Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
SPI1
open-in-new
<h2 id="function">Function</h2> <p>This gene encodes an ETS-domain transcription factor that activates gene expression during myeloid and B-lymphoid cell development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> The nuclear protein binds to a purine-rich sequence known as the PU-box found on enhancers of target genes, and regulates their expression in coordination with other transcription factors and cofactors. The protein can also regulate alternative splicing of target genes. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>The PU.1 transcription factor is essential for <a href="/facts/Haematopoiesis/VRDwMymd">hematopoiesis</a> and <a href="/facts/Cell_fate_determination/5QeX65un">cell fate</a> decisions. PU.1 can physically interact with a variety of regulatory factors like <a href="/facts/SWI/SNF/cxssxQVq">SWI/SNF</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Transcription_factor_II_D/Qh37Uv7y">TFIID</a>, <a href="/facts/GATA2/weXBRFRt">GATA-2</a>, <a href="/facts/GATA1/VnecpBf2">GATA-1</a> and <a href="/facts/C-Jun/Cbvb15yT">c-Jun</a>. The protein-protein interactions between these factors can regulate PU.1-dependent cell fate decisions. PU.1 can modulate the expression of 3000 genes in hematopoietic cells including <a href="/facts/Cytokine/SdWpWABH">cytokines</a>. It is expressed in <a href="/facts/Monocyte/FW4NNMKM">monocytes</a>, <a href="/facts/Granulocyte/zsE3ldLb">granulocytes</a>, <a href="/facts/B_cell/6Y1tgwwp">B</a> and <a href="/facts/Natural_killer_cell/A3THWxrJ">NK cells</a> but is absent in <a href="/facts/T_cell/5z6PQ9UN">T cells</a>, <a href="/facts/Reticulocyte/tdVNhmvR">reticulocytes</a> and <a href="/facts/Megakaryocyte/1v3oUPC6">megakaryocytes</a>. Its transcription is regulated by various mechanisms .<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>PU.1 is an essential regulator of the pro-fibrotic system. In <a href="/facts/Fibrosis/VVSmVgr3">fibrotic conditions</a>, PU.1 expression is perturbed in fibrotic diseases, resulting in upregulation of fibrosis-associated genes sets in <a href="/facts/Fibroblast/n08KsFll">fibroblasts</a>. Disruption of PU.1 in fibrotic fibroblasts leads to them returning into their resting state from pro-fibrotic fibroblasts. PU.1 is seen to be highly expressed in <a href="/facts/Extracellular_matrix/kaHC5Ez8">extracellular matrix</a> producing-fibrotic fibroblasts while it is downregulated in <a href="/facts/Inflammation/Ura86MIy">inflammatory</a>/ ECM degrading and resting fibroblasts. The majority of the cells expressing PU.1 in fibrotic conditions remain to be fibroblasts with a few infiltrating <a href="/facts/Lymphocyte/pS2pv2Ma">lymphocytes</a>. PU.1 induces the polarization of resting and inflammatory fibroblasts into fibrotic fibroblasts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="structure">Structure</h2> <p>The ETS domain is the DNA-binding module of PU.1 and other ETS-family transcription factors. </p> <h2 id="interactions">Interactions</h2> <p>SPI1 has been shown to <a href="/facts/Protein-protein_interaction/etvm9Wmg">interact</a> with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/FUS_(gene)/guvWctqt">FUS</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/GATA2/weXBRFRt">GATA2</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IRF4/0ljxfbqc">IRF4</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> and</li> <li><a href="/facts/NONO/EHX7KKS2">NONO</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Klemsz MJ, McKercher SR, Celada A, Van Beveren C, Maki RA (April 1990). "The macrophage and B cell-specific transcription factor PU.1 is related to the ets oncogene". <i>Cell</i>. 61 (1): 113–124. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2890%2990219-5">10.1016/0092-8674(90)90219-5</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2180582">2180582</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27819155">27819155</a>.</li> <li>Nguyen VC, Ray D, Gross MS, de Tand MF, Frézal J, Moreau-Gachelin F (May 1990). "Localization of the human oncogene SPI1 on chromosome 11, region p11.22". <i>Human Genetics</i>. 84 (6): 542–546. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00210807">10.1007/bf00210807</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2338340">2338340</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22337200">22337200</a>.</li> <li>Chen H, Ray-Gallet D, Zhang P, Hetherington CJ, Gonzalez DA, Zhang DE, et al. (October 1995). "PU.1 (Spi-1) autoregulates its expression in myeloid cells". <i>Oncogene</i>. 11 (8): 1549–1560. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7478579">7478579</a>.</li> <li>Nagulapalli S, Pongubala JM, Atchison ML (November 1995). <a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.155.9.4330">"Multiple proteins physically interact with PU.1. Transcriptional synergy with NF-IL6 beta (C/EBP delta, CRP3)"</a>. <i>Journal of Immunology</i>. 155 (9): 4330–4338. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.155.9.4330">10.4049/jimmunol.155.9.4330</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7594592">7594592</a>.</li> <li>Pongubala JM, Atchison ML (April 1995). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.17.10304">"Activating transcription factor 1 and cyclic AMP response element modulator can modulate the activity of the immunoglobulin kappa 3' enhancer"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 270 (17): 10304–10313. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.17.10304">10.1074/jbc.270.17.10304</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7730336">7730336</a>.</li> <li>Hromas R, Orazi A, Neiman RS, Maki R, Van Beveran C, Moore J, et al. (November 1993). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V82.10.2998.2998">"Hematopoietic lineage- and stage-restricted expression of the ETS oncogene family member PU.1"</a>. <i>Blood</i>. 82 (10): 2998–3004. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V82.10.2998.2998">10.1182/blood.V82.10.2998.2998</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8219191">8219191</a>.</li> <li>Hagemeier C, Bannister AJ, Cook A, Kouzarides T (February 1993). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC45918">"The activation domain of transcription factor PU.1 binds the retinoblastoma (RB) protein and the transcription factor TFIID in vitro: RB shows sequence similarity to TFIID and TFIIB"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 90 (4): 1580–1584. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PNAS...90.1580H">1993PNAS...90.1580H</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.90.4.1580">10.1073/pnas.90.4.1580</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC45918">45918</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8434021">8434021</a>.</li> <li>Hallier M, Tavitian A, Moreau-Gachelin F (May 1996). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.19.11177">"The transcription factor Spi-1/PU.1 binds RNA and interferes with the RNA-binding protein p54nrb"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 271 (19): 11177–11181. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.19.11177">10.1074/jbc.271.19.11177</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8626664">8626664</a>.</li> <li>Bassuk AG, Anandappa RT, Leiden JM (May 1997). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC191503">"Physical interactions between Ets and NF-kappaB/NFAT proteins play an important role in their cooperative activation of the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer in T cells"</a>. <i>Journal of Virology</i>. 71 (5): 3563–3573. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.71.5.3563-3573.1997">10.1128/JVI.71.5.3563-3573.1997</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC191503">191503</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9094628">9094628</a>.</li> <li>Li SL, Valente AJ, Zhao SJ, Clark RA (July 1997). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.28.17802">"PU.1 is essential for p47(phox) promoter activity in myeloid cells"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 272 (28): 17802–17809. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.28.17802">10.1074/jbc.272.28.17802</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9211934">9211934</a>.</li> <li>Tsukada J, Misago M, Serino Y, Ogawa R, Murakami S, Nakanishi M, et al. (October 1997). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V90.8.3142">"Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax transactivates the promoter of human prointerleukin-1beta gene through association with two transcription factors, nuclear factor-interleukin-6 and Spi-1"</a>. <i>Blood</i>. 90 (8): 3142–3153. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V90.8.3142">10.1182/blood.V90.8.3142</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9376596">9376596</a>.</li> <li>Hallier M, Lerga A, Barnache S, Tavitian A, Moreau-Gachelin F (February 1998). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.9.4838">"The transcription factor Spi-1/PU.1 interacts with the potential splicing factor TLS"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 273 (9): 4838–4842. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.9.4838">10.1074/jbc.273.9.4838</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9478924">9478924</a>.</li> <li>Suzuki S, Kumatori A, Haagen IA, Fujii Y, Sadat MA, Jun HL, et al. (May 1998). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27589">"PU.1 as an essential activator for the expression of gp91(phox) gene in human peripheral neutrophils, monocytes, and B lymphocytes"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 95 (11): 6085–6090. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95.6085S">1998PNAS...95.6085S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.11.6085">10.1073/pnas.95.11.6085</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27589">27589</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9600921">9600921</a>.</li> <li>Carrère S, Verger A, Flourens A, Stehelin D, Duterque-Coquillaud M (June 1998). "Erg proteins, transcription factors of the Ets family, form homo, heterodimers and ternary complexes via two distinct domains". <i>Oncogene</i>. 16 (25): 3261–3268. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1201868">10.1038/sj.onc.1201868</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9681824">9681824</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26807714">26807714</a>.</li> <li>Sato M, Morii E, Takebayashi-Suzuki K, Yasui N, Ochi T, Kitamura Y, et al. (January 1999). "Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor interacts with PU.1 and c-Fos: determination of their subcellular localization". <i>Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications</i>. 254 (2): 384–387. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1998.9918">10.1006/bbrc.1998.9918</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9918847">9918847</a>.</li> <li>Brass AL, Zhu AQ, Singh H (February 1999). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171190">"Assembly requirements of PU.1-Pip (IRF-4) activator complexes: inhibiting function in vivo using fused dimers"</a>. <i>The EMBO Journal</i>. 18 (4): 977–991. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.4.977">10.1093/emboj/18.4.977</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171190">1171190</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10022840">10022840</a>.</li> <li>Yamamoto H, Kihara-Negishi F, Yamada T, Hashimoto Y, Oikawa T (February 1999). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1202427">"Physical and functional interactions between the transcription factor PU.1 and the coactivator CBP"</a>. <i>Oncogene</i>. 18 (7): 1495–1501. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1202427">10.1038/sj.onc.1202427</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10050886">10050886</a>.</li> <li>Rao S, Matsumura A, Yoon J, Simon MC (April 1999). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.16.11115">"SPI-B activates transcription via a unique proline, serine, and threonine domain and exhibits DNA binding affinity differences from PU.1"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 274 (16): 11115–11124. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.16.11115">10.1074/jbc.274.16.11115</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10196196">10196196</a>.</li> <li>Mao S, Frank RC, Zhang J, Miyazaki Y, Nimer SD (May 1999). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC84165">"Functional and physical interactions between AML1 proteins and an ETS protein, MEF: implications for the pathogenesis of t(8;21)-positive leukemias"</a>. <i>Molecular and Cellular Biology</i>. 19 (5): 3635–3644. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.19.5.3635">10.1128/mcb.19.5.3635</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC84165">84165</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10207087">10207087</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/ENCODE/X7hhKpsg">FactorBook</a> <a href="http://www.factorbook.org/mediawiki/index.php/PU.1">PU.1</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ray D, Culine S, Tavitain A, Moreau-Gachelin F (May 1990). "The human homologue of the putative proto-oncogene Spi-1: characterization and expression in tumors". Oncogene. 5 (5): 663–668. PMID 1693183. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/PMID_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Oikawa T, Yamada T, Kihara-Negishi F, Yamamoto H, Kondoh N, Hitomi Y, et al. (July 1999). "The role of Ets family transcription factor PU.1 in hematopoietic cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis". Cell Death and Differentiation. 6 (7): 599–608. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400534. PMID 10453070. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.cdd.4400534" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.cdd.4400534</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Entrez Gene: SPI1 spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) proviral integration oncogene spi1". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6688" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6688</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Chambers C, Cermakova K, Chan YS, Kurtz K, Wohlan K, Lewis AH, et al. (April 2023). "SWI/SNF Blockade Disrupts PU.1-Directed Enhancer Programs in Normal Hematopoietic Cells and Acute Myeloid Leukemia". Cancer Research. 83 (7): 983–996. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-22-2129. PMC 10071820. PMID 36662812. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10071820" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10071820</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Burda P, Laslo P, Stopka T (July 2010). "The role of PU.1 and GATA-1 transcription factors during normal and leukemogenic hematopoiesis". Leukemia. 24 (7): 1249–1257. doi:10.1038/leu.2010.104. PMID 20520638. S2CID 1941766. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Wohlfahrt T, Rauber S, Uebe S, Luber M, Soare A, Ekici A, et al. (February 2019). "PU.1 controls fibroblast polarization and tissue fibrosis". Nature. 566 (7744): 344–349. Bibcode:2019Natur.566..344W. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0896-x. PMC 6526281. PMID 30700907. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6526281" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6526281</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Hallier M, Lerga A, Barnache S, Tavitian A, Moreau-Gachelin F (February 1998). "The transcription factor Spi-1/PU.1 interacts with the potential splicing factor TLS". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (9): 4838–4842. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.9.4838. PMID 9478924. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.9.4838" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.9.4838</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Zhang P, Behre G, Pan J, Iwama A, Wara-Aswapati N, Radomska HS, et al. (July 1999). "Negative cross-talk between hematopoietic regulators: GATA proteins repress PU.1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (15): 8705–8710. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.8705Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.15.8705. PMC 17580. PMID 10411939. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC17580" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC17580</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Brass AL, Zhu AQ, Singh H (February 1999). "Assembly requirements of PU.1-Pip (IRF-4) activator complexes: inhibiting function in vivo using fused dimers". The EMBO Journal. 18 (4): 977–991. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.4.977. PMC 1171190. PMID 10022840. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171190" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171190</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Escalante CR, Shen L, Escalante MC, Brass AL, Edwards TA, Singh H, et al. (July 2002). "Crystallization and characterization of PU.1/IRF-4/DNA ternary complex". Journal of Structural Biology. 139 (1): 55–59. doi:10.1016/s1047-8477(02)00514-2. PMID 12372320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Hallier M, Tavitian A, Moreau-Gachelin F (May 1996). "The transcription factor Spi-1/PU.1 binds RNA and interferes with the RNA-binding protein p54nrb". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (19): 11177–11181. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.19.11177. PMID 8626664. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.19.11177" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.19.11177</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>