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Trace metal
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<h2 id="iron">Iron</h2> <h3>Humans</h3> <p>Roughly 5 grams of iron are present in the human body and is the most abundant trace metal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> It is absorbed in the <a href="/facts/Gastrointestinal_tract/nK2zwqBS">intestine</a> as <a href="/facts/Heme/fRhyJAAb">heme</a> or <a href="/facts/Non-heme_iron_protein/1tBGR0Y4">non-heme</a> iron depending on the food source. Heme iron is derived from the digestion of <a href="/facts/Hemoprotein/mUAn9ELw">hemoproteins</a> in meat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Non-heme iron is mainly derived from plants and exist as <a href="/facts/Iron(II)/TCxvdjfW">iron(II)</a> or <a href="/facts/Iron(III)/TMrSskIt">iron(III)</a> ions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>Iron is essential for more than 500 hemeproteins, the likes of which include <a href="/facts/Hemoglobin/RsD1MzYA">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/facts/Myoglobin/n6h2yBCJ">myoglobin</a>, and account for 80% of iron usage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The other 20% is present in <a href="/facts/Ferritin/w7G85xJg">ferritin</a>, <a href="/facts/Hemosiderin/egsBzVJK">hemosiderin</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Iron-sulfur_protein/mYwTWzRH">iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Ferrochelatase/zg7rV0CK">ferrochelatase</a>, and more. </p> <h2 id="zinc">Zinc</h2> <h3>Humans</h3> <p>A relatively non-toxic metal to humans and the second most abundant, the body has 2-3 grams of zinc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> It can enter the body through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> with the latter of the bunch being the most common. The <a href="/facts/Mucous_membrane/oIw0vyel">mucosal cells</a> of the digestive tract contain <a href="/facts/Metallothionein/4ntygR3A">metallothionein</a> proteins that store the zinc ions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Nearly 90% of zinc is found in the bones, muscles,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> and vesicles in the brain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Zinc is a cofactor in hundreds of enzyme reactions and a major component of <a href="/facts/Zinc_finger/dWrlw4t7">zinc finger</a> proteins. </p> <h2 id="copper">Copper</h2> <h3>Humans</h3> <p>The third most abundant trace metal in the human body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>It is found in <a href="/facts/Cytochrome_c_oxidase/U67QVCv8">cytochrome c oxidase</a>, a protein necessary for the <a href="/facts/Electron_transport_chain/QjcIkgeR">electron transport chain</a> in <a href="/facts/Mitochondrion/ErHqrdJ1">mitochondria</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Zoroddu, Maria Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (June 2019). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 195: 120–129. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013. PMID 30939379. S2CID 92997696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Series editors Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Sigel, Roland K.O. Springer. 2013. ISBN 978-94-007-7499-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) electronic-book ISBN 978-94-007-7500-8 ISSN 1559-0836 <a href="978-94-007-7499-5" target="_blank">978-94-007-7499-5</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bender DA; Mayes PA; Murray RK; Botham KM; Kennelly PJ; Rodwell VW; Weil PA (2009). "Chapter 44. Micronutrients: Vitamins & Minerals". Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry (28th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100907030720/http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aid=5229785" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100907030720/http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aid=5229785</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Zoroddu, Maria Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (June 2019). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 195: 120–129. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013. PMID 30939379. S2CID 92997696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Iron physiology and pathophysiology in humans. Gregory J. Anderson, Gordon D. McLaren. New York: Humana Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-60327-485-2. OCLC 773925198.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="978-1-60327-485-2" target="_blank">978-1-60327-485-2</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Iron physiology and pathophysiology in humans. Gregory J. Anderson, Gordon D. McLaren. New York: Humana Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-60327-485-2. OCLC 773925198.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="978-1-60327-485-2" target="_blank">978-1-60327-485-2</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Zoroddu, Maria Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (June 2019). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 195: 120–129. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013. PMID 30939379. S2CID 92997696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Zoroddu, Maria Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (June 2019). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 195: 120–129. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013. PMID 30939379. S2CID 92997696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Zoroddu, Maria Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (June 2019). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 195: 120–129. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013. PMID 30939379. S2CID 92997696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Plum, Laura M.; Rink, Lothar; Haase, Hajo (26 March 2010). "The Essential Toxin: Impact of Zinc on Human Health". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 7 (4): 1342–1365. doi:10.3390/ijerph7041342. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 2872358. PMID 20617034. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872358" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872358</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Zoroddu, Maria Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (June 2019). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 195: 120–129. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013. PMID 30939379. S2CID 92997696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Plum, Laura M.; Rink, Lothar; Haase, Hajo (26 March 2010). "The Essential Toxin: Impact of Zinc on Human Health". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 7 (4): 1342–1365. doi:10.3390/ijerph7041342. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 2872358. PMID 20617034. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872358" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872358</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Zoroddu, Maria Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (June 2019). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 195: 120–129. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013. PMID 30939379. S2CID 92997696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Zoroddu, Maria Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (June 2019). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 195: 120–129. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013. PMID 30939379. S2CID 92997696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Zoroddu, Maria Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (June 2019). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 195: 120–129. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013. PMID 30939379. S2CID 92997696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>