Indus Kohistani

<h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2>
<p>The phonology of Indus Kohistani varies between its major dialects as shown below.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a>
</p>
<h3>Vowels</h3>
<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td>i iː</td><td></td><td>u uː</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td>e eː</td><td></td><td>o oː</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td></td><td>a aː</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In the Kanyawali dialect, the back vowels /u/ and /o/ are described as variants of each other, as are the front vowels /i/ and /e/.
</p>
<h3>Consonants</h3>

<p>The <a href="/facts/Consonant/81X2SGS6">consonant</a> inventory of Indus Kohistani is shown in the chart below. (Consonants particular to the Kanyawali Dialect of Tangir and those found only in the Kohistan Dialects are color-coded respectively.)
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"></th><th><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Coronal_consonant/nJA2jL4n">Coronal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Retroflex_consonant/lsBdJD4V">Retroflex</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Uvular_consonant/XA5mSSKK">Uvular</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_stop/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voiced_consonant/VdqrEGQ3">Voiced</a></th><td>m</td><td>n</td><td>ɳ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Breathy_voice/ynD4GYNn">Breathy Voiced</a></th><td>(mʱ)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="4"><a href="/facts/Stop_consonant/okC9pztc">Stop</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voiceless/575TtTUn">Voiceless</a></th><td>p</td><td>t</td><td>ʈ</td><td></td><td>k</td><td>(q)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Aspiration_(phonetics)/Kat42tA6">Aspirated</a></th><td>pʰ</td><td>tʰ</td><td>ʈʰ</td><td></td><td>kʰ</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voiced_consonant/VdqrEGQ3">Voiced</a></th><td>b</td><td>d</td><td>ɖ</td><td></td><td>ɡ</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Breathy_voice/ynD4GYNn">Breathy Voiced</a></th><td>bʱ</td><td>dʱ</td><td>ɖʱ</td><td></td><td>ɡʱ</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Affricate_consonant/Fn2y7FIA">Affricate</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voiceless/575TtTUn">Voiceless</a></th><td></td><td>ts</td><td>tʂ</td><td>tʃ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Aspiration_(phonetics)/Kat42tA6">Aspirated</a></th><td></td><td>tsʰ</td><td></td><td>tʃʰ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voiced_consonant/VdqrEGQ3">Voiced</a></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>dʒ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative_consonant/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voiceless/575TtTUn">Voiceless</a></th><td>f</td><td>s</td><td>ʂ</td><td>ʃ</td><td>x</td><td></td><td>h</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voiced_consonant/VdqrEGQ3">Voiced</a></th><td>v</td><td>z</td><td>ʐ</td><td>ʒ</td><td>ɣ</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">Lateral</a></th><td></td><td>l</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Rhotic_consonant/tcAGzjfP">Rhotic</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voiced_consonant/VdqrEGQ3">Voiced</a></th><td></td><td>r</td><td>ɽ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Breathy_voice/ynD4GYNn">Breathy Voiced</a></th><td></td><td>rʱ</td><td>ɽʱ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Semivowel/9nPDkQdw">Semivowel</a></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>j</td><td>w</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The phonemes /x/, /ɣ/, and /q/ are mainly found in loan words. The status of /q/ in the Kanyawali Dialect is unclear. The sounds /f, v/ can also be bilabial [ɸ, β].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Kohistan_District,_Pakistan/SApDt1AK">Kohistan District, Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Kohistani_people/jjPXt2hp">Kohistani people</a></li>
<li>Shina Kohistani</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hazarewal/pIYBbrhn">Hazarewal</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>
<ul><li>Edelman, D. I. (1983). <i>The Dardic and Nuristani Languages</i>. Moscow: (Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR).</li>
<li>Zoller, Claus Peter (2005). <i>A grammar and dictionary of Indus Kohistani</i>. Vol. 1: Dictionary. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-11-017947-7.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007-07-26). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 874. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. <a href="978-1-135-79711-9" target="_blank">978-1-135-79711-9</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Zoller 2005, p. 2. - Zoller, Claus Peter (2005). A grammar and dictionary of Indus Kohistani. Vol. 1: Dictionary. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017947-7. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Edelman 1983, pp. 246, 253. - Edelman, D. I. (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: (Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Zoller 2005, p. 36. - Zoller, Claus Peter (2005). A grammar and dictionary of Indus Kohistani. Vol. 1: Dictionary. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017947-7. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Indus Kohistani open-in-new

Indus Kohistani