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Marble Palace (Tehran)
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The property in which the Marble Palace is situated used to belong to <a href="/facts/Abdol-Hossein_Farman_Farma/hpEuhepF">Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma</a>, a <a href="/facts/Qajar_dynasty/sz5ulL0k">Qajar</a> Prince.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> His son had a mansion in the property.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>The Marble Palace was built between 1934 and 1937.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> It was constructed on the orders of Reza Shah by French engineer Joseph Leon and Iranian architect Fat'hollah Firdaws.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> It was originally built to host official functions and receptions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>The palace was used as the residence of both Reza Shah and <a href="/facts/Mohammad_Reza_Shah/r2bcadLc">Mohammad Reza Shah</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Reza Shah and his fourth spouse <a href="/facts/Esmat_Dowlatshahi/IGawutNA">Esmat Dowlatshahi</a> lived at the palace with their five children until Reza Shah's exile in 1941.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Reza Shah signed his letter of abdication at the palace in September 1941.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Numerous significant royal events occurred during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah. It was one of his two significant palaces in addition to <a href="/facts/Golestan_Palace/pYJrjbJG">Golestan Palace</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The Marble palace was identified with the Shah's persona in the 1950s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The palace hosted all three marriage ceremonies of the Shah. The Iranian wedding ceremony of the Shah and his first spouse, <a href="/facts/Fawzia_of_Egypt/cktqBUIB">Princess Fawzia</a>, was held at the palace in 1939, and it was their residence until their divorce in 1945.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>In October 1950, the betrothal ceremony and in February 1951, the wedding ceremony of the Shah and his second spouse, <a href="/facts/Soraya_Esfandiary-Bakhtiary/fS1HWNBF">Soraya Esfandiary</a>, were held at the palace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Both betrothal and marriage of the Shah to his third wife, <a href="/facts/Farah_Pahlavi/H0G39k20">Farah Diba</a>, also occurred at the palace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Shahnaz_Pahlavi/lvM0Y4dA">Shahnaz Pahlavi</a>, daughter of the Shah and Princess Fawzia, also wed <a href="/facts/Ardeshir_Zahedi/r2nNwbCu">Ardeshir Zahedi</a> at the palace in October 1957.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> In addition, the palace hosted the Shah's 48th birthday party.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>The palace witnessed a five-day protest of <a href="/facts/Mohammad_Mosaddegh/IAm34V5s">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a>'s supporters between 14 and 19 October 1949 who could not secure a seat in the election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> They were eighteen former Parliament members, newspaper editors, and religious leaders, including <a href="/facts/Hossein_Fatemi/DYWzlDBS">Hossein Fatemi</a> and <a href="/facts/Shamseddin_Amir-Alai/2RxD0nCz">Shamseddin Amir-Alai</a>, who entered the palace to meet with the Shah to express their concerns about the election. The meeting occurred at the palace on 19 October.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <p>Besides these events the Shah also survived an assassination attempt at the palace on 10 April 1965 perpetrated by an Iranian soldier.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Following this event which is known as the Marble Palace Plot<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> the palace was no longer in use<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> and was made by the Shah a museum on 20 June 1970.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="style-and-technical-features">Style and technical features</h2> <p>The design of the two story palace was first developed by Ostad Jafar Khan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> However, the final sketch was produced by Ostad Haidar Khan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The overall architectural style of the palace is eclectic, combining Eastern, including <a href="/facts/Qajar_dynasty/sz5ulL0k">Qajar</a> architectural features, and Western architectural styles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>The palace is surrounded by a garden.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> The external surface of the palace is of white marble.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The stone entrance of the palace where two statues of <a href="/facts/Achaemenid_Empire/avlzWxF0">Achaemenid</a> soldiers holding arrows were erected particularly reflects eclectic architectural style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> These statues were carved by Iranian artist Jafar Khan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> The palace has other gates which were made by local craftsmen from different provinces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> The palace is covered by a huge dome that is a <a href="/facts/Replica/GTRczTMJ">replica</a> of the <a href="/facts/Sheikh_Lotfollah_Mosque/NkTKCED4">Sheikh Lotfollah mosque</a> in <a href="/facts/Isfahan/BLw4k2fm">Isfahan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> The dome is covered by <a href="/facts/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)/Hvedvb7M">arabesque</a> tiles with scroll-like patterns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>The internal area of the palace is highly formal with heavily carved doors and extremely high ceilings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> The palace has a very large reception room where mirrors are used like in many mosques and holy shrines in the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> The room is known as the "Hall of Mirrors".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> The interior of the palace was furnished by rich fabrics and rugs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> Decorations were made by the Iranian architect Hossein Lorzadeh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> The tiles used at the palace were produced by Ostad Yazdi and paintings by Ostad Behzad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>The land area of the palace is 35,462 square metres (3.5 ha; 8.8 acres), 2,870 square metres (0.3 ha; 0.7 acres) of which is used for residence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="current-usage">Current usage</h2> <p>After the <a href="/facts/Iranian_revolution/frTYhJ0F">1979 Islamic revolution</a>, the palace was used as a museum until 1981.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Then it was given to the <a href="/facts/Expediency_Discernment_Council/V2dfX6wV">expediency discernment council</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Local people reported that the palace had been used by senior politicians of <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> The historical items used at the palace, including furniture, are being exhibited at the decorative arts museum in Tehran.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> The palace had been closed to the public until July 2020 when it was redesigned as the museum of arts following its acquisition by the <a href="/facts/Mostazafan_Foundation/wIsqB8ya">Mostazafan Foundation</a> in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Media related to Marble Palace (Tehran) at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marble_Palace_(Tehran)¶ms=35.689072_N_51.401789_E_">35°41′21″N 51°24′06″E / 35.689072°N 51.401789°E / 35.689072; 51.401789</a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Asadollah Alam (1991). The Shah and I. London; New York: IB Tauris. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-85043-340-8. <a href="978-1-85043-340-8" target="_blank">978-1-85043-340-8</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Architecture. Pahlavi, before World War II". Encyclopedia Iranica. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/architecture-vii" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/architecture-vii</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Marziyeh Bazyar; Robert Steele (May 2023). ""The Shah's House Became the People's House": Narrating Iran's Modern History at the Pahlavi Dynasty Museum". Iranian Studies. 56 (3): 497, 503. doi:10.1017/irn.2023.23. S2CID 258985280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Marziyeh Bazyar; Robert Steele (May 2023). ""The Shah's House Became the People's House": Narrating Iran's Modern History at the Pahlavi Dynasty Museum". Iranian Studies. 56 (3): 497, 503. doi:10.1017/irn.2023.23. S2CID 258985280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Cyrus Ghani (2001). Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power. London: I.B.Tauris. p. 412. ISBN 978-1-86064-629-4. <a href="978-1-86064-629-4" target="_blank">978-1-86064-629-4</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Pamela Karimi (2013). Domesticity and Consumer Culture in Iran: Interior Revolutions of the Modern Era. London: Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-135-10137-4. <a href="978-1-135-10137-4" target="_blank">978-1-135-10137-4</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Architecture. Pahlavi, before World War II". Encyclopedia Iranica. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/architecture-vii" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/architecture-vii</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Marble Palace (Kakh Marmar)". Fars Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 November 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131124094129/http://www.iran.farsfoundation.net/en/iran-knowing/tourism-in-iran/iranian-tourist-attractions/690-tehran10/6146--marble-palace-kakh-marmar-.html#" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131124094129/http://www.iran.farsfoundation.net/en/iran-knowing/tourism-in-iran/iranian-tourist-attractions/690-tehran10/6146--marble-palace-kakh-marmar-.html#</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Diana Childress (2011). Equal Rights Is Our Minimum Demand: The Women's Rights Movement in Iran 2005. Minneapolis, MN: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-7613-7273-8. <a href="978-0-7613-7273-8" target="_blank">978-0-7613-7273-8</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Fariborz Mokhtari (Spring 2005). "No One will Scratch My Back: Iranian Security Perceptions in Historical Context". The Middle East Journal. 59 (2): 209–229. doi:10.3751/59.2.12. JSTOR 4330125. <a href="/wiki/The_Middle_East_Journal" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Middle_East_Journal</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Pamela Karimi (2013). Domesticity and Consumer Culture in Iran: Interior Revolutions of the Modern Era. London: Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-135-10137-4. <a href="978-1-135-10137-4" target="_blank">978-1-135-10137-4</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Pamela Karimi (2013). Domesticity and Consumer Culture in Iran: Interior Revolutions of the Modern Era. London: Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-135-10137-4. <a href="978-1-135-10137-4" target="_blank">978-1-135-10137-4</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Colorful Fetes Mark Royal Wedding that will Link Egypt and Persian". The Meriden Daily Journal. 13 March 1939. Retrieved 8 August 2013. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=id9IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IgINAAAAIBAJ&pg=3855,4689544&dq=pahlavi&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=id9IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IgINAAAAIBAJ&pg=3855,4689544&dq=pahlavi&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Iran's Shah will marry". The Michigan Daily. Tehran. Associated Press. 12 October 1950. Retrieved 26 July 2013. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ywhbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EU4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2444,5190402&dq=mahmoud+reza+pahlavi&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ywhbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EU4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2444,5190402&dq=mahmoud+reza+pahlavi&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Gifts for wedding". Daytona Beach Morning. Tehran. Associated Press. 12 February 1951. Retrieved 23 July 2013. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CnkoAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RcgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4499,5742010&dq=marble+palace+tehran&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CnkoAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RcgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4499,5742010&dq=marble+palace+tehran&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Teheran - Shah's Wedding 1959". British Pathe. Retrieved 23 July 2013. <a href="http://www.britishpathe.com/video/teheran-shahs-wedding" target="_blank">http://www.britishpathe.com/video/teheran-shahs-wedding</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Ibrahim Hadidi. "Betrothal of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Farah Diba". IICHS. Retrieved 23 July 2013. <a href="http://iichs.org/index_en.asp?img_cat=102&img_type=0" target="_blank">http://iichs.org/index_en.asp?img_cat=102&img_type=0</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Iran Shah's daughter to wed engineer in simple ceremony". Lewiston Evening Journal. Tehran. Associated Press. 10 October 1957. Retrieved 23 July 2013. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZcdGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8vMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1761,3998465&dq=marble+palace+tehran&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZcdGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8vMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1761,3998465&dq=marble+palace+tehran&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Mohamad Reza Shah and Shahbanu Farah Pahlavi's Coronation". Iran Politics Club. Retrieved 23 July 2013. <a href="http://iranpoliticsclub.net/photos/coronation/" target="_blank">http://iranpoliticsclub.net/photos/coronation/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Hassan Mohammadi Nejad (1970). Elite-Counterelite Conflict and the Development of a Revolutionary Movement: The Case of Iranian National Front (PhD thesis). Southern Illinois University Carbondale. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9798657957457. ProQuest 302536657. <a href="9798657957457" target="_blank">9798657957457</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Hassan Mohammadi Nejad (1970). Elite-Counterelite Conflict and the Development of a Revolutionary Movement: The Case of Iranian National Front (PhD thesis). Southern Illinois University Carbondale. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9798657957457. ProQuest 302536657. <a href="9798657957457" target="_blank">9798657957457</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Shah of Iran". NNDB. Retrieved 23 July 2013. <a href="http://www.nndb.com/people/348/000059171/" target="_blank">http://www.nndb.com/people/348/000059171/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Robert Muse (16 July 1975). "The rise of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlevi". Ludington Daily News. London. UPI. Retrieved 23 July 2013. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=110&dat=19750716&id=1-VOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xksDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7206,1245491" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=110&dat=19750716&id=1-VOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xksDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7206,1245491</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>James A. Bill (February 1970). "Modernization and Reform From Above: The Case of Iran". The Journal of Politics. 32 (1): 29. doi:10.2307/2128863. hdl:2152/24201. JSTOR 2128863. S2CID 155052262. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Politics" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Journal_of_Politics</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Asadollah Alam (1991). The Shah and I. London; New York: IB Tauris. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-85043-340-8. <a href="978-1-85043-340-8" target="_blank">978-1-85043-340-8</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Marziyeh Bazyar; Robert Steele (May 2023). ""The Shah's House Became the People's House": Narrating Iran's Modern History at the Pahlavi Dynasty Museum". Iranian Studies. 56 (3): 497, 503. doi:10.1017/irn.2023.23. S2CID 258985280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Mir M. Hosseini (30 October 1973). "Marmar Palace Becomes Museum". Fouman. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018044412/http://www.fouman.com/Y/Get_Iranian_History_Today.php?artid=1054" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121018044412/http://www.fouman.com/Y/Get_Iranian_History_Today.php?artid=1054</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Mir M. Hosseini (30 October 1973). "Marmar Palace Becomes Museum". Fouman. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. 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