Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Hartford–Springfield
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Since their respective foundings in 1635 and 1636, Hartford and Springfield have possessed a common <a href="/facts/Connecticut_River/yhnubDoq">Connecticut River</a> heritage – both were among the original four settlements of the <a href="/facts/Connecticut_Colony/GEnYlmK6">Connecticut Colony</a>; however, an early legal dispute between two of the cities' Founding Fathers led the settlements to side with different colonies. In 1638, Springfield founder <a href="/facts/William_Pynchon/S43o0gKK">William Pynchon</a> became embroiled in a legal dispute with one of the <a href="/facts/Connecticut_Colony/GEnYlmK6">Connecticut Colony</a>'s leading citizens, Captain John Mason. Mason charged Pynchon—and the settlement of Springfield—with dominating the corn and beaver pelt trade with the Natives, to the detriment of Hartford and the Connecticut Colony. The dispute, which Pynchon and Springfield lost in 1638, led to Springfield's annexing itself to <a href="/facts/Massachusetts/9uumCbFI">Massachusetts</a> instead of aligning with its more geographically and ideologically compatible neighbor, <a href="/facts/Connecticut/LeDhYdJG">Connecticut</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Only since the early 2000s have Hartford and Springfield – the two great cities on the Connecticut River – started to collaborate closely, i.e. as the Knowledge Corridor Partnership. </p><p>Both Hartford and Springfield were prosperous from the early 19th century through the 1960s as cultural, technological, and industrial centers. Hartford became the center of the United States' insurance industry, while Springfield became the United States' first epicenter of precision manufacturing, producing innovations like America's first gasoline-powered car, motorcycle, and commercial radio station, among many others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Both cities were especially wealthy – at one point in the late 1800s, they were the two wealthiest cities per capita in the United States. Both cities still feature Victorian architecture built during that period. </p><p>During the mid-20th century, both Hartford and Springfield experienced a loss of manufacturing during economic restructuring. The growth of the highway system—in particular <a href="/facts/Interstate_91/XQzWGcCB">Interstate 91</a>—engendered <a href="/facts/White_flight/Tdh4XCom">white flight</a> to the suburbs, where a disproportionate amount of both cities' wealthy citizens live, (e.g., in <a href="/facts/Longmeadow,_Massachusetts/gNmWDmY4">Longmeadow, Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/facts/West_Hartford,_Connecticut/fljQQME3">West Hartford, Connecticut</a>). During the 1960s and 1970s, the Connecticut River was polluted and Interstate 91 was built along both riverfronts – slicing through existing neighborhoods. During this period Hartford, which had historically always been slightly more populous than Springfield, hemorrhaged residents. By 1960, Springfield had become more populous than Hartford, and remains more populous as of 2011. During the 1990s, Hartford and Springfield established a professional hockey partnership, as the Springfield <a href="/facts/American_Hockey_League/vXV0G455">American Hockey League</a> team (first the <a href="/facts/Springfield_Indians/L7aXWXQo">Indians</a> and then the <a href="/facts/Springfield_Falcons/Ah7mlhNv">Falcons</a>) served as the development affiliate of the <a href="/facts/National_Hockey_League/sLo4QAS8">National Hockey League</a>'s <a href="/facts/Hartford_Whalers/FEeyqHaK">Hartford Whalers</a>. </p><p>Since 2000, both cities have seen an increase in public and private investment, and a general increase in culture, vitality, and civic pride. The <a href="/facts/New_Haven-Hartford-Springfield_Commuter_Rail_Line/4MVnJL7y">Knowledge Corridor high-speed intercity rail line</a> is one such project, intended to unite the region and ease residents' dependence on <a href="/facts/Interstate_91/XQzWGcCB">Interstate 91</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Also, both cities are pursuing different strategies to reconnect with the <a href="/facts/Connecticut_River/yhnubDoq">Connecticut River</a> for economic and recreational opportunities. </p> <h3>Complementary strengths</h3> <p>For decades after the decline of New England manufacturing, Hartford and Springfield competed for similar businesses. During the early 1990s, a former Springfield mayor even went so far as to launch a campaign for Hartford businesses to "leave Hartford behind" for Springfield, touting Springfield's "quality of life".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Since the two cities started to work collaboratively in 2000, both Hartford and Springfield have consciously defined themselves in different but complementary ways, like <a href="/facts/Research_Triangle/HE5PQFhE">Raleigh–Durham</a>, <a href="/facts/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul/jMN3SqzK">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> or <a href="/facts/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth/dlmqt8MV">Dallas–Fort Worth</a>. Both cities still feature many of the same strengths (e.g., prestigious universities and healthcare centers); however, Hartford is increasingly being defined as the Knowledge Corridor's business center, with its postmodern skyline, numerous corporate headquarters, government district, and relatively wider main thoroughfares,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> while Springfield is being defined as the Knowledge Corridor's recreational center, with numerous amusements for both children and adults; renovated, human-scale <a href="/facts/Victorian_architecture/cbdUd65l">Victorian architecture</a>; and a <a href="/facts/Walkable/mBdIJ42D">walkable</a>, lively <a href="/facts/Metro_Center,_Springfield,_Massachusetts/Dz1xDex4">Metro Center</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Journalists note that the Springfield features culture that far outsizes its metropolitan population of 1.9 million (see below).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> In 2018 the MGM company opened the <a href="/facts/MGM_Springfield/Wld3t1ds">MGM Springfield</a> a destination resort casino in with over 2 million square feet of hotel, casino, shopping, and amenities in Springfield. The construction project involved the restoration of a number of historic buildings that had been damaged in the <a href="/facts/2011_New_England_tornado_outbreak/ULzFX6QV">2011 New England tornado outbreak</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="economy">Economy</h2> <p>The Hartford–Springfield area has a workforce of 1.1 million people and over 41,000 businesses. It is home to six Fortune 500 Companies. Its two major cities, Hartford and Springfield, have a combined GDP exceeding $100 billion per year, more than 16 U.S. states. This figure does not include the smaller cities and towns of the "Knowledge Corridor", (e.g., Northampton, Massachusetts and Middletown, Connecticut) but only the two principal cities. </p><p>As of its tenth anniversary in 2010, the Knowledge Corridor Partnership has been cited for both increasing jobs and keeping jobs in the Hartford–Springfield region, e.g. <a href="/facts/Eppendorf_(company)/DW9PNeSN">Eppendorf</a> in <a href="/facts/Enfield,_Connecticut/D5htoY8q">Enfield, Connecticut</a>, brought over 200 jobs to the Corridor, and MassMutual in Springfield brought over 300 new jobs. It is reported that "officials in Connecticut don’t get jealous if they lose a prospect to Massachusetts and vice versa... Because, if the [cities] weren't working together, these companies wouldn't even consider us."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Notable companies</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aetna/VEJ08Edw">Aetna</a> – <a href="/facts/Hartford,_CT/F3D8LKMK">Hartford, CT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/American_Hockey_League/vXV0G455">American Hockey League</a> – <a href="/facts/Springfield,_MA/MhlE56c4">Springfield, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/American_Saw_and_Manufacturing_Company/vPm35VeG">American Saw and Manufacturing Company</a> – <a href="/facts/East_Longmeadow,_MA/CkE6F8F7">East Longmeadow, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Baystate_Health/v6Gq5T5x">Baystate Health</a> – Springfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Big_Y/rTCxd0Rp">Big Y</a> – Springfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carrier_Corporation/Jk0j6mKv">Carrier Corporation</a> – <a href="/facts/Farmington,_CT/MSG6LCD8">Farmington, CT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cigna/oHT4j37z">Cigna</a> – <a href="/facts/Bloomfield,_CT/u6ogoF8e">Bloomfield, CT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Colt%27s_Manufacturing_Company/zXuVKYTP">Colt's Manufacturing Company</a> – <a href="/facts/West_Hartford,_CT/fljQQME3">West Hartford, CT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Commonwealth_Coast_Conference/ue8Ga9fY">Commonwealth Coast Conference</a> – <a href="/facts/Springfield,_MA/MhlE56c4">Springfield, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ensign-Bickford_Company/Tg0oyxFI">Ensign-Bickford Aerospace & Defense Company</a> – <a href="/facts/Simsbury,_CT/fYugYpU9">Simsbury, CT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ESPN/1FeLYofR">ESPN</a> – <a href="/facts/Bristol,_CT/W1MrD2mW">Bristol, CT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eversource_Energy/Pf6E5CH3">Eversource Energy</a> – <a href="/facts/Berlin,_CT/1HbTAgq8">Berlin, CT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Friendly%27s/J92AdWXp">Friendly Ice Cream Corporation</a> – <a href="/facts/Wilbraham,_MA/ChwFlB7U">Wilbraham, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gerber_Scientific/GvJ4H8nv">Gerber Scientific</a> – <a href="/facts/South_Windsor,_CT/H96ocyf4">South Windsor, CT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hamilton_Sundstrand/TVNjorcz">Hamilton Sundstrand</a> – <a href="/facts/Windsor_Locks,_CT/Mp9Wk4X1">Windsor Locks, CT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/The_Hartford/fWDYT5vv">The Hartford</a> – Hartford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hartford_Steam_Boiler_Inspection_and_Insurance_Company/3p8bXocX">Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company</a> – Hartford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kaman_Aircraft/0kSAEt0q">Kaman Aircraft</a> – Bloomfield, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center/uvwK1s1c">Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center</a> – Holyoke, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/MassMutual/n691bgRl">MassMutual Financial Services</a> – Springfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Merriam_Webster/yEt22M9H">Merriam Webster</a> – Springfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Otis_Elevator/VFNb3mK4">Otis Elevator</a> – Farmington, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Pan_Bus/w5EE9YbY">Peter Pan Bus</a> – Springfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/The_Phoenix_Companies/p27uP92e">The Phoenix Companies</a> – Hartford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pratt-Whitney/DI4FhYep">Pratt-Whitney</a> – <a href="/facts/East_Hartford,_CT/dr3C2KfB">East Hartford, CT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Smith_%26_Wesson/KUKnKWP9">Smith & Wesson</a> – Springfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/The_Stanley_Works/J9TKsTU7">The Stanley Works</a> – <a href="/facts/New_Britain,_CT/dKxw99LU">New Britain, CT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Travelers_Insurance/778oaE4j">Travelers Insurance</a> – Hartford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/United_Healthcare/Fdyxrw5J">United Healthcare</a> – <a href="/facts/Hartford,_CT/F3D8LKMK">Hartford, CT</a>, <a href="/facts/Rocky_Hill,_CT/mcPtt9Mz">Rocky Hill, CT</a>, and <a href="/facts/Windsor,_CT/NgRcbhtF">Windsor, CT</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/United_Technologies/DNekaBKw">United Technologies</a> – Farmington, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/XL_Group/8PRJNkyA">XL Group</a> – Hartford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Yankee_Candle/5vlpewss">Yankee Candle</a> – <a href="/facts/South_Deerfield,_MA/JI7hhCcB">South Deerfield, MA</a></li></ul> <h2 id="higher-education-institutions">Higher education institutions</h2> <h3>Public college and universities</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/University_of_Connecticut/lDQyQSdG">University of Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst/K7tIPJr7">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eastern_Connecticut_State_University/3a4mXNeL">Eastern Connecticut State University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Central_Connecticut_State_University/eC2qNHHf">Central Connecticut State University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Charter_Oak_State_College/zG2jXQyc">Charter Oak State College</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Westfield_State_University/mupwKKnV">Westfield State University</a></li></ul> <h3>Community and technical colleges</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Asnuntuck_Community_College/CreJ4Y1k">Asnuntuck Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Capital_Community_College/o7xt7b0b">Capital Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Greenfield_Community_College_(Massachusetts)/U8L090mg">Greenfield Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Holyoke_Community_College/D069b5Pr">Holyoke Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Manchester_Community_College_(Connecticut)/0RwwMhsc">Manchester Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Middlesex_Community_College_(Connecticut)/go6kzzzk">Middlesex Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Springfield_Technical_Community_College/vWWh44VP">Springfield Technical Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tunxis_Community_College/D8wK5oBQ">Tunxis Community College</a></li></ul> <h3>Private college and universities</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/American_International_College/1LNxc4D7">American International College</a> – Springfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Amherst_College/wuUaPkCS">Amherst College</a> – Amherst MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bay_Path_University/KdJ8MhKh">Bay Path University</a> – Longmeadow, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cambridge_College/mWqrBSeV">Cambridge College</a> – Springfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Elms_College/voLLtNHP">Elms College</a> – Chicopee, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Goodwin_College/oHSe6GaS">Goodwin College</a> – Hartford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hampshire_College/q1f2bgE5">Hampshire College</a> – Amherst, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hartford_Seminary/408mLUhv">Hartford Seminary</a> – Hartford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mount_Holyoke_College/RyM1EYsq">Mount Holyoke College</a> – South Hadley, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Smith_College/BqGRElj9">Smith College</a> – Northampton, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Springfield_College/ACmltPet">Springfield College</a> – Springfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Western_New_England_College/JYmMU6pF">Western New England University</a> – Springfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rensselaer_at_Hartford/qgvm77kT">Rensselaer at Hartford</a> – Hartford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Saint_Joseph_College_(Connecticut)/z6P1t3mf">Saint Joseph College</a> – West Hartford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Trinity_College_(Connecticut)/BLaIB3bM">Trinity College</a> – Hartford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_Hartford/QXDNranD">University of Hartford</a> – Hartford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wesleyan_University/4SmdILJS">Wesleyan University</a> – Middletown, CT</li></ul> <h2 id="lower-education-institutions">Lower education institutions</h2> <p>Public schools are highly regarded, in 2016 Massachusetts ranked first in the country for Pre-K through 12 education while Connecticut ranked fifth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>The Hartford–Springfield area is home to a high concentration of preparatory schools. </p> <h3>Private day and boarding schools</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Avon_Old_Farms/rLhjhsGE">Avon Old Farms</a> – Avon, CT</li> <li>The Bement School – Deerfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cheshire_Academy/9uhTY3dU">Cheshire Academy</a> – Cheshire, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Choate_Rosemary_Hall/T4Fg70om">Choate Rosemary Hall</a> – Wallingford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Deerfield_Academy/yhuufHdG">Deerfield Academy</a> – Deerfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Eaglebrook_School/1FlXbfBL">Eaglebrook School</a> – Deerfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/The_Ethel_Walker_School/JyoxVhu5">The Ethel Walker School</a> – Simsbury, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kingswood-Oxford_School/WPtA3VaR">Kingswood-Oxford School</a> – West Hartford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Loomis_Chaffee_School/jKnEAest">Loomis Chaffee School</a> – Windsor, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/MacDuffie_School/4j3xd132">MacDuffie School</a> – Granby, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Miss_Porter%27s_School/NyuehnU7">Miss Porter's School</a> – Farmington, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Stoneleigh-Burnham_School/sWEm5LBl">Stoneleigh-Burnham School</a> – Greenfield, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Suffield_Academy/80EhEwzv">Suffield Academy</a> – Suffield, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Watkinson_School/MfFKHxJ7">Watkinson School</a> – Hartford, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wilbraham_%26_Monson_Academy/keDQxn1N">Wilbraham & Monson Academy</a> – Wilbraham, MA</li> <li><a href="/facts/Westminster_School_(Connecticut)/gyuuydFA">Westminster School (Connecticut)</a> – Simsbury, CT</li> <li><a href="/facts/Williston_Northampton_School/8KLTrf8l">Williston Northampton School</a> – Easthampton, MA</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Greater_Hartford/xXwfxUpn">Greater Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Massachusetts/MYsaEKkL">Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bradley_International_Airport/BKX2fXkR">Bradley International Airport</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i>Knowledge Corridor</i>. <ul><li><a href="http://knowledgecorridor.org/">Official website</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Knowledge Corridor®". Western Mass EDC. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153022/http://www.westernmassedc.com/Data__Demographics/knowledgecorridor/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153022/http://www.westernmassedc.com/Data__Demographics/knowledgecorridor/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Knowledge Corridor®". Western Mass EDC. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153022/http://www.westernmassedc.com/Data__Demographics/knowledgecorridor/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153022/http://www.westernmassedc.com/Data__Demographics/knowledgecorridor/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>David Driver. "About Us Overview". Hartford Springfield Economic Partnership. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="https://archive.today/20120913032246/http://www.hartfordspringfield.com/about_us/overview" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20120913032246/http://www.hartfordspringfield.com/about_us/overview</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Fact Sheet: High Speed Intercity Passenger Rail Program: Northeast Region". whitehouse.gov. January 28, 2010. Archived from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2012 – via National Archives. <a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/fact-sheet-high-speed-intercity-passenger-rail-program-northeast" target="_blank">https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/fact-sheet-high-speed-intercity-passenger-rail-program-northeast</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Knowledge Corridor – Restore Vermonter Project". Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315165713/http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/knowledgecorridor/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140315165713/http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/knowledgecorridor/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Western Massachusetts 2010-2011 Economic Review" (PDF). Western Massachusetts Electric. January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150202012925/http://nuwnotes1.nu.com/apps/wmeco/webcontent.nsf/AR/econ_review_2010/$File/2010_wmeco_Review.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150202012925/http://nuwnotes1.nu.com/apps/wmeco/webcontent.nsf/AR/econ_review_2010/$File/2010_wmeco_Review.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Jim Kinney (December 12, 2010). "On the right track: CSX rails and access to ports could stoke Pioneer Valley's economy". Photo by Laura Dinan. masslive.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="http://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2010/12/rail_and_port_connections_are_critical_t.html" target="_blank">http://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2010/12/rail_and_port_connections_are_critical_t.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Knowledge Corridor®". Western Mass EDC. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153022/http://www.westernmassedc.com/Data__Demographics/knowledgecorridor/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153022/http://www.westernmassedc.com/Data__Demographics/knowledgecorridor/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Wayne Phaneuf (May 22, 2011). "375 years of changing business and work landscape help define Springfield". masslive.com. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="http://www.masslive.com/history/index.ssf/2011/05/375_years_of_change_business_and_work_landscape_help_define_springfield.html" target="_blank">http://www.masslive.com/history/index.ssf/2011/05/375_years_of_change_business_and_work_landscape_help_define_springfield.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Directions – Home". Bradleyairport.com. March 8, 2012. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120804065023/http://www.bradleyairport.com/Directions/index.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120804065023/http://www.bradleyairport.com/Directions/index.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>David Driver. "The Hartford-Springfield Economic Partnership". Hartfordspringfield.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2012. <a href="https://archive.today/20121205021332/http://www.hartfordspringfield.com/" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20121205021332/http://www.hartfordspringfield.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Wayne Phaneuf (May 22, 2011). "375 years of changing business and work landscape help define Springfield". masslive.com. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="http://www.masslive.com/history/index.ssf/2011/05/375_years_of_change_business_and_work_landscape_help_define_springfield.html" target="_blank">http://www.masslive.com/history/index.ssf/2011/05/375_years_of_change_business_and_work_landscape_help_define_springfield.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Firsts | Springfield 375". Springfield375.org. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314004454/http://springfield375.org/?p=126" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120314004454/http://springfield375.org/?p=126</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Department of Transportation (October 24, 2011). "DOTINFO: New Haven-Hartford-Springfield Commuter Rail Implementation Plan". Ct.gov. Retrieved October 28, 2012. <a href="http://www.ct.gov/dotinfo/cwp/view.asp?a=2181&Q=295562" target="_blank">http://www.ct.gov/dotinfo/cwp/view.asp?a=2181&Q=295562</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Springfield's Foray Shakes Up Hartford". Hartford Courant. November 12, 1992. Archived from the original on June 9, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="https://www.courant.com/1992/11/12/springfields-foray-shakes-up-hartford/" target="_blank">https://www.courant.com/1992/11/12/springfields-foray-shakes-up-hartford/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>David Driver. "Hartford Springfield Economic Partnership | Home". Hartfordspringfield.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="https://archive.today/20121205021332/http://www.hartfordspringfield.com/" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20121205021332/http://www.hartfordspringfield.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>David Driver. "Tourism | Industries | Content | Hartford Springfield Economic Partnership". Hartfordspringfield.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="http://www.hartfordspringfield.com/industries/tourism" target="_blank">http://www.hartfordspringfield.com/industries/tourism</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>File photo (May 15, 2011). "Throughout its 375 years, Springfield has had a culture of history and history of culture". masslive.com. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="http://www.masslive.com/history/index.ssf/2011/05/throughout_its_375_years_springfield_has_a_culture_of_history_and_history_of_culture.html" target="_blank">http://www.masslive.com/history/index.ssf/2011/05/throughout_its_375_years_springfield_has_a_culture_of_history_and_history_of_culture.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Trejos, Nancy. "MGM opens major casino resort in Springfield, Mass". USA Today. Retrieved October 8, 2018. <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/2018/08/23/mgm-springfield-mega-casino-resort-opens-friday-massachusetts/1071616002/" target="_blank">https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/2018/08/23/mgm-springfield-mega-casino-resort-opens-friday-massachusetts/1071616002/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Jim Kinney, The Republican (September 26, 2010). "Hartford-Springfield Partnership celebrates 10 years of the "Knowledge Corridor"". masslive.com. Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="http://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2010/09/hartford-springfield_partnership_celebra.html" target="_blank">http://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2010/09/hartford-springfield_partnership_celebra.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Pre-K–12 Rankings Measuring how well states are preparing students for college". usnews.com. US News. Retrieved October 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/education/prek-12" target="_blank">https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/education/prek-12</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>