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Spin angular momentum of light
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<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2> <p>Spin is the fundamental property that distinguishes the two types of elementary particles: <a href="/facts/Fermion/LEckdDsR">fermions</a>, with half-integer spins; and <a href="/facts/Boson/XtPFcjb5">bosons</a>, with integer spins. <a href="/facts/Photon/mFNhAEzA">Photons</a>, which are the <a href="/facts/Quantum/4x5QTxGB">quanta</a> of <a href="/facts/Electromagnetic_radiation/Ynx7ujCW">light</a>, have been long recognized as spin-1 <a href="/facts/Gauge_boson/TEEpAwxJ">gauge bosons</a>. The polarization of the light is commonly accepted as its “intrinsic” spin <a href="/facts/Degrees_of_freedom_(physics_and_chemistry)/Rrjl0lnq">degree of freedom</a>. However, in free space, only two transverse polarizations are allowed. Thus, the photon spin is always only connected to the two circular polarizations. To construct the full quantum spin operator of light, longitudinal polarized photon modes have to be introduced. </p> <p>An <a href="/facts/Electromagnetic_wave/Ynx7ujCW">electromagnetic wave</a> is said to have <a href="/facts/Circular_polarization/fYQvT0mI">circular polarization</a> when its <a href="/facts/Electric/hNC8D65W">electric</a> and <a href="/facts/Magnetic_field/Ta8Ev588">magnetic fields</a> rotate continuously around the beam axis during propagation. The <a href="/facts/Circular_polarization/fYQvT0mI">circular polarization</a> is left ( L {\displaystyle \mathrm {L} } ) or right ( R {\displaystyle \mathrm {R} } ) depending on the field rotation direction and, according to the convention used: either from the point of view of the source, or the receiver. Both conventions are used in science, depending on the context. </p><p>When a light beam is circularly polarized, each of its <a href="/facts/Photon/mFNhAEzA">photons</a> carries a spin angular momentum (SAM) of ± ℏ {\displaystyle \pm \hbar } , where ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } is the <a href="/facts/Reduced_Planck_constant/qGHAe3qq">reduced Planck constant</a> and the ± {\displaystyle \pm } sign is positive for left and negative for right circular polarizations (this is adopting the convention from the point of view of the receiver most commonly used in <a href="/facts/Optics/p0vq4S1T">optics</a>). This SAM is directed along the beam axis (parallel if positive, antiparallel if negative). The above figure shows the instantaneous structure of the electric field of left ( L {\displaystyle \mathrm {L} } ) and right ( R {\displaystyle \mathrm {R} } ) circularly polarized light in space. The green arrows indicate the <a href="/facts/Wave_propagation/PXhWIt7k">propagation</a> direction. </p><p>The mathematical expressions reported under the figures give the three electric-field components of a circularly polarized plane wave propagating in the z {\displaystyle z} direction, in <a href="/facts/Complex_number/2w7mqI7e">complex</a> notation. </p> <h2 id="mathematical-expression">Mathematical expression</h2> <p>The general expression for the spin angular momentum is<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p><p> S = 1 c ∫ d 3 x π × A , {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} ={\frac {1}{c}}\int d^{3}x\mathbf {\pi } \times \mathbf {A} ,} </p><p>where c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of light in free space and π {\displaystyle \mathbf {\pi } } is the <a href="/facts/Canonical_momenta/UgUW6TuT">conjugate canonical momentum</a> of the <a href="/facts/Magnetic_vector_potential/KJGSgMYb">vector potential</a> A {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} } . The general expression for the orbital angular momentum of light is L = 1 c ∫ d 3 x π μ x × ∇ A μ , {\displaystyle \mathbf {L} ={\frac {1}{c}}\int d^{3}x\pi ^{\mu }\mathbf {x} \times \mathbf {\nabla } A_{\mu },} where μ = { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 } {\displaystyle \mu =\{0,1,2,3\}} denotes four indices of the <a href="/facts/Spacetime/uRIN1x4b">spacetime</a> and <a href="/facts/Einstein_notation/UXwS43wU">Einstein's summation convention</a> has been applied. </p><p>To quantize light, the basic equal-time commutation relations have to be postulated,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> [ A μ ( x , t ) , π ν ( x ′ , t ) ] = i ℏ c g μ ν δ 3 ( x − x ′ ) , {\displaystyle [A^{\mu }(\mathbf {x} ,t),\pi ^{\nu }(\mathbf {x} ',t)]=i\hbar cg^{\mu \nu }\delta ^{3}(\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {x} '),} [ A μ ( x , t ) , A ν ( x ′ , t ) ] = [ π μ ( x , t ) , π ν ( x ′ , t ) ] = 0 , {\displaystyle [A^{\mu }(\mathbf {x} ,t),A^{\nu }(\mathbf {x} ',t)]=[\pi ^{\mu }(\mathbf {x} ,t),\pi ^{\nu }(\mathbf {x} ',t)]=0,} where ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } is the <a href="/facts/Reduced_Planck_constant/qGHAe3qq">reduced Planck constant</a> and g μ ν = d i a g { 1 , − 1 , − 1 , − 1 } {\displaystyle g^{\mu \nu }={\rm {{diag}\{1,-1,-1,-1\}}}} is the metric tensor of the <a href="/facts/Minkowski_space/vDkfkQJn">Minkowski space</a>. </p><p>Then, one can verify that both S {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} } and L {\displaystyle \mathbf {L} } satisfy the canonical angular momentum commutation relations [ S i , S j ] = i ℏ ϵ i j k S k , {\displaystyle [S_{i},S_{j}]=i\hbar \epsilon _{ijk}S_{k},} [ L i , L j ] = i ℏ ϵ i j k L k , {\displaystyle [L_{i},L_{j}]=i\hbar \epsilon _{ijk}L_{k},} and they commute with each other [ S i , L j ] = 0 {\displaystyle [S_{i},L_{j}]=0} . </p><p>After the <a href="/facts/Plane-wave_expansion/Lo9BkMpk">plane-wave expansion</a>, the photon spin can be re-expressed in a simple and intuitive form in the wave-vector space S = ℏ ∫ d 3 k ϕ ^ k † s ^ ϕ ^ k {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =\hbar \int d^{3}k{\hat {\phi }}_{\mathbf {k} }^{\dagger }\mathbf {\hat {s}} {\hat {\phi }}_{\mathbf {k} }} where the vector ϕ ^ k = ( a ^ k , 1 , a ^ k , 2 , a ^ k , 3 ) {\displaystyle {\hat {\phi }}_{\mathbf {k} }=({\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,1},{\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,2},{\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,3})} is the field operator of the photon in wave-vector space and the 3 × 3 {\displaystyle 3\times 3} matrix s ^ = ∑ λ = 1 3 s ^ λ ϵ ( k , λ ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {s}} =\sum _{\lambda =1}^{3}{\hat {s}}_{\lambda }\mathbf {\epsilon } (\mathbf {k} ,\lambda )} is the spin-1 operator of the photon with the SO(3) rotation generators s ^ 1 = [ 0 0 0 0 0 − i 0 i 0 ] , s ^ 2 = [ 0 0 i 0 0 0 − i 0 0 ] , s ^ 3 = [ 0 − i 0 i 0 0 0 0 0 ] , {\displaystyle {\hat {s}}_{1}={\begin{bmatrix}0&0&0\\0&0&-i\\0&i&0\end{bmatrix}},\qquad {\hat {s}}_{2}={\begin{bmatrix}0&0&i\\0&0&0\\-i&0&0\end{bmatrix}},\qquad {\hat {s}}_{3}={\begin{bmatrix}0&-i&0\\i&0&0\\0&0&0\end{bmatrix}},} and the two unit vectors ϵ ( k , 1 ) ⋅ k = ϵ ( k , 2 ) ⋅ k = 0 {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\epsilon }}(\mathbf {k} ,1)\cdot \mathbf {k} ={\boldsymbol {\epsilon }}(\mathbf {k} ,2)\cdot \mathbf {k} =0} denote the two transverse polarizations of light in free space and unit vector ϵ ( k , 3 ) = k / | k | {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\epsilon }}(\mathbf {k} ,3)=\mathbf {k} /|\mathbf {k} |} denotes the longitudinal polarization. </p><p>Due to the longitudinal polarized photon and scalar photon have been involved, both S {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} } and L {\displaystyle \mathbf {L} } are not gauge invariant. To incorporate the gauge invariance into the photon angular momenta, a re-decomposition of the total <a href="/facts/Quantum_electrodynamics/zPteAr6G">QED</a> angular momentum and the Lorenz gauge condition have to be enforced. Finally, the direct observable part of spin and orbital angular momenta of light are given by S o b s = i ℏ ∫ d 3 k ( a ^ k , 2 † a ^ k , 1 − a ^ k , 1 † a ^ k , 2 ) k | k | = ε 0 ∫ d 3 x E ⊥ × A ⊥ , {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} ^{\rm {obs}}=i\hbar \int d^{3}k({\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,2}^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,1}-{\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,1}^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,2}){\frac {\mathbf {k} }{|\mathbf {k} |}}=\varepsilon _{0}\int d^{3}x\mathbf {E} _{\perp }\times \mathbf {A} _{\perp },} and L M o b s = ε 0 ∫ d 3 x E ⊥ j x × ∇ A ⊥ j {\displaystyle \mathbf {L} _{M}^{\rm {obs}}=\varepsilon _{0}\int d^{3}xE_{\perp }^{j}\mathbf {x} \times \mathbf {\nabla } A_{\perp }^{j}} which recover the angular momenta of classical transverse light.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Here, E ⊥ {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{\perp }} ( A ⊥ {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} _{\perp }} ) is the transverse part of the <a href="/facts/Electric_field/tt4MooBs">electric field</a> (<a href="/facts/Vector_potential/GgvfE8AM">vector potential</a>), ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} is the <a href="/facts/Vacuum_permittivity/gWRUhPGY">vacuum permittivity</a>, and we are using <a href="/facts/International_System_of_Units/S7YLglNz">SI units</a>. </p><p>We can define the annihilation operators for circularly polarized transverse photons: a ^ k , L = 1 2 ( a ^ k , 1 − i a ^ k , 2 ) , {\displaystyle {\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,\mathrm {L} }={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left({\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,1}-i{\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,2}\right),} a ^ k , R = 1 2 ( a ^ k , 1 + i a ^ k , 2 ) , {\displaystyle {\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,\mathrm {R} }={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left({\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,1}+i{\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,2}\right),} with polarization unit vectors e ( k , L ) = 1 2 [ e ( k , 1 ) + i e ( k , 2 ) ] , {\displaystyle \mathbf {e} (\mathbf {k} ,\mathrm {L} )={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left[\mathbf {e} (\mathbf {k} ,1)+i\mathbf {e} (\mathbf {k} ,2)\right],} e ( k , R ) = 1 2 [ e ( k , 1 ) − i e ( k , 2 ) ] . {\displaystyle \mathbf {e} (\mathbf {k} ,\mathrm {R} )={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left[\mathbf {e} (\mathbf {k} ,1)-i\mathbf {e} (\mathbf {k} ,2)\right].} </p><p>Then, the transverse-field photon spin can be re-expressed as S o b s = ∫ d 3 k ℏ ( a ^ k , L † a ^ k , L − a ^ k , R † a ^ k , R ) k | k | , {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} ^{\rm {obs}}=\int d^{3}k\hbar \left({\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,L}^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,L}-{\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,R}^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}_{\mathbf {k} ,R}\right){\frac {\mathbf {k} }{|\mathbf {k} |}},} </p><p>For a single plane-wave <a href="/facts/Photon/mFNhAEzA">photon</a>, the spin can only have two values ± ℏ {\displaystyle \pm \hbar } , which are <a href="/facts/Eigenvalues/8TjEoT8u">eigenvalues</a> of the spin operator s ^ 3 {\displaystyle {\hat {s}}_{3}} . The corresponding eigenfunctions describing photons with well defined values of SAM are described as circularly polarized waves: | ± ⟩ = ( 1 ± i 0 ) . {\displaystyle |\pm \rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}1\\\pm i\\0\end{pmatrix}}.} </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Helmholtz_equation/SWfaXrTB">Helmholtz equation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Orbital_angular_momentum_of_light/R407U91N">Orbital angular momentum of light</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polarization_(physics)/fP33m0eD">Polarization (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Photon_polarization/fh6oqC5E">Photon polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Spin_polarization/S36kxcj2">Spin polarization</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Born, M. & Wolf, E. (1999). <i><a href="/facts/Principles_of_Optics/n8GWeqIs">Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light</a></i> (7th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-64222-4.</li> <li>Allen, L.; Barnnet, Stephen M. & Padgett, Miles J. (2003). <i>Optical Angular Momentum</i>. Bristol: Institute of Physics. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7503-0901-1.</li> <li>Torres, Juan P. & Torner, Lluis (2011). <i>Twisted Photons: Applications of Light with Orbital Angular Momentum</i>. Bristol: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-527-40907-5.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Yang, L.-P.; Khosravi, F.; Jacob, Z. (2020). "Quantum field theory for spin operator of the photon". Physical Review Research. 4 (2): 023165. arXiv:2004.03771. doi:10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.023165. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Greiner, W.; Reinhardt, J. (29 June 2013). "Chap. 7". Field Quantization. Springer. ISBN 9783642614859. <a href="9783642614859" target="_blank">9783642614859</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Cohen-Tannoudji, C.; Dupont-Roc, J.; Grynberg, G. (1997). "Chap. 1". Photons and Atoms-Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 9780471184331. <a href="9780471184331" target="_blank">9780471184331</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>