="http://www.eutelsat.com/news/compress/en/2007/pdf/PR%202407%20Tooway.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eutelsat.com/news/compress/en/2007/pdf/PR%202407%20Tooway.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Eutelsat to Drive Satellite Broadband to New Frontiers with First Full Ka-Band Satellite Infrastructure" (PDF) (Press release). Eutelsat. 7 January 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="http://www.eutelsat.com/news/compress/en/2008/pdf/PR0108-KaSat.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eutelsat.com/news/compress/en/2008/pdf/PR0108-KaSat.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Eutelsat and Viasat Ready to Launch Tooway Consumer Satellite Broadband Service in Germany" (PDF) (Press release). Eutelsat. 31 August 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="http://www.eutelsat.com/news/compress/en/2007/pdf/PR%202407%20Tooway.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eutelsat.com/news/compress/en/2007/pdf/PR%202407%20Tooway.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Via Eutelsat. Eutelsat. September 2007. p. 13. Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601045857/http://www.eutelsat.com/news/newsletter/2007-09/journal.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090601045857/http://www.eutelsat.com/news/newsletter/2007-09/journal.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Tooway Brochure (PDF). Eutelsat. February 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="http://www.eutelsat.com/news/media_library/brochures/tooway.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eutelsat.com/news/media_library/brochures/tooway.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Satellite Signals (3 May 2009). "Tooway satellite service". Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="http://www.satsig.net/tooway/tooway-satellite.htm" target="_blank">http://www.satsig.net/tooway/tooway-satellite.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Via Eutelsat. Eutelsat. September 2007. p. 13. Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601045857/http://www.eutelsat.com/news/newsletter/2007-09/journal.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090601045857/http://www.eutelsat.com/news/newsletter/2007-09/journal.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Via Eutelsat. Eutelsat. September 2007. p. 13. Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601045857/http://www.eutelsat.com/news/newsletter/2007-09/journal.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090601045857/http://www.eutelsat.com/news/newsletter/2007-09/journal.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Tooway Brochure (PDF). Eutelsat. February 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2009. <a href="http://www.eutelsat.com/news/media_library/brochures/tooway.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eutelsat.com/news/media_library/brochures/tooway.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Koeleman, Donald (29 May 2007). "Tooway prepares for debut". Broadband TV News. Retrieved 28 May 2009. <a href="http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/?p=3196" target="_blank">http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/?p=3196</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>65cm x 75cm Elliptical Ka Antenna Installation Manual (PDF). El Molino Systems S.L. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29. 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