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Geographic information science
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<h2 id="definitions">Definitions</h2> <p> Since its inception in the 1990s, the boundaries between GIScience and cognate disciplines are contested, and different communities might disagree on what GIScience is and what it studies. In particular, Goodchild stated that "information science can be defined as the systematic study according to scientific principles of the nature and properties of information. Geographic information science is the subset of/or information science that is about geographic information."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Another influential definition is that by geographic information scientist (GIScientist) <a href="/facts/David_Mark_(scientist)/CfSDcb0l">David Mark</a>, which states:</p><p>Geographic Information Science (GIScience) is the basic research field that seeks to redefine geographic concepts and their use in the context of geographic information systems. GIScience also examines the impacts of GIS on individuals and society, and the influences of society on GIS. GIScience re-examines some of the most fundamental themes in traditional spatially oriented fields such as geography, cartography, and geodesy, while incorporating more recent developments in cognitive and information science. It also overlaps with and draws from more specialized research fields such as computer science, statistics, mathematics, and psychology, and contributes to progress in those fields. It supports research in political science and anthropology, and draws on those fields in studies of geographic information and society.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></p> <p>In 2009, Goodchild summarized the history of GIScience and its achievements and open challenges.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li>Category:Geographic information scientists</li> <li><a href="/facts/Geographic_Information_Science_and_Technology_Body_of_Knowledge/dG1ngHcc">Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Geostatistics/UeChfgNG">Geostatistics</a></li></ul> Organizations <ul><li><a href="/facts/Association_of_Geographic_Information_Laboratories_for_Europe/2kybNMVp">Association of Geographic Information Laboratories for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Center_for_Geographic_Information_and_Analysis/Q9sbpJU8">National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/UCSB_Center_for_Spatial_Studies/8QAU0p4Q">UCSB Center for Spatial Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_Consortium_for_Geographic_Information_Science/DGXcyNQ8">University Consortium for Geographic Information Science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/United_States_Geospatial_Intelligence_Foundation/hAM70YrW">United States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/GIScience_%26_Remote_Sensing/TemHen37">GIScience & Remote Sensing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/International_Journal_of_Applied_Earth_Observation_and_Geoinformation/ECnm94yc">International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/International_Journal_of_Geographical_Information_Science/KXB2P1vN">International Journal of Geographical Information Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Journal_of_Spatial_Information_Science/bCQvFnrw">Journal of Spatial Information Science</a></i></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.giscience.org">Official website of GIScience</a></li> <li><a href="http://giscienceconferences.org">List of GIScience Conferences</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530163341/http://giscienceconferences.org/">Archived</a> 2023-05-30 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cosit.info">Conference on Spatial Information Theory (COSIT)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Haidu, Ionel (2016). "What is Technical Geography – a letter from the editor". Geographia Technica. 11: 1–5. doi:10.21163/GT_2016.111.01. <a href="https://doi.org/10.21163%2FGT_2016.111.01" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.21163%2FGT_2016.111.01</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ormeling, Ferjan (2009). Technical Geography Core concepts in the mapping sciences. Eolss Publishers Company Limited. p. 482. ISBN 978-1-84826-960-6. <a href="978-1-84826-960-6" target="_blank">978-1-84826-960-6</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bello, Innocent E. (October 2023). "Critical Issues in the Methods of Data Collection in Geoinformatics and Environmental Sciences". International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Research. 9 (8): 18–28. doi:10.56201/ijssmr.v9.no8.2023.pg18.28. <a href="https://doi.org/10.56201%2Fijssmr.v9.no8.2023.pg18.28" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.56201%2Fijssmr.v9.no8.2023.pg18.28</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Goodchild, Michael F. (2010-07-27). "Twenty years of progress: GIScience in 2010 | Goodchild | Journal of Spatial Information Science". Journal of Spatial Information Science. 2010 (1): 3–20. doi:10.5311/josis.2010.1.2. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5311%2Fjosis.2010.1.2" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5311%2Fjosis.2010.1.2</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Duckham, Matt; Goodchild, Michael F.; Worboys, Michael (2004-11-23). Foundations of Geographic Information Science. CRC Press. ISBN 9780203009543. <a href="9780203009543" target="_blank">9780203009543</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Symposium 2023". www.ucgis.org. Retrieved 2023-12-25. <a href="https://www.ucgis.org/symposium-2023" target="_blank">https://www.ucgis.org/symposium-2023</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Krawczyk, Artur (9 November 2022). "Proposal of Redefinition of the Terms Geomatics and Geoinformatics on the Basis of Terminological Postulates". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 11 (11): Krawczyk. Bibcode:2022IJGI...11..557K. doi:10.3390/ijgi11110557. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijgi11110557" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijgi11110557</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Singleton, Alex; Arribas-Bel, Daniel (2019). "Geographic Data Science". Geographical Analysis. 53: 61–75. doi:10.1111/gean.12194. ISSN 0016-7363. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgean.12194" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgean.12194</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Andrienko, Gennady; Andrienko, Natalia; Weibel, Robert (2017). "Geographic Data Science" (PDF). IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 37 (5): 15–17. doi:10.1109/MCG.2017.3621219. ISSN 0272-1716. <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Andrienko" target="_blank">/wiki/Natalia_Andrienko</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Unwin, David J.; Foote, Kenneth E.; Tate, Nicholas J.; DiBiase, David, eds. (2011-12-16). Teaching Geographic Information Science and Technology in Higher Education. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781119950592. ISBN 978-1-119-95059-2. <a href="978-1-119-95059-2" target="_blank">978-1-119-95059-2</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Geospatial Information Scientists and Technologists - 15-1199.04". O*NET Code Connector. 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2022-01-28. <a href="https://www.onetcodeconnector.org/ccreport/15-1299.02?redir=15-1199.04" target="_blank">https://www.onetcodeconnector.org/ccreport/15-1299.02?redir=15-1199.04</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Goodchild, Michael (1992). "Geographical information science". International Journal of Geographical Information Systems. 6 (1): 31–45. doi:10.1080/02693799208901893. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Duckham, Matt; Goodchild, Michael F.; Worboys, Michael (2004-11-23). Foundations of Geographic Information Science. CRC Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780203009543. <a href="9780203009543" target="_blank">9780203009543</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Goodchild, Michael F. (2009). "Geographic information systems and science: today and tomorrow". Annals of GIS. 15 (1): 3–9. Bibcode:2009AnGIS..15....3G. doi:10.1080/19475680903250715. ISSN 1947-5683. S2CID 13308017. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>