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Vandi Verma
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<h2 id="biography">Biography</h2> <p>Verma was born and grew up partly in <a href="/facts/Halwara/82fFkd9e">Halwara</a>, India; her father was a pilot in the <a href="/facts/Indian_Air_Force/XbNJ5qcp">Indian Air Force</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> She gained her first qualification, a <a href="/facts/Bachelor%27s_degree/s739u69z">bachelor's degree</a> in <a href="/facts/Electrical_engineering/YYXW1KLW">electrical engineering</a>, at <a href="/facts/Punjab_Engineering_College/fRzxXn18">Punjab Engineering College</a> in <a href="/facts/Chandigarh/naV8Beal">Chandigarh</a>, India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> She went on to gain a <a href="/facts/Master%27s_degree/lQ5hT1cH">master's</a> in <a href="/facts/Robotics/wkmvodJz">robotics</a> from <a href="/facts/Carnegie_Mellon_University/XKd7L2KA">Carnegie Mellon University</a> (CMU) followed by a <a href="/facts/Doctor_of_Philosophy/paJumdN8">PhD</a> in robotics from Carnegie Mellon in 2005, with a thesis entitled <i>Tractable Particle Filters for Robot Fault Diagnosis</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>At CMU, she developed in interest in robotics in unknown environments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> She was involved in a 3-year <a href="/facts/Astrobiology/GS1tFhrf">astrobiology</a> experimental station in the <a href="/facts/Atacama_Desert/RmLNNvvg">Atacama Desert</a>. The desert was chosen because of the similarities between its hostile environment and the surface of <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> She won a competition to create a robot to navigate a maze and collect balloons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> She tested robotic technologies in the Arctic and Antarctic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Between studies, she gained her pilot's license.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Her first post-graduate job was at <a href="/facts/Ames_Research_Center/DQUsdLam">Ames Research Center</a> as a <a href="/facts/Research_scientist/JDvthEFM">research scientist</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>In 2006, Verma co-wrote <a href="/facts/PLEXIL/yXw1IaTH">PLEXIL</a>, an <a href="/facts/Open_source/7X9rCdz4">open source</a> programming language now used in automation technologies such as the NASA K10 rover, Mars <i>Curiosity</i> rover's <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory/GVTkPlsW">percussion drill</a>, the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a>, the <a href="/facts/Mars_habitat/4hDuuvnf">Deep Space Habitat and Habitat Demonstration Unit</a>, the <a href="/facts/Edison_Demonstration_of_Smallsat_Networks/5HwxpoeQ">Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks</a>, <a href="/facts/LADEE/31HmWpSU">LADEE</a>, and Autonomy Operating System (AOS).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>In 2007 Verma joined NASA's <a href="/facts/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory/zPXnxRBf">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) with a special interest in robotics and flight software and became part of the Mars rover team in 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> As of 2019, she leads JPL's Autonomous Systems, Mobility and Robotic Systems group.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Verma has written academic papers in her field on subjects such as the <a href="/facts/AEGIS_(SuperCam)/nj0QHpot">AEGIS</a> (<a href="/facts/Autonomous_Exploration_for_Gathering_Increased_Science/nj0QHpot">Autonomous Exploration for Gathering Increased Science</a>) targeting system,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> NASA <a href="/facts/Lunar_rover/PhwSy8DE">Lunar rover</a> operation<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> and robot fault detection, an area she has worked consistently.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>Verma helped develop flight and flight simulation software systems used by the <a href="/facts/Mars_2020/B6GRHvKH">Mars 2020</a> rover.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>Verma frequently participates in JPL's open house events at the lab and online as a <a href="/facts/Science_communicator/jxLjV0UE">science communicator</a> to encourage children (and particularly girls) into <a href="/facts/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics/NAsAI1nG">STEM</a> careers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="mars-robotics">Mars robotics</h2> <p> Verma has worked on NASA's <a href="/facts/Mars_Exploration_Rover/74WxIsHS">Mars Exploration Rover</a> projects since 2008 and has operated all three rovers: MER-A <i><a href="/facts/Spirit_(rover)/qNWFPqzj">Spirit</a></i>; MER-B <i><a href="/facts/Opportunity_(rover)/MEC0VIuy">Opportunity</a></i>; and <a href="/facts/Mars_Science_Laboratory/yEARUMpM">Mars Science Laboratory</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Curiosity_(rover)/mVLawAfA">Curiosity</a></i>. Verma explains that in order to operate <a href="/facts/Robotic_spacecraft/Frlbbkvu">robotic spacecraft</a> efficiently, the team must adjust to the <a href="/facts/Sol_(day_on_Mars)/qWR8IrPp">sol</a>, or Martian day, which is 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds, by beginning each day 40 minutes later. This kind of shift work involves covering the windows at home and work. Verma says: </p><p>"We tend to live by the Mars clock and many have Mars watches."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></p> <p>As of 2018, there have been approximately 12 rover drivers. She explains how driving the rover is an extremely slow operation, since commands can take from 4 up to 20 minutes to reach the device, so commands are usually performed first as a <a href="/facts/Computer_simulation/Re6o8vzN">simulation</a>, and multiple commands are uploaded at a time via NASA's <a href="/facts/NASA_Deep_Space_Network/IcapMQTR">Deep Space Network</a>, relaying signals using Mars <a href="/facts/2001_Mars_Odyssey/KapXFdK4">Odyssey orbiter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>Operating the rover involves a large team effort with scientists performing experiments across different fields. A typical set of commands will have involved evaluating previous <a href="/facts/3D_reconstruction/MlnAUm3l">3D images</a>, developing a plan and route to maximize <a href="/facts/Curiosity_(rover)/mVLawAfA">exploratory potential</a> without risking the rover's safety (including using <i>Curiosity'</i>s 2 meter <a href="/facts/Curiosity_(rover)/mVLawAfA">robotic arm</a>), <a href="/facts/Choreography/D1KQJk1R">choreographing</a> and simulating moves, and then integrating each step of the sequence into a detailed set of instructions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>Verma said in 2012: </p> <p>"I do realise that I possibly have one of the coolest jobs in the world."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></p> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <p>Verma has received numerous awards for her team work including: </p> <ul><li>2008 <a href="/facts/NASA_Earth_Science/4ML351TB">NASA Earth Science</a> team award for Intelligent Autonomy Technology Transition Team</li> <li>2010 NASA Honors award to the <a href="/facts/Mars_Exploration_Rover/74WxIsHS">MER</a> Electro-mechanical Failure Mitigation Team</li> <li>2013 NASA Honors Award to the <a href="/facts/Mars_Science_Laboratory/yEARUMpM">MSL</a> to the Motor Control Team</li> <li>2013 NASA Honors Award to the MSL Surface Sampling and Science Systems Team</li> <li>2013 NASA Honors Award to the MSL Testbed and Simulation Support Equipment Team</li> <li>2014 NASA Software of the Year Award, awarded to the Mars Science Laboratory Flight Software Team</li> <li>2016 MSL AEGIS Team Award</li> <li>2017 MSL CHIMRA (Collection and Handling for In-Situ Martian Rock Analysis) Award for Tunnel Anomaly Recovery<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="other-media">Other media</h2> <p>In 2011 Verma appeared in and directed an episode of <i><a href="/facts/Nova_ScienceNow/BbE06wkR">Nova ScienceNow</a></i> called <i>Can We Make It to Mars?</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>Verma appears in <a href="/facts/US_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">US Air Force</a> documentary <i>Science in the Extremes</i> series 3, episode 6 by <a href="/facts/Seeker_(media_company)/c1WCGjB1">Seeker</a> explaining her 2020 work on Mars' surface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>In 2018 <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finnish</a> director Minna Långström made a documentary about Verma and her work with the Mars rover <i>Curiosity</i> titled <i>The Other Side of Mars</i> (original Finnish title <i>Mars kuvien takaa</i>). The film focuses on the way images are made, their manipulation and use which shapes our understanding of space and technology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> A southward-looking panorama combining images from both cameras of the Mast Camera (Mastcam) on NASA's Curiosity Mars Rover <p>In 2022 Verna appeared in <i><a href="/facts/Good_Night_Oppy/w0SDxxDY">Good Night Oppy</a></i>, a full length documentary film telling the story of <i><a href="/facts/Spirit_(rover)/qNWFPqzj">Spirit</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Opportunity_(rover)/MEC0VIuy">Opportunity</a></i> and their 15 year mission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Adam_Steltzner/h0xdTrSt">Adam Steltzner</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Anita_Sengupta/XkRkx2Ko">Anita Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bobak_Ferdowsi/Cyqr7WHP">Bobak Ferdowsi</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_missions_to_Mars/7xjP0Wf5">List of missions to Mars</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Vandi_Verma/personFull.cfm">Official website</a></li> <li><a href="https://napafilms.fi/mars-kuvien-takaa-the-other-side-of-mars-2019/"><i>The Other Side of Mars</i> film site with trailer</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/can-we-make-it-to-mars/">"Can We Make It to Mars?" <i>Nova</i> episode</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msn.com/en-au/video/lifestyle/how-nasa’s-rover-team-reimagined-mars-2020/vp-BBRUV08">Verma explains NASA's vision for Mars 2020 mission (video on MSN)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/mars-exploration-pushes-the-boundaries-of-ai-an-interview-with-nasas-vandi-verma">Discussing AI and Robotics</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Getting a Martian driving licence with Vandi Verma Tompkins (JPL)". Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 7 February 2019. <a href="https://maas.museum/program/getting-a-martian-driving-licence-with-vandi-verma-tompkins-jpl/" target="_blank">https://maas.museum/program/getting-a-martian-driving-licence-with-vandi-verma-tompkins-jpl/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>mars.nasa.gov. "Vandi Verma - Chief Engineer Robotic Operations | People Profile". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-09. <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/people/profile/index.cfm?id=22882" target="_blank">https://mars.nasa.gov/people/profile/index.cfm?id=22882</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Venkatraman, Vijaysree. "The space roboticist". Science magazine. Retrieved 7 February 2019. <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/space-roboticist" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/content/article/space-roboticist</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Estlin, Tara; Jonsson, Ari; Pasareanu, Corina; Simmons, Reid; Tso, Kam; Verma, Vandi. "PLAN EXECUTION INTERCHANGE LANGUAGE (PLEXIL) FOR EXECUTABLE PLANS AND COMMAND SEQUENCES". ResearchGate. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="/wiki/Corina_P%C4%83s%C4%83reanu" target="_blank">/wiki/Corina_P%C4%83s%C4%83reanu</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Venkatraman, Vijaysree. "The space roboticist". Science magazine. Retrieved 7 February 2019. <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/space-roboticist" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/content/article/space-roboticist</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Vandi Verma". Mars.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327131949/http://mars.nasa.gov/people/info.cfm?id=22882" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150327131949/http://mars.nasa.gov/people/info.cfm?id=22882</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Vandana, Verma. "Tractable Particle Filters for Robot Fault Diagnosis". Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon. Retrieved 7 February 2019. <a href="https://www.ri.cmu.edu/publications/tractable-particle-filters-for-robot-fault-diagnosis/" target="_blank">https://www.ri.cmu.edu/publications/tractable-particle-filters-for-robot-fault-diagnosis/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Vandi Verma". ResearchGate. Retrieved 7 February 2019. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vandi_Verma" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vandi_Verma</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Getting a Martian driving licence with Vandi Verma Tompkins (JPL)". Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 7 February 2019. <a href="https://maas.museum/program/getting-a-martian-driving-licence-with-vandi-verma-tompkins-jpl/" target="_blank">https://maas.museum/program/getting-a-martian-driving-licence-with-vandi-verma-tompkins-jpl/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Vandi Verma - Flying High and Achieving Her Dreams". Women @SCS. Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115212021/http://www.women.cs.cmu.edu/What/Interviews/vandiVerma.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190115212021/http://www.women.cs.cmu.edu/What/Interviews/vandiVerma.php</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Getting a Martian driving licence with Vandi Verma Tompkins (JPL)". Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 7 February 2019. <a href="https://maas.museum/program/getting-a-martian-driving-licence-with-vandi-verma-tompkins-jpl/" target="_blank">https://maas.museum/program/getting-a-martian-driving-licence-with-vandi-verma-tompkins-jpl/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Dr. Vandi Verma Group Supervisor". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. CIT. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414102401/http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Vandi_Verma/personFull.cfm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090414102401/http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Vandi_Verma/personFull.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Adams, Bryan P.; Verma, Vandi (2002). "The AAAI-2001 Robot Exhibition". AI Magazine. 23 (1). Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180013/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-113907097/the-aaai-2001-robot-exhibition" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180013/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-113907097/the-aaai-2001-robot-exhibition</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Vandi Verma - Flying High and Achieving Her Dreams". Women @SCS. Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115212021/http://www.women.cs.cmu.edu/What/Interviews/vandiVerma.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190115212021/http://www.women.cs.cmu.edu/What/Interviews/vandiVerma.php</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Verma, Vandi. "Anecdotes from Rover Field Operations" (PDF). Robotics Institute CMU. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="https://www.ri.cmu.edu/pub_files/pub3/verma_vandi_2000_1/verma_vandi_2000_1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ri.cmu.edu/pub_files/pub3/verma_vandi_2000_1/verma_vandi_2000_1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Venkatraman, Vijaysree. "The space roboticist". Science magazine. Retrieved 7 February 2019. <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/space-roboticist" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/content/article/space-roboticist</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Estlin, Tara; Jonsson, Ari; Pasareanu, Corina; Simmons, Reid; Tso, Kam; Verma, Vandi (April 2006). "Plan Execution Interchange Language (PLEXIL)" (PDF). NASA Technical Reports Server. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="/wiki/Corina_P%C4%83s%C4%83reanu" target="_blank">/wiki/Corina_P%C4%83s%C4%83reanu</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Bibliography of PLEXIL-related publications, organized by category". Plexil souceforge. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="http://plexil.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/References" target="_blank">http://plexil.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/References</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Main page: NASA applications". PLEXIL sourceforge. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="http://plexil.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page#NASA_Applications" target="_blank">http://plexil.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page#NASA_Applications</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Dr. Vandi Verma Group Supervisor". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. CIT. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414102401/http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Vandi_Verma/personFull.cfm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090414102401/http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Vandi_Verma/personFull.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Vandi Verma". ResearchGate. Retrieved 7 February 2019. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vandi_Verma" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vandi_Verma</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Francis, Reena; Estlin, Tara; Doran, G; Johnstone, Sancia; Gaines, D; Verma, Vandi; Burl, M; Frydenvang, J; Montaño, S; Wiens, R; Schaffe, S; Gasnault, O; DeFlores, L; Blaney, D; Bornstein, Ben (June 2017). "AEGIS autonomous targeting for ChemCam on Mars Science Laboratory: Deployment and results of initial science team use". Science Robotics. 2 (7): 4582. doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aan4582. PMID 33157897. <a href="/wiki/Diana_Blaney" target="_blank">/wiki/Diana_Blaney</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Verma, Vandi; Baskaran, Vijay; Utz, Hans; Harris, Robert; Fry, Charles. "Demonstration of Robust Execution on a NASA Lunar Rover Testbed". ResearchGate. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228743525" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228743525</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Verma, Vandi; Simmons, Reid (February 2006). "Scalable robot fault detection and identification". Robotics and Autonomous Systems. 54 (2): 184–191. doi:10.1016/j.robot.2005.09.028. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223031155" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223031155</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Dr. Vandi Verma Group Supervisor". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. CIT. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414102401/http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Vandi_Verma/personFull.cfm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090414102401/http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Vandi_Verma/personFull.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Mars Lab TV (2014-08-07). "Vandi Tompkins talk to the Mars Lab". Mars Lab TV (on YouTube). Event occurs at 19:45. Retrieved 2019-02-08. <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=U5bQNoeITO0" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/watch?v=U5bQNoeITO0</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Siders, Jennifer Torres (15 August 2017). "Women from JPL, which is managed for NASA by Caltech, address high school students. Prospective Applicants Explore Opportunities for Women at Caltech". Caltech. Retrieved 8 February 2019. <a href="http://www.caltech.edu/news/prospective-applicants-explore-opportunities-women-caltech-79367" target="_blank">http://www.caltech.edu/news/prospective-applicants-explore-opportunities-women-caltech-79367</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"Life on Mars". Twig Education. 6 June 2017. Archived from the original on 19 May 2018. 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