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Buffalo treehopper
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<h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>This species is native to <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North America</a>, but now it is widespread throughout southern Europe and it is also present in the <a href="/facts/Near_East/gD1vyGQI">Near East</a> and in <a href="/facts/North_Africa/ItxQAfs7">North Africa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="appearance">Appearance</h2> <p>Buffalo treehoppers are a bright green color and have a somewhat triangular shape that helps <a href="/facts/Camouflage/GSjGqPuR">camouflage</a> them so as to resemble <a href="/facts/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles/gS6HPTqb">thorns</a> or a <a href="/facts/Twig/w7tnrzU7">twiggy</a> protuberance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> It gets its name from the vague resemblance of its profile to that of an <a href="/facts/American_bison/PLIRhjkw">American bison</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> They grow to 6 to 8 millimeters (0.24 to 0.31 in) long and have transparent wings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="life-cycle">Life cycle</h2> <p><i>S. bisonia</i> mates during the summer months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Males attract females with a song that, unlike similar songs used by <a href="/facts/Cicada/cYYh0HVr">cicada</a> and <a href="/facts/Cricket_(insect)/XeY1Nkuq">crickets</a>, is perceived by the female not as sound waves but as vibrations through the host plant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Females lay <a href="/facts/Egg_(biology)/KyMSx9v4">eggs</a> from July to October using a blade-like <a href="/facts/Ovipositor/7rFyPfgX">ovipositor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Up to a dozen eggs are laid in each slit made by the female.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Nymph_(biology)/3LjQyPSG">Nymphs</a> emerge from the eggs the following May or June.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The nymphs, which resemble wingless adults, but have a more spiny appearance, descend from the trees where they hatched to feed on <a href="/facts/Grass/q2CRK8q0">grasses</a>, <a href="/facts/Weed/Dog4Ifol">weeds</a>, and other non<a href="/facts/Woody_plant/xXCI9yys">woody plants</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>They <a href="/facts/Molt/2wdfTSL5">molt</a> several times in the following month and a half until they have reached adulthood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Then they return to the trees to continue their <a href="/facts/Biological_life_cycle/1y28aNGG">life cycle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="feeding">Feeding</h2> <p>Both adult and immature buffalo treehoppers feed upon <a href="/facts/Plant_sap/cxdgQYP8">sap</a> using specialized mouthparts suited for this purpose.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Black_locust/IYlECUoF">Black locust</a>, <a href="/facts/Clover/bKr90Vct">clover</a>, <a href="/facts/Elm/jRBEeWEJ">elm</a>, <a href="/facts/Goldenrod/YfRCyJD8">goldenrod</a>, and <a href="/facts/Willow/F66Xvslm">willow</a> are among their favorite food sources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> It is also an occasional <a href="/facts/Pest_(organism)/mXGHJ8s7">pest</a> of <a href="/facts/Fruit_tree/avWL8DgX">fruit trees</a> and is harmful to young <a href="/facts/Orchard/N7jv0Wrz">orchard</a> trees, especially <a href="/facts/Malus/MKp2k7Mq">apple trees</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> It has become an <a href="/facts/Invasive_species/Ya1v6RGx">invasive species</a> in some parts of <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Alberto Alma et al., Particularities of Polynema striaticorne as egg parasite of Stictocephala bisonia (Rhynchota: Auchenorrhyncha), 6th Auchenorrhyncha Meeting Turin, 1988, pp. 597–603.</li> <li>Arzone, C. Vidano, A. Alma Auchenorrhyncha introduced into Europe from the Nearctic region: taxonomic and phytopathological problems. Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Economic Importance : Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, 28 July-1 August 1986: 3-17</li> <li>D. D. Kopp, Yonke, T. R., Taxonomic Status of the Buffalo Treehopper and the Name Ceresa bubalus, in Annals of the Entomological Society of America, vol. 70, no. 6, 1977, pp. 901–905</li> <li>Gabriel Simões de Andrade (1997): Stictocephala alta (Walker, 1851) sp. rev., comb. n., the Correct Name for the "Buffalo Treehopper", with S. bisonia Kopp & Yonke, 1977 as a New Synonym, and Notes on Hadrophallus bubalus (Fabricius, 1794) comb. n. (Homoptera: Membracidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society Vol. 123, No. 4: 289-295.</li> <li>Gabriel Simões de Andrade (2008): On the synonymy of Stictocephala alta (Walker) and Thelia constans Walker (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 25 (1): 148–149</li> <li>P. Bovey & H. Leuzinger (1938): Présence en Suisse de Ceresa bubalus F., Membracidae nuisible d’origine américaine. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des sciences naturelles 60: 193–200</li> <li>W. V. Balduf: Observations on the buffalo tree-hopper Ceresa bubalus Fabr. (Membracidae, Homoptera) and the bionomics of an egg parasite, Polynema striaticorne Girault (Mymaridae, Hymenoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 1928, 21(3):419-435.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://500px.com/photo/124407801/stictocephala-biso%C3%B1a-buffalo-treehopper-by-felipe-vilarroya">"Stictocephala bisonia, Buffalo treehopper"</a>. <i>500px.com</i>. Retrieved 2017-01-09.</li> <li><a href="http://vertdeterre.com/nature/animal/insecte-membracide+bison.htm">Vertdeterre (in French)</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/stictocephala+bisonia/match/1">Catalogue of life</a></li> <li> Data related to Ceresini at Wikispecies</li> <li> Media related to Stictocephala bisonia at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Biolib <a href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id871380/" target="_blank">https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id871380/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"buffalo treehopper", Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2008, retrieved 2008-07-14 <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83648/buffalo-treehopper#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=buffalo%20treehopper%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia" target="_blank">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83648/buffalo-treehopper#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=buffalo%20treehopper%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Fauna europaea[dead link] <a href="http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=239575" target="_blank">http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=239575</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>John A. Jackman,Bastiaan M. Drees - A Field Guide to Common Texas Insects - Taylor Trade Publishing <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Buffalo Treehopper". Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide. Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences. 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-07-16. <a href="http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm" target="_blank">http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Moran, Mark (2004-04-05). "Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Buffalo Treehopper". Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide. Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences. 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-07-16. <a href="http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm" target="_blank">http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Buffalo Treehopper". Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide. Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences. 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-07-16. <a href="http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm" target="_blank">http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Moran, Mark (2004-04-05). "Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Moran, Mark (2004-04-05). "Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Deitz, Lewis (2011-01-18). "Sounds of Courtship, Discovery, and Defense". Treehoppers. North Carolina State University Insect Museum. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <a href="http://treehoppers.insectmuseum.org/public/site/treehoppers/home/sounds" target="_blank">http://treehoppers.insectmuseum.org/public/site/treehoppers/home/sounds</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Buffalo Treehopper". Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide. Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences. 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-07-16. <a href="http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm" target="_blank">http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Moran, Mark (2004-04-05). "Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Buffalo Treehopper". Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide. Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences. 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-07-16. <a href="http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm" target="_blank">http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Moran, Mark (2004-04-05). "Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Buffalo Treehopper". Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide. Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences. 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-07-16. <a href="http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm" target="_blank">http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Moran, Mark (2004-04-05). "Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Buffalo Treehopper". Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide. Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences. 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-07-16. <a href="http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm" target="_blank">http://tfpg.cas.psu.edu/279.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Moran, Mark (2004-04-05). "Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Moran, Mark (2004-04-05). "Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Moran, Mark (2004-04-05). "Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Moran, Mark (2004-04-05). "Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Moran, Mark (2004-04-05). "Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Moran, Mark (2004-04-05). "Buffalo Treehopper: Stictocephala bisonia". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081220050536/http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/buffalo_treehopper.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"buffalo treehopper", Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2008, retrieved 2008-07-14 <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83648/buffalo-treehopper#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=buffalo%20treehopper%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia" target="_blank">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83648/buffalo-treehopper#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=buffalo%20treehopper%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>