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Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p><i>Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus</i> was isolated from the surface of an electrode (<a href="/facts/Anode/TjYt95zG">anode</a>) of a marine sediment <a href="/facts/Microbial_fuel_cell/cPaa7FtW">fuel cell</a>. The <a href="/facts/Marine_sediments/0HfKDgDI">sediments</a> come from a water depth of 5 meters (<a href="/facts/Boston_Harbor/zQXtcsuB">Boston Harbor</a>, <a href="/facts/Massachusetts/9uumCbFI">Massachusetts</a>, near the peninsula <a href="/facts/World%27s_End_(Hingham)/4gShHL7U">World's End</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The name "Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus" means somewhat like "electrode-loving rod of cold earth" and indicates that the <a href="/facts/Microorganism/pysJYcE2">microbe</a> comes from the surface (earth, Geo), copes with cold (<i>psychro</i>), is rod-shaped (<i>bacter</i>) and was isolated from electrodes (<i>electrodi</i>), which it has voluntarily settled (<i>philus</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Two strains of <i>Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus</i> were isolated (A1 and A2); Strain A1 was determined as the type strain (A1T; <a href="/facts/ATCC_(company)/CDr5kmsB">ATCC</a> BAA-880T; <a href="/facts/Deutsche_Sammlung_von_Mikroorganismen_und_Zellkulturen/oSXmqu3y">DSM</a> 16401T; JCM 12469) of the species <i>Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus</i> and as the type strain of the genus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>In a study on the cultivation of microbial communities in <a href="/facts/Sludge/tKLXlo8T">sludge</a>, where sulphate reducers are likely to benefit, the proportion of <i>Geopsychrobacter</i> decreased.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> An investigation of bacterial diversity in the cold outflow of an <a href="/facts/Iron_oxide/KDo8hLWn">iron oxide</a>-tainted <a href="/facts/Plume_(hydrodynamics)/3hN92b39">plume</a> of saltwater (<a href="/facts/Blood_Falls/zzbxa8je">Blood Falls</a>, <a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a>) indicated about 11% of cells as <i>G. electrodiphilus</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The plume were identified as a subglacial “ocean”, where coupled biogeochemical processes below the glacier enable microbes to grow in extended isolation, accumulating <a href="/facts/Ferrous/AGImjWqq">iron(II)</a> despite the presence of an active <a href="/facts/Sulfur_cycle/NzCakgxd">sulfur cycle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="interaction-with-anodes">Interaction with anodes</h2><p> Holmes <i>et al.</i> 2004 proposed a likely mechanism for a special <a href="/facts/Microbial_fuel_cell/cPaa7FtW">microbial fuel cell</a> (<a href="/facts/Sediment/zsIH1A6U">sediment</a> fuel cell), to support energy with help of <i>G. electrodiphilus</i> and other <a href="/facts/Microorganism/pysJYcE2">microbes</a> of a <a href="/facts/Microbial_population_biology/SAqtmRkW">community</a> in marine sediments; based on the article,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> this imaginary mechanism is summarized here: </p><ul><li>Some microbes digest complex organic matter (<a href="/facts/Fermentation/rxaDr28b">fermentation</a>) in an anaerobic<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> part of the sediment fuel cell nearby a <a href="/facts/Graphite/sSf3KMXr">graphite</a> <a href="/facts/Electrode/251PaKX8">electrode</a> (<a href="/facts/Anode/TjYt95zG">anode</a>). <i>G. electrodiphilus</i> grows on the surface of this graphite electrode and oxidize fermentation products, e.g. <a href="/facts/Acetate/U90VVczy">acetate</a>. Normally, those oxidation processes produce <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_ion/6UbSyoz4">protons</a> and <a href="/facts/Electron/L0KBo5cW">electrons</a> and any oxidation has to be coupled to a reduction, because of the electrons. <i>G. electrodiphilus</i> could use a <a href="/facts/Terminal_electron_acceptor/sRvhMXqH">terminal electron acceptor</a>, e.g. poorly crystallized <a href="/facts/Iron(III)_oxide/vam0XoC5">iron(III) oxide</a> (that would be reduced to <a href="/facts/Magnetite/SVxoGUs2">magnetite</a>) when available. In a sediment fuel cell, <i>G. electrodiphilus</i> has direct contact to the electrode and can use it as a sole <a href="/facts/Electron_acceptor/sRvhMXqH">electron acceptor</a>. The electrode in the anaerobic part of the sediment fuel cell (anode) has connection to its counterelectrode (<a href="/facts/Cathode/tqdlGayU">cathode</a>) in the overlying aerobic<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> water. The electrons flow from the anode to the cathode in the overlying aerobic water, where they likely reduce <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a>.</li></ul> <p>To explain their proposal for the process inside the sediment fuel cell, authors<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> referred to previous investigations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>Holmes <i>et al.</i> (2004) did not investigate microbial communities or technical devices; the aim of their investigations was to find organisms that transfer electrons to an electrode and to describe them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The <i>G. electrodiphilus</i> strains were able to oxidize acetate, <a href="/facts/Malate/mSbExe77">malate</a>, <a href="/facts/Fumarate/VDecBfLQ">fumarate</a>, and <a href="/facts/Citrate/EgKGQBdl">citrate</a> with electron transfer to an electrode poised at +0.52 V (in reference to a <a href="/facts/Standard_hydrogen_electrode/c6mksrr1">standard hydrogen electrode</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>One key point of harvesting energy using a sediment fuel cell seems to bridge the anaerobic environment of <i>G. electrodiphilus</i> and the aerobic water; the difference in <a href="/facts/Redox/Pyd5RVcj">redox</a> potentials can be used. </p><p>Reduction of poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide results in the formation of <a href="/facts/Magnetite/SVxoGUs2">magnetite</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> It is therefore conceivable that the <a href="/facts/Oligodynamic_effect/uKE1lupq">oligodynamic effect</a> in <i>Geopsychrobacter</i> is low and an application with <a href="/facts/Metal/PT8hNX6R">metallic</a> components inside a technical device would be possible. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Exoelectrogen/nF0DtqBE">Exoelectrogen</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Staley JT, et al. (1989). Vos P, Garrity G, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA, Schleifer KH, Whitman W (eds.). <i>Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology</i>. Vol. 3: The Firmicutes. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. pp. 2250–2251.</li> <li>Hallenbeck PC, ed. (2011). <i>Microbial technologies in advanced biofuels production</i>. Springer.</li> <li>Zuo Y. <a href="https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/6943"><i>Novel electrochemical material applications and exoelectrogenic bacteria isolation from microbial fuel cells (MFCs)</i></a> (Ph.D. thesis). The Pennsylvania State University.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/geopsychrobacter">LPSN</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230000000000/http://www.eol.org/pages/974694">"<i>Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus</i>"</a>. <i>The <a href="/facts/Encyclopedia_of_Life/E5Fz0Wrd">Encyclopedia of Life</a></i>. </li> <li><a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=396090">WORMS entry</a></li> <li><a href="http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=5789&submit=Search">Type strain of <i>Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus</i> at Bac<i>Dive</i> – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>A new genus and its type species, Geopsychrobacter elctrodipihilus, were effectively published by Holmes et al.[1] and both taxa got their authority when Validationlist No. 102 (2005, PMID 15774623, DOI:10.1099/ijs.0.63680-0) was published; see LPSN: Geopsychrobacter. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546. <a href="https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/" target="_blank">https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546. <a href="https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/" target="_blank">https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546. <a href="https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/" target="_blank">https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546. <a href="https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/" target="_blank">https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546. <a href="https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/" target="_blank">https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Holmes DE, Rotaru AE, Ueki T, Shrestha PM, Ferry JG, Lovley DR (2018). "Electron and Proton Flux for Carbon Dioxide Reduction in Methanosarcina barkeri During Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 3109. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03109. PMC 6315138. PMID 30631315. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6315138" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6315138</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546. <a href="https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/" target="_blank">https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546. <a href="https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/" target="_blank">https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546. <a href="https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/" target="_blank">https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Zeng GQ, Jia XS, Zheng XH, Yang LP, Sun GP (November 2014). "[Analysis of microbial community variation in the domestication process of sludge in a sulfate-reducing reactor]". Huan Jing Ke Xue = Huanjing Kexue. 35 (11): 4244–50. PMID 25639102. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/PMID_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Mikucki JA, Priscu JC (June 2007). "Bacterial diversity associated with Blood Falls, a subglacial outflow from the Taylor Glacier, Antarctica". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73 (12): 4029–39. Bibcode:2007ApEnM..73.4029M. doi:10.1128/AEM.01396-06. PMC 1932727. PMID 17468282. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1932727" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1932727</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Mikucki JA, Pearson A, Johnston DT, Turchyn AV, Farquhar J, Schrag DP, Anbar AD, Priscu JC, Lee PA (April 2009). "A contemporary microbially maintained subglacial ferrous "ocean"". Science. 324 (5925): 397–400. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..397M. doi:10.1126/science.1167350. PMID 19372431. S2CID 44802632. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546. <a href="https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/" target="_blank">https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>In this context, “anaerobic” is a place without oxygen. See also “anaerobic organism”/ “aerobic organism”. <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxygen</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>In this context, “aerobic” is a place with oxygen. See also “aerobic organism”/ “anaerobic organism”. <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxygen</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546. <a href="https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/" target="_blank">https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Bond DR, Lovley DR (March 2003). "Electricity production by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to electrodes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (3): 1548–55. Bibcode:2003ApEnM..69.1548B. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.3.1548-1555.2003. PMC 150094. PMID 12620842. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150094" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150094</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Tender LM, Reimers CE, Stecher HA, Holmes DE, Bond DR, Lowy DA, Pilobello K, Fertig SJ, Lovley DR (August 2002). "Harnessing microbially generated power on the seafloor". Nature Biotechnology. 20 (8): 821–5. doi:10.1038/nbt716. PMID 12091916. S2CID 927966. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Reimers CE, Tender LM, Fertig S, Wang W (January 2001). "Harvesting energy from the marine sediment--water interface". Environmental Science & Technology. 35 (1): 192–5. Bibcode:2001EnST...35..192R. doi:10.1021/es001223s. PMID 11352010. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546. <a href="https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/" target="_blank">https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546. <a href="https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/" target="_blank">https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546. <a href="https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/" target="_blank">https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/157/download/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>