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Rhodococcus
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<h2 id="biodegradation-of-organic-pollutants">Biodegradation of organic pollutants</h2> <p><i>Rhodococcus</i> has been greatly researched as a potential agent for the <a href="/facts/Bioremediation/zft68Ez9">bioremediation</a> of pollutants as it is commonly found in the natural environment, and they possess certain characteristics that allow them to thrive under a variety of conditions, and they have the capability to metabolize many hydrocarbons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Rhodococci possess many properties that makes them suitable for bioremediation under a range of environments. Their ability to undergo <a href="/facts/Microaerophile/J4dHmegH">microaerophilic respiration</a> allows them to survive in environments containing low oxygen concentrations, and their ability to undergo <a href="/facts/Cellular_respiration/kb6gpsvL">aerobic respiration</a> also allows them to survive in oxygenated environments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> They also undergo <a href="/facts/Nitrogen_fixation/TeLoBpWS">nitrogen fixation</a>, which allows them to generate their own nutrients in environments with low nutrients.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Rhodococci also contain characteristics that enhances their ability to degrade organic <a href="/facts/Pollutant/4f9kmFzq">pollutants</a>. Their hydrophobic surface allows for <a href="/facts/Cell_adhesion/Vg4alzxb">adhesion</a> to hydrocarbons, which enhances its ability to degrade these pollutants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> They have a wide variety of catabolic pathways and many unique enzyme functions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> This gives them the ability to degrade many recalcitrant, toxic hydrocarbons. For example, Rhodococci expresses <a href="/facts/Dioxygenases/Lb0mrjcj">dioxygenases</a>, which can be used to degrade <a href="/facts/Benzotrifluoride/KeStvU8g">benzotrifluoride</a>, a recalcitrant pollutant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> <i>Rhodococcus</i> sp. strain Q1, a strain naturally found in soil and paper mill sludge, contains the ability to degrade <a href="/facts/Quinoline/kJyUItFu">quinoline</a>, various <a href="/facts/Pyridine/X817hCch">pyridine</a> derivatives, <a href="/facts/Catechol/enIjoGHW">catechol</a>, <a href="/facts/Benzoate/7HrmrBYS">benzoate</a>, and <a href="/facts/Protocatechuic_acid/SpA1t23U">protocatechuic acid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Rhodococci are also capable of accumulating <a href="/facts/Heavy_metals/Cblmy8qI">heavy metal</a> ions, such as radioactive <a href="/facts/Caesium/dXKN1S5k">caesium</a>, allowing for easier removal from the environment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Other pollutants, such as <a href="/facts/Azo_dye/5zBT0p8G">azo dyes</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Pesticide/Uhf4KnwJ">pesticides</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Polychlorinated_biphenyl/R3sC5PEf">polychlorinated biphenyls</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> can also be degraded by Rhodococci. </p> <h2 id="pathogenic-rhodococcus">Pathogenic <i>Rhodococcus</i></h2> <p>The genus <i>Rhodococcus</i> has two pathogenic species: <i><a href="/facts/Rhodococcus_fascians/0MPRGER9">R. fascians</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Rhodococcus_equi/9gDLGrPJ">R. equi</a></i>. The former, a plant pathogen, causes leafy gall disease in both <a href="/facts/Angiosperm/E5eGYIvY">angiosperm</a> and <a href="/facts/Gymnosperm/lzcpfbUK">gymnosperm</a> plants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> <i>R. equi</i> is the causative agent of foal pneumonia (rattles) and mainly infects foals up to three months in age. However, it has a wide host range, sporadically infecting pigs, cattle, and immunocompromised humans, in particular AIDS patients and those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Both pathogens rely on a conjugative virulence plasmid to cause disease. In case of <i>R. fascians</i>, this is a linear plasmid, whereas <i>R. equi</i> harbors a circular plasmid. Both pathogens are economically significant. <i>R. fascians</i> is a major pathogen of tobacco plants. <i>R. equi</i>, one of the most important foal pathogens, is endemic on many stud farms around the world. </p> <h2 id="in-molecular-biology">In molecular biology</h2> <p><i>Rhodococcus</i> has also been identified as a contaminant of DNA extraction kit reagents and ultrapure water systems, which may lead to its erroneous appearance in microbiota or metagenomic datasets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="species">Species</h2> <p><i>Rhodococcus</i> comprises the following species:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>R. aerolatus</i> Hwang et al. 2015</li> <li><i>R. aetherivorans</i> Goodfellow et al. 2004</li> <li><i>R. agglutinans</i> Guo et al. 2015</li> <li><i>R. antrifimi</i> Ko et al. 2015</li> <li><i>R. artemisiae</i> Zhao et al. 2012</li> <li>"<i>R. australis</i>" Hiddema et al. 1985</li> <li>"<i>R. boritolerans</i>" Lin et al. 2012</li> <li><i>R. canchipurensis</i> Nimaichand et al. 2013</li> <li><i>R. cavernicola</i> Lee et al. 2020</li> <li><i>R. cerastii</i> Kämpfer et al. 2013</li> <li><i>R. cercidiphylli</i> Li et al. 2012</li> <li><i>R. chubuensis</i> Tsukamura 1983</li> <li><i>R. coprophilus</i> Rowbotham and Cross 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li><i>R. corynebacterioides</i> (Serrano et al. 1972) Yassin and Schaal 2005</li> <li>"<i>R. daqingensis</i>" Wang et al. 2019</li> <li><i>R. defluvii</i> Kämpfer et al. 2014</li> <li><i>R. electrodiphilus</i> Ramaprasad et al. 2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rhodococcus_equi/9gDLGrPJ">R. equi</a></i> (Magnusson 1923) Goodfellow and Alderson 1977 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rhodococcus_erythropolis/7Y3TguyH">R. erythropolis</a></i> (Gray and Thornton 1928) Goodfellow and Alderson 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rhodococcus_fascians/0MPRGER9">R. fascians</a></i> (Tilford 1936) Goodfellow 1984</li> <li><i>R. gannanensis</i> Ma et al. 2017</li> <li><i>R. globerulus</i> Goodfellow et al. 1985</li> <li><i>R. gordoniae</i> Jones et al. 2004</li> <li><i>R. humicola</i> Nguyen and Kim 2016</li> <li><i>R. jostii</i> Takeuchi et al. 2002<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><i>R. koreensis</i> Yoon et al. 2000</li> <li>"<i>R. kronopolitis</i>" Liu et al. 2014</li> <li><i>R. kroppenstedtii</i> Mayilraj et al. 2006</li> <li><i>R. kyotonensis</i> Li et al. 2007</li> <li><i>R. lactis</i> Singh et al. 2015</li> <li><i>R. maanshanensis</i> Zhang et al. 2002</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rhodococcus_marinonascens/k5WucRJy">R. marinonascens</a></i> Helmke and Weyland 1984</li> <li><i>R. nanhaiensis</i> Li et al. 2012</li> <li><i>R. obuensis</i> Tsukamura 1983</li> <li><i>R. olei</i> Chaudhary and Kim 2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rhodococcus_opacus/zDzVlj9p">R. opacus</a></i> Klatte et al. 1995</li> <li><i>R. oryzae</i> Li et al. 2020</li> <li><i>R. pedocola</i> Nguyen and Kim 2016</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rhodococcus_phenolicus/tFdvKSI8">R. phenolicus</a></i> Rehfuss and Urban 2006</li> <li>"<i>R. psychrotolerans</i>" Silva et al. 2018</li> <li><i>R. pyridinivorans</i> Yoon et al. 2000</li></ul> <ul><li><i>R. rhodnii</i> Goodfellow and Alderson 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rhodococcus_rhodochrous/2fkSUedt">R. rhodochrous</a></i> (Zopf 1891) Tsukamura 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li><i>R. ruber</i> (Kruse 1896) Goodfellow and Alderson 1977 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li><i>R. soli</i> Li et al. 2015</li> <li><i>R. sovatensis</i> Táncsics et al. 2017</li> <li><i>R. spelaei</i> Lee and Kim 2021</li> <li><i>R. spongiicola</i> Zhang et al. 2021</li> <li><i>R. subtropicus</i> Lee et al. 2019</li> <li><i>R. triatomae</i> Yassin 2005</li> <li><i>R. trifolii</i> Kämpfer et al. 2013</li> <li><i>R. tukisamuensis</i> Matsuyama et al. 2003</li> <li><i>R. wratislaviensis</i> (Goodfellow et al. 1995) Goodfellow et al. 2002</li> <li><i>R. xishaensis</i> Zhang et al. 2021</li> <li><i>R. yunnanensis</i> Zhang et al. 2005</li></ul> <ul><li><i>R. zopfii</i> Stoecker et al. 1994</li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>van der Geize R. & L. Dijkhuizen (2004). "Harnessing the catabolic diversity of rhodococci for environmental and biotechnological applications". Microbiology. 7 (3): 255–261. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2004.04.001. hdl:11370/a1dfa0fd-dd65-4c1d-b9b4-bfa98038dcbe. PMID 15196492. <a href="https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/harnessing-the-catabolic-diversity-of-rhodococci-for-environmental-and-biotechnological-applications(a1dfa0fd-dd65-4c1d-b9b4-bfa98038dcbe).html" target="_blank">https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/harnessing-the-catabolic-diversity-of-rhodococci-for-environmental-and-biotechnological-applications(a1dfa0fd-dd65-4c1d-b9b4-bfa98038dcbe).html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Burkovski A., ed. (2008). Corynebacteria: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-30-1. [1]. <a href="978-1-904455-30-1" target="_blank">978-1-904455-30-1</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>McLeod MP, Warren RL, Hsiao WW, Araki N, Mihre M, Fernandes C, Miyazawa D, Wong W, Lillquist AL, Wang D, Dosanjh M, Hara H, Petrescu A, Morin RD, Yang G, Stott JM, Schein JE, Shin H, Smailus D, Siddiqui AS, Marra MA, Jones SJ, Holt R, Brinkman FS, Miyauchi K, Fukuda M, Davies JE, Mohn WW, Eltis LD (October 17, 2006). "The complete genome of Rhodococcus sp. RHA1 provides insights into a catabolic powerhouse". PNAS. 103 (42): 15582–15587. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10315582M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607048103. PMC 1622865. PMID 17030794. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1622865" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1622865</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>McLeod MP, Warren RL, Hsiao WW, Araki N, Mihre M, Fernandes C, Miyazawa D, Wong W, Lillquist AL, Wang D, Dosanjh M, Hara H, Petrescu A, Morin RD, Yang G, Stott JM, Schein JE, Shin H, Smailus D, Siddiqui AS, Marra MA, Jones SJ, Holt R, Brinkman FS, Miyauchi K, Fukuda M, Davies JE, Mohn WW, Eltis LD (October 17, 2006). "The complete genome of Rhodococcus sp. RHA1 provides insights into a catabolic powerhouse". PNAS. 103 (42): 15582–15587. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10315582M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607048103. PMC 1622865. PMID 17030794. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1622865" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1622865</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>van der Geize R. & L. Dijkhuizen (2004). "Harnessing the catabolic diversity of rhodococci for environmental and biotechnological applications". Microbiology. 7 (3): 255–261. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2004.04.001. hdl:11370/a1dfa0fd-dd65-4c1d-b9b4-bfa98038dcbe. PMID 15196492. <a href="https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/harnessing-the-catabolic-diversity-of-rhodococci-for-environmental-and-biotechnological-applications(a1dfa0fd-dd65-4c1d-b9b4-bfa98038dcbe).html" target="_blank">https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/harnessing-the-catabolic-diversity-of-rhodococci-for-environmental-and-biotechnological-applications(a1dfa0fd-dd65-4c1d-b9b4-bfa98038dcbe).html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>McLeod MP, Warren RL, Hsiao WW, Araki N, Mihre M, Fernandes C, Miyazawa D, Wong W, Lillquist AL, Wang D, Dosanjh M, Hara H, Petrescu A, Morin RD, Yang G, Stott JM, Schein JE, Shin H, Smailus D, Siddiqui AS, Marra MA, Jones SJ, Holt R, Brinkman FS, Miyauchi K, Fukuda M, Davies JE, Mohn WW, Eltis LD (October 17, 2006). "The complete genome of Rhodococcus sp. RHA1 provides insights into a catabolic powerhouse". PNAS. 103 (42): 15582–15587. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10315582M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607048103. PMC 1622865. PMID 17030794. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1622865" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1622865</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Treadway, S.L., K.S. Yanagimachi, E. Lankenau, P.A. Lessard, G. Stephanopoulos and A.J. Sinskey (1999). "Isolation and characterization of indene bioconversion genes from Rhodococcus strain I24". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 51 (6): 786–793. doi:10.1007/s002530051463. PMID 10422226. S2CID 6264248.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Alvarez, Héctor (2010). Biology of Rhodococcus. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 231–256. ISBN 9783642129377. <a href="9783642129377" target="_blank">9783642129377</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Fuller, M.E.; Perreault, N. (July 8, 2010). "Microaerophilic degradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by three Rhodococcus strains". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 51 (3): 313–318. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02897.x. PMID 20666987. <a href="https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/accepted/?id=2dad1cdf-6506-4f83-a1b7-4d778d6b1517" target="_blank">https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/accepted/?id=2dad1cdf-6506-4f83-a1b7-4d778d6b1517</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Blasco, Rafael (2001). "Rhodococcus sp. RB1 grows in the presence of high nitrate and nitrite concentrations and assimilates nitrate in moderately saline environments". Archives of Microbiology. 175 (6): 435–440. doi:10.1007/s002030100285. PMID 11491084. S2CID 864067. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Mendez-Volas, A. (2012). Microbes in applied research; current advances and challenges; proceedings. World Scientific. pp. 197–200. ISBN 9789814405034. <a href="9789814405034" target="_blank">9789814405034</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Laczi, Krisztián; Kis, Ágnes; Horváth, Balázs; Maróti, Gergely; Hegedüs, Botond (November 2015). "Metabolic responses of Rhodococcus erythropolis PR4 grown on diesel oil and various hydrocarbons" (PDF). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 99 (22): 9745–9759. doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6936-z. PMID 26346267. S2CID 9213608. <a href="http://publicatio.bibl.u-szeged.hu/9982/1/Laczi_etal_AMB_2015.pdf" target="_blank">http://publicatio.bibl.u-szeged.hu/9982/1/Laczi_etal_AMB_2015.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Yano, Kenichi; Wachi, Masaaki; Tsuchida, Sakiko; Kitazume, Tomoya; Iwai, Noritaka (2015). "Degradation of benzotrifluoride via the dioxygenase pathway in Rhodococcus sp. 065240". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 79 (3): 496–504. doi:10.1080/09168451.2014.982502. ISSN 1347-6947. PMID 25412819. S2CID 205616972. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09168451.2014.982502" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09168451.2014.982502</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>O'Loughlin, E.J.; Kehrmeyer, S.R.; Sims, G.K. (1996). "Isolation, characterization, and substrate utilization of a quinoline degrading bacterium". International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 38 (2): 107–118. doi:10.1016/S0964-8305(96)00032-7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Takei, Takayuki; Yamasaki, Mika; Yoshida, Masahiro (2014-04-01). "Cesium accumulation of Rhodococcus erythropolis CS98 strain immobilized in hydrogel matrices". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 117 (4): 497–500. doi:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.09.013. PMID 24183457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Heiss, G. S.; Gowan, B.; Dabbs, E. R. (1992-12-01). "Cloning of DNA from a Rhodococcus strain conferring the ability to decolorize sulfonated azo dyes". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 78 (2–3): 221–226. doi:10.1016/0378-1097(92)90030-r. ISSN 0378-1097. PMID 1490602. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1097%2892%2990030-r" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1097%2892%2990030-r</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Parekh, N. R.; Walker, A.; Roberts, S. J.; Welch, S. J. (November 1994). "Rapid degradation of the triazinone herbicide metamitron by a Rhodococcus sp. isolated from treated soil". The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 77 (5): 467–475. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb04389.x. ISSN 0021-8847. PMID 8002472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Boyle, Alfred W.; Silvin, Christopher J.; Hassett, John P.; Nakas, James P.; Tanenbaum, S. W. (1992-06-01). "Bacterial PCB biodegradation". Biodegradation. 3 (2–3): 285–298. doi:10.1007/BF00129089. ISSN 0923-9820. S2CID 7272347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Goethals, K.; Vereecke, D.; Jaziri, M.; Van, Montagu M.; Holsters, M. (2001). "Leafy gall formation by Rhodococcus fascians". Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 39: 27–52. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.27. PMID 11701858. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Muscatello, G.; Leadon, D. P.; Klay, M.; Ocampo-Sosa, A.; Lewis, D. A.; Fogarty, U.; Buckley, T.; Gilkerson, J. R.; Meijer, W. G.; et al. (2007). "Rhodococcus equi infection in foals: the science of 'rattles'". Equine Vet. J. 39 (5): 470–478. doi:10.2746/042516407x209217. PMID 17910275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Salter, S; Cox, M; Turek, E; Calus, S; Cookson, W; Moffatt, M; Turner, P; Parkhill, J; Loman, N; Walker, A (2014). "Reagent contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses". bioRxiv 10.1101/007187. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Rhodococcus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 25, 2022. <a href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/rhodococcus" target="_blank">https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/rhodococcus</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Ramaprasad, E. V. V.; Mahidhara, Ganesh; Sasikala, Ch.; Ramana, Ch. V. (2018). "Rhodococcus electrodiphilus sp. nov., a marine electro active actinobacterium isolated from coral reef". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 68 (8): 2644–2649. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002895. PMID 29957174. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijsem.0.002895" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijsem.0.002895</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Rhodococcus jostii was identified as producing a lignin digesting enzyme—the first isolated from a bacterium rather than a fungus.[22][23] <a href="/wiki/Lignin" target="_blank">/wiki/Lignin</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Chaudhary, Dhiraj Kumar; Kim, Jaisoo (2018). "Rhodococcus olei sp. nov., with the ability to degrade petroleum oil, isolated from oil-contaminated soil". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 68 (5): 1749–1756. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002750. PMID 29620494. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijsem.0.002750" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijsem.0.002750</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>