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TopHat (bioinformatics)
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>TopHat was originally developed in 2009 by <a href="/facts/Cole_Trapnell/z04wgv7R">Cole Trapnell</a>, <a href="/facts/Lior_Pachter/J0P5FjvY">Lior Pachter</a> and <a href="/facts/Steven_Salzberg/cThB8BK3">Steven Salzberg</a> at the Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park/Wmc5R1kM">University of Maryland, College Park</a> and at the Mathematics Department, <a href="/facts/UC_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">UC Berkeley</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> TopHat2 was a collaborative effort of Daehwan Kim and Steven Salzberg, initially at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park/Wmc5R1kM">University of Maryland, College Park</a> and later at the Center for Computational Biology at <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University/56US0mHw">Johns Hopkins University</a>. Kim re-wrote some of Trapnell's original TopHat code in <a href="/facts/C%2B%2B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> to make it much faster, and added many heuristics to improve its accuracy, in a collaboration with Cole Trapnell and others. Kim and Salzberg also developed TopHat-fusion which used <a href="/facts/Transcriptome/h6CC0sR5">transcriptome</a> data to discover gene fusions in cancer tissues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>TopHat is used to align reads from an RNA-Seq experiment. It is a read-mapping algorithm and it aligns the reads to a reference genome. It is useful because it does not need to rely on known splice sites.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> TopHat can be used with the Tuxedo pipeline, and is frequently used with <a href="/facts/Bowtie_(sequence_analysis)/RdnBTlo2">Bowtie</a>. </p> <h2 id="advantagesdisadvantages">Advantages/Disadvantages</h2> <h3>Advantages</h3> <p>When TopHat first came out, it was faster than previous systems. It mapped more than 2.2 million reads per CPU hour. That speed allowed the user to process and entire RNA-Seq experiment in less than a day, even on a standard desktop computer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Tophat uses Bowtie in the beginning to analyze the reads, but then does more to analyze the reads that span exon-exon junctions. If you are using TopHat for RNA-Seq data, you will get more read aligned against the reference genome.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>Another advantage for TopHat is that it does not need to rely on known splice sites when aligning reads to a reference genome.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h3>Disadvantages</h3> <p>TopHat is in a low maintenance, low support stage, and contains software bugs that have spawned 3rd party post-processing software to correct.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> It has been superseded by HISAT2, which is more efficient and accurate and provides the same core functionality (spliced alignment of RNA-Seq reads).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bowtie_(sequence_analysis)/RdnBTlo2">Bowtie (sequence analysis)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_RNA-Seq_bioinformatics_tools/gss3hd8P">List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Microarray_analysis_techniques/QuTQChUt">Microarray analysis techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Next-generation_sequencing/FjLl8GGa">next generation sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RNA-Seq/dIRwBuAa">RNA-Seq</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://ccb.jhu.edu/software/tophat/index.shtml">TopHat page on Center for Computational Biology at JHU</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Trapnell C, Pachter L, Salzberg SL (May 2009). "TopHat: discovering splice junctions with RNA-Seq". Bioinformatics. 25 (9): 1105–11. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp120. PMC 2672628. PMID 19289445. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672628" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672628</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"TopHat". ccb.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-17. <a href="https://ccb.jhu.edu/software/tophat/index.shtml" target="_blank">https://ccb.jhu.edu/software/tophat/index.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Trapnell C, Pachter L, Salzberg SL (May 2009). "TopHat: discovering splice junctions with RNA-Seq". Bioinformatics. 25 (9): 1105–11. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp120. PMC 2672628. PMID 19289445. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672628" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672628</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Kim D, Pertea G, Trapnell C, Pimentel H, Kelley R, Salzberg SL (April 2013). "TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions". Genome Biology. 14 (4): R36. doi:10.1186/gb-2013-14-4-r36. PMC 4053844. PMID 23618408. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4053844" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4053844</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Trapnell C, Pachter L, Salzberg SL (May 2009). "TopHat: discovering splice junctions with RNA-Seq". Bioinformatics. 25 (9): 1105–11. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp120. PMC 2672628. PMID 19289445. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672628" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672628</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Trapnell C, Pachter L, Salzberg SL (May 2009). "TopHat: discovering splice junctions with RNA-Seq". Bioinformatics. 25 (9): 1105–11. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp120. PMC 2672628. PMID 19289445. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672628" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672628</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Bowtie & Tophat". www.biostars.org. Retrieved 2018-04-24. <a href="https://www.biostars.org/p/69719/" target="_blank">https://www.biostars.org/p/69719/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Trapnell C, Pachter L, Salzberg SL (May 2009). "TopHat: discovering splice junctions with RNA-Seq". Bioinformatics. 25 (9): 1105–11. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp120. PMC 2672628. PMID 19289445. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672628" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672628</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Brueffer C, Saal LH (May 2016). "TopHat-Recondition: a post-processor for TopHat unmapped reads". BMC Bioinformatics. 17 (1): 199. doi:10.1186/s12859-016-1058-x. PMC 4855331. PMID 27142976. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855331" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855331</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"TopHat". ccb.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-17. <a href="https://ccb.jhu.edu/software/tophat/index.shtml" target="_blank">https://ccb.jhu.edu/software/tophat/index.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>