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Oxonickelates
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<h2 id="alkali-nickelates">Alkali nickelates</h2> <p>The lithium nickelates are of interest to researchers as cathodes in <a href="/facts/Lithium_cell/D5yfo8XS">lithium cells</a>, as these substance can hold a variable amount of lithium, with the nickel varying in oxidation state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="rare-earth-nickelates">Rare-earth nickelates</h2> <p>Rare-earth nickelates were first made by Demazeau et al. in 1971, by heating a mixture of oxides under high pressure oxygen, or potassium perchlorate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> For two decades after that these nickelates received very little attention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Many rare-earth nickelates have the Ruddlesden–Popper phase structure. </p><p>Rare-earth nickelates with nickel in a +1 oxidation state have an electronic configuration to same as for <a href="/facts/Cuprate/rS6vV6RS">cuprates</a> and so are of interest to <a href="/facts/High-temperature_superconductor/MXtx2gvV">high-temperature superconductor</a> researchers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Other rare-earth nickelates can function as <a href="/facts/Fuel_cell/UcMYnCW3">fuel cell</a> catalysts. The ability to switch between an insulating and a conducting state in some of these materials is of interest in the development of new transistors, that have higher on to off current ratios.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="list-of-oxides">List of oxides</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>formula</th><th>name</th><th>other names</th><th>structure</th><th>Remarks</th><th>references</th></tr><tr><td>LiNiO2</td><td>lithium nickelate</td><td></td><td>rhombohedral <i>a</i> = 2.88 Å, <i>c</i> = 14.2 Å, density = 4.78 / 4.81</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Li2NiO3</td><td></td><td></td><td>monoclinic <i>C</i>2/<i>m</i> <i>a</i> = 4.898 Å, <i>b</i> = 8.449 Å, <i>c</i> = 4.9692 Å, β = 109.02°, <i>V</i> = 194.60 Å3</td><td>Nickel in +4 state</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>NaNiO2</td><td>sodium nickelate</td><td></td><td>monoclinic <i>a</i> = 5.33 Å, <i>b</i> = 2.86 Å, <i>c</i> = 5.59 Å, β = 110°30′, <i>Z</i> = 2, density = 4.74; over 220 °C: rhombohedral <i>a</i> = 2.96 Å, <i>b</i> = 15.77 Å</td><td>Carbon dissolved in the molten salt can precipitate diamond.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>KNiO2</td><td>potassium nickelate</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>SrTiNiO3[<i>dubious – discuss</i>]</td><td>strontium titanate nickelate</td><td>STN</td><td></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>YNiO3</td><td>yttrium nickelate</td><td></td><td>monoclinic <i>P</i>21/<i>n</i>; orthorhombic <i>a</i> = 5.516 Å, <i>b</i> = 7.419 Å, <i>c</i> = 5.178 Å, <i>V</i> = 211.9 Å3, <i>Z</i> = 4, density = 6.13</td><td>insulator changes to metal under pressure</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Y2BaNiO5</td><td>chain nickelate</td><td></td><td>Orthorhombic Immm, <i>a</i> = 3.7589, <i>b</i> = 5.7604, <i>c</i> = 11.3311</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2H-AgNiO2</td><td></td><td></td><td>hexagonal <i>P63/mmc</i>, <i>a</i> = 2.93653 Å, <i>b</i> = 2.93653 Å, <i>c</i> = 12.2369 Å, <i>V</i> = 91.384 Å3, <i>Z</i> = 2, density = 7.216 g/cm3</td><td>Ni in +3 state</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3R-AgNiO2</td><td></td><td></td><td>trigonal <i>R</i>32/<i>m</i>, <i>a</i> = 2.9390 Å, <i>c</i> = 18.3700 Å</td><td>Ni in +3 state</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ag2NiO2</td><td>silveroxonickelate</td><td></td><td>trigonal <i>R</i>32/<i>m</i>, <i>a</i> = 2.926 Å, <i>c</i> = 24.0888 Å</td><td>lustrous black solid, stable in air; Ni3+ and subvalent Ag2+</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ag3Ni2O4</td><td></td><td></td><td>hexagonal <i>P63/mmc</i>, <i>a</i> = 2.9331 Å, <i>b</i> = 2.9331 Å, <i>c</i> = 28.31 Å, <i>V</i> = 210.9 Å3, <i>Z</i> = 2, density = 7.951 g/cm3</td><td>electric conductor</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>BaNiO2</td><td></td><td></td><td>orthorhombic <i>a</i> = 5.73 Å, <i>b</i> = 9.2 Å, <i>c</i> = 4.73 Å, <i>V</i> = 249 Å3, <i>Z</i> = 4</td><td>black</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>BaNiO3</td><td></td><td></td><td>hexagonal <i>a</i> = 5.580 Å, <i>c</i> = 4.832 Å, <i>V</i> = 130.4 Å3, <i>Z</i> = 2</td><td>black powder dec 730 °C N-type semiconductor; decompose in acid</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ba2Ni2O5</td><td></td><td></td><td>hexagonal <i>a</i> = 5.72, <i>c</i> = 4.30, density = 6.4</td><td>black needles melt 1200 °C</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>LaNiO2</td><td>lanthanum nickelite</td><td></td><td><i>a</i> = 3.959, <i>c</i> = 3.375</td><td>Ni in +1 state</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>LaNiO3</td><td>lanthanum nickelate</td><td></td><td><i>a</i> = 5.4827 Å, <i>b</i> = 5.4827 Å, <i>c</i> = 3.2726 Å, γ = 120°, <i>V</i> = 345.5, <i>Z</i> = 6, density = 7.08</td><td>metallic, no insulating transition <a href="/facts/Polar_metal/RrXPTPdK">polar metal</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>La2NiO4</td><td></td><td>LN</td><td>tetragonal <i>a</i> = 3.86 Å, <i>b</i> = 3.86 Å, <i>c</i> = 12.67 Å, <i>V</i> = 188.8 Å3, <i>Z</i> = 2, density = 7.05</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>La3Ni2O6</td><td></td><td></td><td>tetragonal <i>a</i> = 3.968 Å, <i>c</i> = 19.32 Å</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>La3Ni2O7</td><td></td><td></td><td><i>a</i> = 5.3961 Å, <i>b</i> = 5.4498 Å, <i>c</i> = 20.522 Å, <i>V</i> = 603.5, <i>Z</i> = 4, density = 7.1</td><td>superconductor under pressure Tc=80K</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>La4Ni3O8</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>antiferromagnetic below 105 K, mixed valence I and II</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>La4Ni3O10</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>La2−<i>x</i>Sr<i>x</i>NiO4</td><td></td><td>LSN</td><td>a varies from 3.86 to 3.81 as <i>x</i> changes from 0 to 0.5, then ≈ 3.81; <i>c</i> ≈ 12.7 for <i>x</i> ≤ 0.8, the it falls to 12.4 at <i>x</i> = 1.2</td><td>polarization-specific metal</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>CeNiO3</td><td>cerium nickelate</td><td></td><td></td><td>decomposes 1984 °C</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>PrNiO2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>PrNiO3</td><td></td><td></td><td>perovskite</td><td>metallic insulator transition=130K</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pr4Ni3O8</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pr2BaNiO5</td><td>chain nickelate</td><td></td><td>Orthorhombic</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>La2PrNi2O7</td><td></td><td></td><td>orthorhombic</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>La2PrNi2O7</td><td></td><td></td><td>tetragonal</td><td>Superconductor under pressure Tc = 82.5°C</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>NdNiO3</td><td><a href="/facts/Neodymium_nickelate/y9GnhBIT">neodymium nickelate</a></td><td></td><td>perovskite orthorhombic <i>Pbnm</i>, <i>a</i> = 5.38712 Å, <i>b</i> = 5.38267 Å, <i>c</i> = 7.60940 Å</td><td>metallic insulator transition=200K</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>NdNiO2</td><td></td><td></td><td>orthorhombic <i>a</i> = 5.402 Å, <i>b</i> = 7.608 Å, <i>c</i> = 5.377 Å, <i>V</i> = 221.0 Å3, density = 7.54</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Nd4Ni3O8</td><td></td><td></td><td>orthorhombic <i>a</i> = 3.9171 Å, <i>b</i> = 3.9171 Å, <i>c</i> = 25.307 Å, <i>V</i> = 388.3 Å3, <i>Z</i> = 2, density = 7.54</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Nd2NiO4</td><td></td><td></td><td>Cmca <i>a</i> = 5.383 Å, <i>b</i> = 12.342 Å, <i>c</i> = 5.445 Å, <i>V</i> = 361.7 Å3, density = 7.55</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Nd2BaNiO5</td><td>chain nickelate</td><td></td><td>Orthorhombic Immm, <i>a</i> = 2.8268 Å, <i>b</i> = 5.9272 Å, <i>c</i> = 11.651 Å</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>SmNiO3</td><td>samarium nickelate</td><td>SNO</td><td>perovskite Pnma, <i>a</i> = 5.431 Å, <i>b</i> = 7.568 Å, <i>c</i> = 5.336 Å, <i>V</i> = 219.3 Å, <i>Z</i> = 4, density = 7.79</td><td>metallic insulator transition=400K</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sm1.5Sr0.5NiO4</td><td></td><td>SSNO</td><td>orthorhombic <i>Bmab</i></td><td>giant dielectric constant 100,000</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>EuNiO3</td><td>europium nickelate</td><td></td><td>perovskite orthorhombic <i>a</i> = 5.466 Å, <i>b</i> = 7.542 Å, <i>c</i> = 5.293 Å, <i>V</i> = 218.2 Å3, <i>Z</i> = 4, density = 7.87</td><td>metallic insulator transition=460K</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>GdNiO3</td><td>gadolinium nickelate</td><td></td><td>perovskite orthorhombic <i>a</i> = 0.5492 Å, <i>b</i> = 0.7506 Å, <i>c</i> = 0.5258 Å, <i>V</i> = 216.8 Å3, <i>Z</i> = 4, density = 8.09</td><td>metallic insulator transition=510.9K</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Gd2NiO4</td><td>digadolinium nickelate</td><td></td><td>Orthorhombic <i>a</i> = 3.851 Å, <i>b</i> = 3.851 Å, <i>c</i> = 6.8817 Å, <i>V</i> = 187.5 Å3, <i>Z</i> = 2, density = 7.75</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>BaGd2NiO5</td><td>barium digadolinium nickelate</td><td>chain nickellate</td><td>?orthorhombic</td><td>low thermal conductance</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Tb2BaNiO5</td><td>chain nickelate</td><td></td><td>Orthorhombic</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>DyNiO3</td><td>dysprosium nickelate</td><td></td><td>perovskite orthorhombic a = 0.55 Å, b = 0.7445 Å, c = 0.5212 Å V=213.4 Z=4 density=8.38</td><td>metallic insulator transition=564.1K</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Dy2BaNiO5</td><td>chain nickelate</td><td></td><td>Orthorhombic</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>HoNiO3</td><td>holmium nickelate</td><td></td><td>perovskite orthorhombic <i>a</i> = 3.96 Å, <i>b</i> = 3.96 Å, <i>c</i> = 5.04 Å, <i>V</i> = 212 Å3 <i>Z</i> = 4, density=8.51</td><td>metallic insulator transition=560K</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ho2BaNiO5</td><td>chain nickelate</td><td></td><td>Orthorhombic Immm, <i>a</i> = 3.764 Å, <i>b</i> = 5.761 Å, c=11.336 Å</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>ErNiO3</td><td>erbium nickelate</td><td></td><td>perovskite orthorhombic a = 5.514 Å, b =7.381 Å, c = 5.16 V=201 Z=4 density=8.67</td><td>metallic insulator transition=580K</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Er2BaNiO5</td><td>chain nickelate</td><td></td><td>Orthorhombic <i>Immm</i> <i>a</i> = 3.7541 Å, <i>b</i> = 5.7442 Å c=11.3019 Å V=243.71 Å3 Z=2</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>TmNiO3</td><td>thulium nickelate</td><td></td><td>orthorhombic <i>a</i> = 5.495 Å, <i>b</i> = 7.375 Å, <i>c</i> = 5.149 Å <i>V</i> = 208.7 <i>Z</i> = 4 density = 8.77</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Tm2BaNiO5</td><td>thulium barium nickelate</td><td></td><td>Orthorhombic low temperature <i>Pnma</i> <i>a</i> = 12.2003 Å <i>b</i> = 5.65845 Å <i>c</i> = 6.9745 Å <i>Z</i> = 4; high <i>T</i>: <i>Immm</i> <i>a</i> = 3.75128 <i>b</i> = 5.7214 <i>c</i> = 11.2456</td><td>Pnma form is brown Immm form is dark green</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>YbNiO3</td><td>ytterbium nickelate</td><td></td><td>Orthorhombic a = 5.496 Å, b = 7.353 Å, c = 5.131 Å Z=4 V=207.4 Å3 density=8.96</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Yb2BaNiO5</td><td>ytterbium barium nickelate</td><td></td><td>Orthorhombic <i>Pnma</i> a = 5.6423 Å, b = 6.9545 Å, c = 12.1583 Å V=477.1 Z=4 density=8.66</td><td>Pnma form is brown</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>LuNiO3</td><td>lutetium nickelate</td><td></td><td>perovskite <i>a</i> = 5.499 Å, <i>b</i> = 7.356 Å, <i>c</i> = 5.117 Å, <i>V</i> = 207 Å3, <i>Z</i> = 4, density = 9.04</td><td>metallic insulator transition=600K</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Lu2BaNiO5</td><td></td><td></td><td>Orthorhombic <i>Pnma</i></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>TlNiO3</td><td>thallium nickelate(III)</td><td></td><td>perovskite <i>a</i> = 5.2549 Å, <i>b</i> = 5.3677 Å, <i>c</i> = 7.5620 Å, <i>V</i> = 213.3 Å3</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>PbNiO3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BiNiO3</td><td>bismuth nickelate(III)</td><td></td><td>perovskite triclinic <i>a</i> = 5.3852, <i>b</i> = 5.6498, <i>c</i> = 7.7078 Å, α = 91.9529°, β = 89.8097°, γ = 91.5411, <i>V</i> = 234.29 Å3</td><td>Ni in +2 state, Bi in +3 and +5; stable 5–420K, <a href="/facts/Antiferromagnetic/aQ124Kh7">antiferromagnetic</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nickel_manganese_oxides/vYgkN63b">Nickel manganese oxides</a> for what are considered nickel <a href="/facts/Manganate/3Kr1qk0S">manganates</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Shinova, Elitza; Zhecheva, Ekaterina; Stoyanova, Radostina; Bromiley, Geoffrey D. 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