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Connaissance des Temps
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p><i>Connaissance des temps</i> is the oldest such publication in the world, published without interruption since 1679 (originally named <i>La Connoissance des Temps ou calendrier et éphémérides du lever & coucher du Soleil, de la Lune & des autres planètes</i>), when the astronomer Jean Picard (1620–1682) obtained from the King the right to create the annual publication. The first eight editors were: </p> <ul><li>1679–1684: <a href="/facts/Jean_Picard/bEnYtFeU">Jean Picard</a> (1620–1682)</li> <li>1685–1701: <a href="/facts/Jean_Le_F%25C3%25A8vre_(astronomer)/n2DCRdkc">Jean Le Fèvre</a> (1650–1706)</li> <li>1702–1729: Jacques Lieutaud [fr] (1660–1733)</li> <li>1730–1734: <a href="/facts/Louis_Godin/SmGym0QD">Louis Godin</a> (1704–1760)</li> <li>1735–1759: <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Domenico_Maraldi/EtYUP3Ur">Giovanni Domenico Maraldi</a> (1709–1788)</li> <li>1760–1775: <a href="/facts/Joseph_J%25C3%25A9r%25C3%25B4me_Lefran%25C3%25A7ois_de_Lalande/1TgNUA49">Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande</a> (1732–1807)</li> <li>1776–1787: <a href="/facts/Edme-S%25C3%25A9bastien_Jeaurat/j8wVVJLe">Edme-Sébastien Jeaurat</a> (1725–1803)</li> <li>1788–1794: <a href="/facts/Pierre_M%25C3%25A9chain/UX3KNhV1">Pierre Méchain</a> (1744–1804)</li></ul> <p>Other notable astronomers who edited the <i>Connaissance des temps</i> were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alexis_Bouvard/kkAzVJng">Alexis Bouvard</a> (1767–1843)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bureau_des_Longitudes/BoYWUfWN">Bureau des Longitudes</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Rodolphe_Radau/QLos3PNL">Rodolphe Radau</a> (1835–1911)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Marie_Henri_Andoyer/MrNxHDle">Marie Henri Andoyer</a> (1862–1929)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Among the other prestigious national astronomical ephemerides, <i><a href="/facts/The_Nautical_Almanac/D1wRNGDv">The Nautical Almanac</a></i> was established in Great Britain in 1767, and the <i><a href="/facts/Berliner_Astronomisches_Jahrbuch/M5eDUEs8">Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch</a></i> in 1776. </p> <h2 id="contents">Contents</h2> <p>The volumes of the <i>Connaissance des temps</i> had two parts: </p> <ul><li>a section of ephemerides, containing various tables</li> <li>articles giving a deeper coverage of various topics, often written by famous astronomers</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/J%25C3%25A9r%25C3%25B4me_Lalande/1TgNUA49">Lalande</a>, <i><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fDPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA312">"Bibliographie astronomique: avec l'histoire de l'astronomie depuis 1781 jusqu'à 1802", 1803</a></i>, p. 312, at <a href="/facts/Google_Books/lnGRMWXs">Google Books</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pRRbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA375">Cosmos, 2e série, tome II, 1865</a></i>, p. 375, at <a href="/facts/Google_Books/lnGRMWXs">Google Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707083625/http://livres.edpsciences.org/ouvrage.php?ISBN=2-86883-657-7">[1]</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb327469896/date"><i>Connaissance des Temps</i> for the years 1679 to 1803</a></li> <li><a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34354613f/date"><i>Connaissance des Temps</i> for the years 1804 to 1979</a></li> <li><a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb343785544/date"><i>Annuaire pour l'an ...</i>, a popular version for the general public, for the years 1797 to 1969</a></li> <li><a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34448875g/date"><i>Ephémérides astronomiques: Annuaire du Bureau des longitudes</i> for the years 1978 to 1984</a> (1979 missing)</li> <li><a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34453995c/date"><i>Ephémérides astronomiques: Annuaire du Bureau des longitudes</i> for the years 1985 to 2004</a> (1991 & 2000 missing)</li> <li><a href="https://www.imcce.fr/publications/publications-institutionnelles/ephemerides-connaissance-des-temps"><i>La Connaissance des temps en ligne</i> for the years 2005 to 2022</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved July 15, 2015. <a href="978-0-387-31022-0" target="_blank">978-0-387-31022-0</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>