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Setaria
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The grass is topped by a cylindrical long-haired head, which tend to droop when ripe. The seeds are less than 6 millimetres (1⁄4 inch) in length.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="species">Species</h2> <p>As of May 2024<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Setaria&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/facts/Plants_of_the_World_Online/2m4CsqY0">Plants of the World Online</a> accepted the following species:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_adhaerens/uStEnEed">Setaria adhaerens</a></i> (Forssk.) Chiov.</li> <li><i>Setaria albovillosa</i> (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria alonsoi</i> Pensiero & A.M.Anton</li> <li><i>Setaria ankarensis</i> (A.Camus) ined.</li> <li><i>Setaria apiculata</i> (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum.</li> <li><i>Setaria appendiculata</i> (Hack.) Stapf</li> <li><i>Setaria arizonica</i> Rominger</li> <li><i>Setaria atrata</i> Hack.</li> <li><i>Setaria australiensis</i> (Scribn. & Merr.) Vickery – scrub pigeon grass</li> <li><i>Setaria austrocaledonica</i> (Balansa) A.Camus</li> <li><i>Setaria aversa</i> (Vickery) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_barbata/N90nIXph">Setaria barbata</a></i> (Lam.) Kunth – bristly foxtail grass, corn grass, Mary grass</li> <li><i>Setaria barbinodis</i> R.A.W.Herrm.</li> <li><i>Setaria basiclada</i> (Hughes) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria bathiei</i> A.Camus</li> <li><i>Setaria bosseri</i> A.Camus</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_brigalow/H228MvmC">Setaria brigalow</a></i> R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria brownii</i> Desv.</li> <li><i>Setaria carinata</i> S.Nozawa & Pensiero</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_cernua/8aJRbxrK">Setaria cernua</a></i> Kunth</li> <li><i>Setaria chapmanii</i> (Vasey) Pilg.</li> <li><i>Setaria chondrachne</i> (Steud.) Honda</li> <li><i>Setaria clementii</i> (Domin) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria clivalis</i> (Ridl.) Veldkamp</li> <li><i>Setaria constricta</i> (Domin) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria cordobensis</i> R.A.W.Herrm.</li> <li><i>Setaria corrugata</i> (Elliott) Schult.</li> <li><i>Setaria criniformis</i> (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria desertorum</i> (A.Rich.) Morrone</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_dielsii/y4JUSycQ">Setaria dielsii</a></i> R.A.W.Herrm.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_distans/XF2cNWJR">Setaria distans</a></i> (Trin.) Veldkamp</li> <li><i>Setaria distantiflora</i> (A.Rich.) Pilg.</li> <li><i>Setaria elegantula</i> (Mez) Morat</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_faberi/akGPTdjk">Setaria faberi</a></i> R.A.W.Herrm. – giant foxtail, Chinese foxtail</li> <li><i>Setaria fiebrigii</i> R.A.W.Herrm.</li> <li><i>Setaria finita</i> Launert</li> <li><i>Setaria flavida</i> (Retz.) Veldkamp</li> <li><i>Setaria forbesiana</i> (Nees ex Steud.) Hook.f.</li> <li><i>Setaria gausa</i> (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria geminata</i> (Forssk.) Veldkamp</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_globoidea/aLdG61Pk">Setaria globoidea</a></i> (Domin) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria globulifera</i> (Steud.) Griseb.</li> <li><i>Setaria gracillima</i> Hook.f.</li> <li><i>Setaria grandis</i> Stapf</li> <li><i>Setaria grandispiculata</i> (B.K.Simon) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria grisebachii</i> E.Fourn.</li> <li><i>Setaria guizhouensis</i> S.L.Chen & G.Y.Sheng</li> <li><i>Setaria hassleri</i> Hack.</li> <li><i>Setaria homonyma</i> (Steud.) Chiov.</li> <li><i>Setaria humbertiana</i> A.Camus</li> <li><i>Setaria hunzikeri</i> Anton</li> <li><i>Setaria incrassata</i> (Hochst.) Hack. – Vlei bristlegrass</li> <li><i>Setaria intermedia</i> Roem. & Schult.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Foxtail_millet/eslp0b0o">Setaria italica</a></i> (L.) P.Beauv. – foxtail millet, dwarf setaria, Italian millet</li> <li><i>Setaria jaffrei</i> Morat</li> <li><i>Setaria johnsonii</i> (B.K.Simon) ined.</li> <li><i>Setaria jubiflora</i> (Trin.) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria kagerensis</i> Mez</li> <li><i>Setaria lachnea</i> (Nees) Kunth</li> <li><i>Setaria latifolia</i> (Scribn.) R.A.W.Herrm.</li> <li><i>Setaria leonis</i> (E.Ekman) León</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_leucopila/CtWjfhjT">Setaria leucopila</a></i> (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum. – plains bristle grass, streambed bristle grass</li> <li><i>Setaria liebmannii</i> E.Fourn.</li> <li><i>Setaria limensis</i> Tovar</li> <li><i>Setaria lindenbergiana</i> (Nees) Stapf</li> <li><i>Setaria longipila</i> E.Fourn.</li> <li><i>Setaria longiseta</i> P.Beauv.</li> <li><i>Setaria macrosperma</i> (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum.</li> <li><i>Setaria macrostachya</i> Kunth</li> <li><i>Setaria madecassa</i> A.Camus</li> <li><i>Setaria magna</i> Griseb. – giant bristle grass</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_megaphylla/nVb4Gzqa">Setaria megaphylla</a></i> (Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz – broad-leaved bristle grass, ribbon bristle grass</li> <li><i>Setaria mendocina</i> Phil.</li> <li><i>Setaria mildbraedii</i> Mez ex C.E.Hubb.</li> <li><i>Setaria montana</i> Reeder</li> <li><i>Setaria nicorae</i> Pensiero</li> <li><i>Setaria nigrirostris</i> (Nees) T.Durand & Schinz – black-seed bristle grass</li> <li><i>Setaria oblongata</i> (Griseb.) Parodi</li> <li><i>Setaria obscura</i> de Wit</li> <li><i>Setaria obtusifolia</i> (Delile) Morrone</li> <li><i>Setaria oplismenoides</i> R.A.W.Herrm.</li> <li><i>Setaria orthosticha</i> K.Schum. ex R.A.W.Herrm.</li> <li><i>Setaria palmeri</i> Henrard</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_palmifolia/SxLqkaKS">Setaria palmifolia</a></i> (J.Koenig) Stapf – palm grass, highland pitpit</li> <li><i>Setaria pampeana</i> Parodi ex Nicora</li> <li><i>Setaria paraguayensis</i> Pensiero</li> <li><i>Setaria parodii</i> Nicora</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_parviflora/2Wkt7Bpe">Setaria parviflora</a></i> (Poir.) Kerguélen – knotroot bristle grass, slender pigeon grass</li> <li><i>Setaria paspalidioides</i> Vickery</li> <li><i>Setaria paucifolia</i> (Morong) Lindm.</li> <li><i>Setaria perrieri</i> A.Camus</li> <li><i>Setaria petiolata</i> Stapf & C.E.Hubb.</li> <li><i>Setaria pflanzii</i> Pensiero</li> <li><i>Setaria plicata</i> (Lam.) T.Cooke</li> <li><i>Setaria poiretiana</i> (Schult.) Kunth – <i>grama negra</i>, <i>gramalote sacha</i></li> <li><i>Setaria pradana</i> (León ex C.L.Hitchc.) León</li> <li><i>Setaria pseudaristata</i> (Peter) Pilg.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_pumila/HbRCPf3z">Setaria pumila</a></i> (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. – yellow foxtail</li> <li><i>Setaria punctata</i> (Burm.f.) Veldkamp</li> <li><i>Setaria queenslandica</i> Domin</li> <li><i>Setaria rara</i> (R.Br.) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria reflexa</i> (R.D.Webster) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria restioidea</i> (Franch.) Stapf</li> <li><i>Setaria retiglumis</i> (Domin) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria reverchonii</i> (Vasey) Pilg.</li> <li><i>Setaria rigida</i> Stapf</li> <li><i>Setaria roemeri</i> Jansen</li> <li><i>Setaria rosengurttii</i> Nicora</li> <li><i>Setaria sagittifolia</i> (A.Rich.) Walp.</li> <li><i>Setaria scabrifolia</i> (Nees) Kunth</li> <li><i>Setaria scandens</i> Schrad.</li> <li><i>Setaria scheelei</i> (Steud.) Hitchc. – southwestern bristle grass</li> <li><i>Setaria scottii</i> (Hack.) A.Camus</li> <li><i>Setaria setosa</i> (Sw.) P.Beauv.</li> <li><i>Setaria spartella</i> (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_sphacelata/2rtppVqH">Setaria sphacelata</a></i> (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. – African bristle grass, South African pigeon grass</li> <li><i>Setaria stolonifera</i> Boldrini</li> <li><i>Setaria submacrostachya</i> Luces</li> <li><i>Setaria sulcata</i> Raddi</li> <li><i>Setaria surgens</i> Stapf</li> <li><i>Setaria tabulata</i> (Hack.) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria taolanensis</i> A.Camus</li> <li><i>Setaria tenacissima</i> Schrad.</li> <li><i>Setaria tenax</i> (Rich.) Desv.</li> <li><i>Setaria texana</i> Emery</li> <li><i>Setaria uda</i> (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster</li> <li><i>Setaria utowanaea</i> (Scribn.) Pilg.</li> <li><i>Setaria vaginata</i> Spreng.</li> <li><i>Setaria variifolia</i> (Swallen) Davidse</li> <li><i>Setaria vatkeana</i> K.Schum.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_verticillata/01xyB3TK">Setaria verticillata</a></i> (L.) P.Beauv. – bristly foxtail</li> <li><i>Setaria villosissima</i> (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_viridis/yoAe9Eer">Setaria viridis</a></i> (L.) P.Beauv. – green foxtail</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Setaria_vulpiseta/awyCuVhK">Setaria vulpiseta</a></i> (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. – plains bristle grass</li> <li><i>Setaria welwitschii</i> Rendle</li> <li><i>Setaria yunnanensis</i> Keng f. & K.D.Yu</li></ul> Formerly included<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> <p>Numerous species were once considered members of <i>Setaria</i> but have since been reassigned to the genera <i><a href="/facts/Brachiaria/wKNttpjC">Brachiaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Dissochondrus/wwAdXtY3">Dissochondrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Echinochloa/sS17N56x">Echinochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Holcolemma/bRgUT8dj">Holcolemma</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Ixophorus/kuPkydEo">Ixophorus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Oplismenus/YX5vSheS">Oplismenus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Panicum/SY28b6JS">Panicum</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Pennisetum/vMS3KrPD">Pennisetum</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Pseudoraphis/sbo7kJS1">Pseudoraphis</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Setariopsis/5aX0LoAJ">Setariopsis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/Urochloa/NudQl4mN">Urochloa</a></i>. </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>The grains can be eaten raw, though are hard and can be bitter; boiling can reduce both of these properties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>Several species have been domesticated and used as staple crops throughout history: <a href="/facts/Foxtail_millet/eslp0b0o">foxtail millet</a> (<i>S. italica</i>), korali (<i><a href="/facts/Setaria_pumila/HbRCPf3z">S. pumila</a></i>) in India, and, before the full domestication of <a href="/facts/Maize/lJ6c5xMH">maize</a>, <i>Setaria macrostachya</i> in Mexico.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Several species are still cultivated today as food or as animal fodder, such as foxtail millet and korali (<i><a href="/facts/Setaria_pumila/HbRCPf3z">S. pumila</a></i>), while others are considered <a href="/facts/Invasive_species/Ya1v6RGx">invasive weeds</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <i>S. italica</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Setaria_viridis/yoAe9Eer">S. viridis</a></i> are being developed as genetic model systems for the study of <a href="/facts/Monocotyledon/mXCuuCYo">monocots</a> and <a href="/facts/Bioenergy/BvDWWFGP">bioenergy</a> grasses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Other species that have been cultivated as crops include <i><a href="/facts/Setaria_palmifolia/SxLqkaKS">S. palmifolia</a></i> (highland pitpit) of <a href="/facts/Papua_New_Guinea/RLaVlhFC">Papua New Guinea</a>, where it is cultivated as a green vegetable; <i><a href="/facts/Setaria_parviflora/2Wkt7Bpe">S. parviflora</a></i> (knot-root foxtail), historically cultivated in <a href="/facts/Mesoamerica/cFjUFklr">Mesoamerica</a>; and <i><a href="/facts/Setaria_sphacelata/2rtppVqH">S. sphacelata</a></i> (African bristle grass) of Sudan, a "lost millet" of <a href="/facts/Nubia/Hmc5JIHK">Nubia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hendrik_de_Wit/4IeGjTjg">Hendrik de Wit</a>, a botanist who studied <i>Setaria</i></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Setaria. <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Setaria</i>. <ul><li><a href="https://archive.today/20130624181222/http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/ipc/weedinfo/setaria.htm"><i>Setaria</i>.</a> California Department of Food and Agriculture.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie page 51 in Latin <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/394130#page/135/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/394130#page/135/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie plate XIII (13), figure III (3) line drawing of Setaria viridis <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/394130#page/298/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/394130#page/298/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Vol. 4: R-Q. CRC Press. p. 2470. ISBN 0-8493-2673-7. <a href="0-8493-2673-7" target="_blank">0-8493-2673-7</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Aliscioni, S., et al. An overview of the genus Setaria (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) in the Old World: Systematic revision and phylogenetic approach. Abstract. Botany 2004. Salt Lake City. August 3, 2004. <a href="http://2004.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=1127" target="_blank">http://2004.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=1127</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Genus: Setaria P. Beauv". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2013-11-16. <a href="https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11106" target="_blank">https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11106</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 1, 499, 531 狗尾草属 gou wei cao shu Setaria P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 51. 1812 <a href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=130214" target="_blank">http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=130214</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps <a href="http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Setaria" target="_blank">http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Setaria</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Altervista Flora Italiana Archived 2015-02-01 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=setaria" target="_blank">http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=setaria</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Atlas of Living Australia <a href="http://bie.ala.org.au/species/SETARIA" target="_blank">http://bie.ala.org.au/species/SETARIA</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Sanbi Red List of South African Plants <a href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/genus.php?genus=1167" target="_blank">http://redlist.sanbi.org/genus.php?genus=1167</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="978-1-60239-692-0" target="_blank">978-1-60239-692-0</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Setaria P.Beauv." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2024-06-07. <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/331287-2" target="_blank">https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/331287-2</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families <a href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=442152" target="_blank">http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=442152</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="978-1-60239-692-0" target="_blank">978-1-60239-692-0</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Diao, Xianmin; Jia, Guanqing (2017). "Origin and Domestication of Foxtail Millet". Genetics and Genomics of Setaria. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. Vol. 19. pp. 61–72. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45105-3_4. ISBN 978-3-319-45103-9. ISSN 2363-9601. <a href="978-3-319-45103-9" target="_blank">978-3-319-45103-9</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Dekker, Jack (29 February 2004). "4". In Inderjit (ed.). Weed Biology and Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 65–67. ISBN 9781402017612. <a href="9781402017612" target="_blank">9781402017612</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Li, P.; Brutnell, T. P. (2011-03-31). "Setaria viridis and Setaria italica, model genetic systems for the Panicoid grasses". Journal of Experimental Botany. 62 (9): 3031–3037. doi:10.1093/jxb/err096. ISSN 0022-0957. PMID 21459768. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err096" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err096</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Fuller, Dorian Q. (2014). "Millets: Origins and Development". Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 4945–4948. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2181. ISBN 978-1-4419-0426-3. S2CID 129203615. <a href="978-1-4419-0426-3" target="_blank">978-1-4419-0426-3</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>