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Ligusticum
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<h2 id="species">Species</h2> <ul><li><i>Ligusticum ajanense</i></li> <li><i>Ligusticum albanicum</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ligusticum_apiifolium/TzlFRMF9">Ligusticum apiifolium</a></i></li> <li><i>Ligusticum brachylobum</i></li> <li><i>Ligusticum calderi</i></li> <li><i>Ligusticum californicum</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ligusticum_canadense/bsqXHTsw">Ligusticum canadense</a></i></li> <li><i>Ligusticum canbyi</i> - Canby's licorice root</li> <li><i>Ligusticum filicinum</i></li> <li><i>Ligusticum gingidium</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ligusticum_grayi/8snJu0RS">Ligusticum grayi</a></i> - oshala, Gray's lovage</li> <li><i>Ligusticum holopetalum</i></li> <li><i>Ligusticum hultenii</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ligusticum_huteri/PDbd27qj">Ligusticum huteri</a></i></li> <li><i>Ligusticum ibukicola</i></li> <li><i>Ligusticum monnieri</i></li> <li><i>Ligusticum mutellina</i> – alpine lovage</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ligusticum_porteri/3366CCY5">Ligusticum porteri</a></i> – oshá</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ligusticum_scoticum/6w1oW6GM">Ligusticum scoticum</a></i> – Scots lovage</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ligusticum_striatum/2c4EydGM">Ligusticum striatum</a></i></li> <li><i>Ligusticum tenuifolium</i> – Idaho lovage</li> <li><i>Ligusticum verticillatum</i> – northern lovage</li></ul> <h3>Former species</h3> <ul><li><i>Ligusticum mutellinoides</i> – small alpine lovage, is a synonym of <i><a href="/facts/Neogaya/pLJsTht3">Neogaya simplex</a></i> (L.) Meisn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Moved to <i>Conioselinum</i></h4> <p>In 2003, Pimenov moved a number of species to <i>Conioselinum</i> as he found them closer related to <i>C. tataricum</i> (the type species of <i>C.</i>) than to <i>L. scoticum</i> (the type species of <i>L.</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Another change <i>C. anthriscoides</i> ← <i>L. sinense</i> was made in 2015, as the <i>C. sinomedicum</i> name assigned in 2003 was illegitimate.<<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>L. acuminatum</i> → <i>C. acuminatum</i></li> <li><i>L. filifolium</i> → <i>C. nematophyllum</i></li> <li><i>L. gmelinii</i> → <i>C. chinense</i></li> <li><i>L. pteridophyllum</i> → <i>C. pteridophyllum</i> ≡ <i>L. pteridophylla</i>, <i>L. reptans</i></li> <li><i>L. pseudoangelica</i> → <i>C. pseudoangelica</i> = <i>L. glaucifolium</i></li> <li><i>L. sinense</i> → [heterotypic] <i>C. anthriscoides</i> = <i>L. chuanxiong</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> <i>L. markgrafianum</i>, <i>L. pilgerianum</i> (≡ <i>L. harry-smithii</i>) <ul><li><i>gaoben</i> 藁本; Szechuan lovage, Szechwan lovage, <i>chuanxiong, chuan xiong</i> 川芎</li></ul></li> <li><i>L. smithii</i> → <i>C. smithii</i> = <i>L. longilobum</i> (≡ <i>L. longiloba</i>), <i>L. jeholense</i></li> <li><i>C. sinchianum</i> = <i>L. moniliforme</i></li> <li><i>L. tenuisectum</i> → <i>C. tenuisectum</i></li> <li><i>L. vaginatum</i> → [heterotypic] <i><a href="/facts/Conioselinum_tataricum/84I7l4g3">C. tataricum</a></i></li> <li><i>L. tenuissimum</i> → <i>C. tenuissimum</i> ≡ <i>Angelica tenuissima</i> = <i>L. multifidum</i></li></ul> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>The roots of several species are used as medicinal herbs. <i>L. sinense</i> (in older literature <i>L. wallichi</i> or <i>L. chuanxiong</i>) is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in <a href="/facts/Chinese_herbology/JF2XKnhH">Chinese herbology</a>, where it is called <i>chuānxiōng</i> (川芎); in English, Szechwan lovage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Chinese <i>Ligusticum</i> root contains alkaloids that have been shown in studies to inhibit <a href="/facts/TNF-alpha/7NWNIaCb">TNF-alpha</a> production and TNF-alpha-mediated <a href="/facts/NF-kappaB/qcpt5vuQ">NF-kappaB</a> activation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> One study conducted in Japan showed the active compounds found in <i>Ligusticum sinense</i> have both anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing effects, exerting its anti-inflammatory benefits in the early and the late stages of processes in the inflammatory pathology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p><i><a href="/facts/Ligusticum_porteri/3366CCY5">L. porteri</a></i> (osha) is used in Western herbal medicine. </p><p>Both <i>Ligusticum sinense</i> and <i>L. jeholens</i> essential oils contain natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725. <a href="9780521707725" target="_blank">9780521707725</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>NRCS. "Ligusticum". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2 June 2015. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" target="_blank">/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Menglan She; Fading Pu; Zehui Pan; Mark Watson; John F. M. Cannon; Ingrid Holmes-Smith; Eugene V. Kljuykov; Loy R. Phillippe; Michael G. Pimenov (2005). "Ligusticum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 250. 1753". In Flora of Chinaial Committee; Wu Zhengyi; Peter Raven (eds.). Apiaceae through Ericaceae. Flora of China. Vol. 14. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press. ISBN 9781930723412. <a href="9781930723412" target="_blank">9781930723412</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Neogaya simplex". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 November 2021. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/845158-1" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/845158-1</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Pimenov, Michael G.; Kljuykov, Eugene V.; Ostroumova, Tatiana A. (2003). "A Revision of Conioselinum Hoffm. (Umbelliferae) in the Old World". Willdenowia. 33 (2): 353–377. doi:10.2307/3997438. ISSN 0511-9618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Pimenov, M.G. & Kljuykov, E.V. 2015. Nomenclatural correction for a Chinese species of Conioselinum (Umbelliferae). Skvortsovia 2(1): 28-34. PDF <a href="http://skvortsovia.uran.ru/2015/2103.pdf" target="_blank">http://skvortsovia.uran.ru/2015/2103.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Ligusticum chuanxiong S.H.Qiu, Y.Q.Zeng, K.Y.Pan, Y.C.Tang & J.M.Xu | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:844410-1" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:844410-1</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Page about use in Chinese medicine". Archived from the original on 2006-10-29. Retrieved 2006-10-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061029102158/http://www.herbasin.com/database/chuanxiong.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20061029102158/http://www.herbasin.com/database/chuanxiong.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Prieto JM, Recio MC, Giner RM, Máñez S, Giner-Larza EM, Ríos JL (2003). "Influence of traditional Chinese anti-inflammatory medicinal plants on leukocyte and platelet functions". J Pharm Pharmacol. 9 (55): 1275–82. doi:10.1211/0022357021620. PMID 14604471. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2012-01-05. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210175401/http://www.nutritionreview.org/library/arthritissupport.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111210175401/http://www.nutritionreview.org/library/arthritissupport.php</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Jim English (2010). "Traditional Chinese Herbs for Arthritis". Nutrition Review. 5 (2). Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2011-12-29. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210175401/http://www.nutritionreview.org/library/arthritissupport.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111210175401/http://www.nutritionreview.org/library/arthritissupport.php</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Jihua Wang, Liang Xu, Ling Yang, Zhilong Liu and Ligang Zhou "Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils from Ligusticum sinense and L. jeholense (Umbelliferae) from China" Rec. Nat. Prod. 5:4 (2011) 314-318 Records of Natural Products <a href="http://acgpubs.org/RNP/2011/Volume%205/Issue%201/41-RNP-1008-293.pdf" target="_blank">http://acgpubs.org/RNP/2011/Volume%205/Issue%201/41-RNP-1008-293.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>