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Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The curriculum for the electrical engineering program was created in 1882, and was the first such program in the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> It was initially taught by the <a href="/facts/MIT_Physics_Department/tPx2STaX">physics</a> faculty. In 1902, the Institute set up a separate Electrical Engineering department. The department was renamed to Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 1975, to highlight the new addition of computer science to the program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="current-faculty">Current faculty</h2> <h3>Professors</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Silvio_Micali/IxgCplaX">Silvio Micali</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Harold_Abelson/AUculBHM">Harold Abelson</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Anant_Agarwal/M5Xh8B7V">Anant Agarwal</a></li> <li>Akintunde I. Akinwande<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>Dimitri A. Antoniadis<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Arvind_(computer_scientist)/2CRcoFbV">Arvind</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>Arthur B. Baggeroer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hari_Balakrishnan/UbWU4oqe">Hari Balakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="http://web.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/user/d/i/dimitrib/www/home.html">Dimitri P. Bertsekas</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208030015/http://csbi.mit.edu/members/Members/RobertBerwick">Robert C. Berwick</a></li> <li><a href="http://www-mtl.mit.edu/bin/user?boning">Duane S. Boning</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204080918/http://www.rle.mit.edu/rleonline/People/LouisD.Braida.html">Louis D. Braida</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203081642/http://www.csail.mit.edu/biographies/PI/bioprint.php?PeopleID=2018">Rodney A. Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="http://web.mit.edu/chan/www/">Vincent W. S. Chan</a></li> <li><a href="http://www-mtl.mit.edu/~anantha/">Anantha P. Chandrakasan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shafi_Goldwasser/aTJJq4mB">Shafira Goldwasser</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mit.edu/~parrilo/">Pablo A. Parrilo</a></li> <li><a href="http://web.mit.edu/provost/biography.html">L. Rafael Reif</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jerome_H._Saltzer/VBf7aHTJ">Jerome H. Saltzer</a> (Sc.D. 1966)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kenneth_N._Stevens/A0Y33jM7">Kenneth N. Stevens</a> (Sc.D. 1952)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gerald_J._Sussman/S18E8MNx">Gerald J. Sussman</a> (S.B. 1968, Ph.D. 1973, both in <a href="/facts/MIT_Mathematics_Department/qeN2fSpt">Mathematics</a>)</li> <li><a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/user/804">Patrick H. Winston</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Regina_Barzilay/nyUyA84j">Regina Barzilay</a> (<a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/regina/">website</a>)</li></ul> <h3>Associate professors</h3> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203080837/http://www.csail.mit.edu/biographies/PI/bioprint.php?PeopleID=145">Saman P. Amarasinghe</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/biographies/PI/bioprint.php?PeopleID=235">Krste Asanovic</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208063339/http://www.rle.mit.edu/rleonline/People/MarcA.Baldo.html">Marc Baldo</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070123215306/http://lmrt.mit.edu/personnel/sangeeta.asp">Sangeeta Bhatia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208063120/http://www.rle.mit.edu/rleonline/People/VladimirBulovic.html">Vladimir Bulovic</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208063639/http://www.rle.mit.edu/rleonline/People/IsaacChuang.html">Isaac L. Chuang</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041209004849/http://www.csail.mit.edu/biographies/PI/bioprint.php?PeopleID=2000">Michael Collins</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208063143/http://www.rle.mit.edu/rleonline/People/KarlK.Berggren.html">Karl K. Berggren</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070126064727/http://www.rle.mit.edu/rleonline/People/ElfarAdalsteinsson.html">Elfar Adalsteinsson</a></li> <li><a href="http://mit.edu/tpalacios">Tomas Palacios</a></li></ul> <h3>Professors emeriti</h3> <ul><li><a href="http://web.mit.edu/mathans/www/home.html">Michael Anthans</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208063349/http://www.rle.mit.edu/rleonline/People/AbrahamBers.html">Abraham Bers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Amar_Bose/cAzX6sqy">Amar Bose</a> (S.B. 1951, S.M. 1952, Sc.D. 1956)</li> <li><a href="http://web.mit.edu/is/teams/itlt/ITLT_jdb.html">James D. Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fernando_J._Corbat%25C3%25B3/2kXkQk3I">Fernando J. Corbató</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070127204345/http://www.rle.mit.edu/rleonline/People/ShaoulEzekiel.html">Shaoul Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Fano/UvrpTDQK">Robert Fano</a> (S.B. 1941, Sc.D. 1947)</li></ul> <h2 id="former-faculty">Former faculty</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Leo_Beranek/g7l90RSk">Leo Beranek</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gordon_S._Brown/Ea8vd5m3">Gordon S. Brown</a> (S.B. 1931, S.M. 1934, Ph.D. 1938)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Vannevar_Bush/F12rLyGQ">Vannevar Bush</a> (Eng.D. 1916)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jack_Dennis/MnReKxax">Jack Dennis</a> (S.B. 1953, S.M. 1954, Sc.D. 1958)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Harold_Edgerton/QR9k1zPt">Harold Edgerton</a> (S.M. 1927, Sc.D. 1931)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jay_Wright_Forrester/z3bSVDjz">Jay Wright Forrester</a> (S.M. 1945)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Paul_E._Gray/eEe0kHbY">Paul E. Gray</a> (S.B. 1954, S.M. 1955, Ph.D. 1960)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Irwin_M._Jacobs/TF8QHYuc">Irwin M. Jacobs</a> (S.M. 1957, Sc.D. 1959)</li> <li><a href="/facts/William_B._Lenoir/WzbGP3Jn">William B. Lenoir</a> (S.B. 1961, S.M. 1962, Ph.D. 1965)</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)/ajKU4SdD">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Marvin_Minsky/HTU5MYLL">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Julius_Stratton/RHXIGCUd">Julius Stratton</a> (S.B. 1923, S.M. 1926)</li></ul> <h2 id="notable-alumni">Notable alumni</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>S.B.</th><th>S.M.</th><th>Ph.D.</th><th>Notability</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gordon_Bell/kEsh4EwF">Gordon Bell</a></td><td>1956</td><td>1957</td><td></td><td>DEC <a href="/facts/Programmed_Data_Processor/Rgwfdqjy">PDP</a> series, <a href="/facts/VAX/N3r13IHH">VAX</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Manuel_Blum/fl3GKhvh">Manuel Blum</a></td><td>1959</td><td>1961</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Computational_complexity_theory/etHuVF3U">computational complexity theory</a>1995 <a href="/facts/Turing_Award/HbEEp0GF">Turing Award</a> recipient</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Amar_Gopal_Bose/cAzX6sqy">Amar Gopal Bose</a></td><td>1951</td><td>1952</td><td>1956</td><td><a href="/facts/Bose_wave_systems/uVmPmvP5">Bose wave systems</a> Founder & Chairman of <a href="/facts/Bose_Corporation/2cUEaEYh">Bose Corporation</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Vanu_Bose/CfAMEc6S">Vanu Bose</a></td><td>1988</td><td>1994</td><td>1999</td><td><a href="/facts/Software-defined_radio/k7qLq1mu">software-defined radio</a> Founder & Ceo of Vanu Inc.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dan_Bricklin/L1V6aTVv">Dan Bricklin</a></td><td>1973</td><td></td><td></td><td>Co-creator of <a href="/facts/VisiCalc/6xnHrMKp">VisiCalc</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wen_Tsing_Chow/gcD2nL8F">Wen Tsing Chow</a></td><td></td><td>1942</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Missile_guidance/NSna0Dtk">missile guidance</a> systems</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/David_D._Clark/uRsLKFUd">David D. Clark</a></td><td></td><td>1968</td><td>1973</td><td><a href="/facts/Multics/y7A5peyu">Multics</a>, <a href="/facts/TCP%2fIP/KNkxtSpw">TCP/IP</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wesley_A._Clark/CpwgrHKm">Wesley A. Clark</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/LINC/ozNdFrHB">LINC</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Peter_J._Denning/semI7SRg">Peter J. Denning</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>1968</td><td><a href="/facts/Multics/y7A5peyu">Multics</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bob_Frankston/pt7EuqLk">Bob Frankston</a></td><td>1970</td><td></td><td></td><td>Co-creator of <a href="/facts/VisiCalc/6xnHrMKp">VisiCalc</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cecil_Howard_Green/R0SPJMJC">Cecil H. Green</a></td><td>1924</td><td>1924</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Texas_Instruments/88NUhuHF">Texas Instruments</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Richard_Greenblatt_(programmer)/FBv70hN7">Richard Greenblatt</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Developed <a href="/facts/MacLisp/EI2qXCJK">MacLisp</a> and <a href="/facts/MacHack_(chess)/P2J6sUkb">MacHack</a>Co-wrote the <a href="/facts/Incompatible_Timesharing_System/SMuAEgUx">Incompatible Timesharing System</a> and the MIT <a href="/facts/Lisp_Machine/8ULEHdF0">Lisp Machine</a><a href="/facts/Lisp_Machines/rR0dGMAu">Lisp Machines, Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Philip_Greenspun/M8LUGKwN">Philip Greenspun</a></td><td></td><td>1993</td><td>1999</td><td><a href="/facts/ArsDigita/sW0z0Qsd">ArsDigita</a>, <a href="/facts/ICAD_(software)/eJpVF0X6">ICAD</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/William_Reddington_Hewlett/sb18jed1">William R. Hewlett</a></td><td></td><td>1936</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Hewlett-Packard/abuNSYNu">Hewlett-Packard</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/W._Daniel_Hillis/MrA9p7TB">W. Daniel Hillis</a></td><td></td><td>1981</td><td>1988</td><td><a href="/facts/Thinking_Machines_Corporation/t1fQ0tRt">Thinking Machines</a>, Applied Minds<a href="/facts/Clock_of_the_Long_Now/0DMuez5H">Clock of the Long Now</a><a href="/facts/AI_koans/tt0EIKfV">AI koans</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/David_A._Huffman/4fbz13XB">David A. Huffman</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>1953</td><td><a href="/facts/Huffman_coding/dBgMBz48">Huffman coding</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Brewster_Kahle/0Ptbwhuu">Brewster Kahle</a></td><td>1982</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Wide_area_information_server/eEaUzhJk">WAIS</a>, <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Steve_Kirsch/2onhzUf8">Steve Kirsch</a></td><td>1980</td><td>1980</td><td></td><td>Invented the <a href="/facts/Optical_mouse/qeXRlrop">optical mouse</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Leonard_Kleinrock/oj6b357M">Leonard Kleinrock</a></td><td></td><td>1959</td><td>1963</td><td><a href="/facts/Queueing_theory/8NDl56EM">queueing theory</a>, <a href="/facts/ARPANET/LyMGWurJ">ARPANET</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alan_Kotok/uzbkQpAY">Alan Kotok</a></td><td>1962</td><td>1966</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Kotok-McCarthy/qz1WGhaP">Kotok-McCarthy</a> chess program</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Andrew_Ng/q0WyebIh">Andrew Ng</a></td><td></td><td>1998</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Computer_Scientist/DavggjGL">Computer Scientist</a>, cofounder of <a href="/facts/Google_Brain/yp0eeKSX">Google Brain</a>, adjunct professor at <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a>, cofounder and chairman of <a href="/facts/Coursera/5Kp5AIuX">Coursera</a>, cofounder <a href="https://www.deeplearning.ai/">DeepLearning.AI</a>, founder and CEO of Landing Ai, <a href="/facts/Artificial_Intelligence/lJGauQwX">Artificial Intelligence</a>, <a href="/facts/Deep_learning/JLuwD3ea">deep learning</a>, <a href="/facts/MOOC/z26S1kTC">MOOC</a>, <a href="/facts/Education_technology/5lf2A2Vj">education technology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ray_Kurzweil/1DYRFcVe">Ray Kurzweil</a></td><td>1970</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Text_to_Speech/ceTczTv9">Text to Speech</a>, <a href="/facts/Speech_Recognition/z7S7Pgk6">Speech Recognition</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Daniel_Levitin/ePEC0Kqr">Daniel Levitin</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Neuroscientist/DvcNRpyM">Neuroscientist</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/John_N._Little/Mjhn70uP">John N. Little</a></td><td>1978</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/MathWorks/tLCq7ajV">MathWorks</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Robert_Metcalfe/qevKUjPd">Robert Metcalfe</a></td><td>1973</td><td></td><td></td><td>Invented <a href="/facts/Ethernet/nMfhU8tU">ethernet</a><a href="/facts/3Com/Btwf1I4W">3Com</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ken_Olsen/0v0p1kYV">Ken Olsen</a></td><td>1950</td><td></td><td></td><td>Invented <a href="/facts/Magnetic_core_memory/4TFIXSNd">magnetic core memory</a><a href="/facts/Digital_Equipment_Corporation/ztxs6keA">Digital Equipment Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bob_Pease/CNI4BUWL">Bob Pease</a></td><td>1961</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Operational_amplifiers/hunKdYb9">operational amplifiers</a>, <a href="/facts/Analog_circuit/Bnlnfwwv">analog circuit</a> design guru</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Radia_Perlman/Rdd8XHpq">Radia Perlman</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>1988</td><td><a href="/facts/Spanning-tree_protocol/ofHHMBuM">spanning-tree protocol</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/William_Poduska/e6MBhW6z">William Poduska</a></td><td>1960</td><td>1960</td><td>1962</td><td><a href="/facts/Apollo_Computer/AyhaS46l">Apollo Computer</a>, <a href="/facts/Prime_Computer/BnmgcHA8">Prime Computer</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Willard_Rockwell/Bg7zY4h7">Willard Rockwell</a></td><td>1908</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Rockwell_International/dPSf6G1b">Rockwell International</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Douglas_T._Ross/wKbeMNbA">Douglas T. Ross</a></td><td></td><td>1954</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Computer_aided_design/5gSXrmmN">computer aided design</a>, <a href="/facts/Whirlwind_(computer)/IbG8pxYt">Whirlwind</a><a href="/facts/SofTech%2c_Inc./jsmHhNGE">SofTech, Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Peter_Samson/HbeLE70X">Peter Samson</a></td><td>1963</td><td></td><td></td><td>Early <a href="/facts/Electronic_music/zfGNfUvR">electronic music</a> research</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bob_Scheifler/hE01kpJP">Bob Scheifler</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/X_Window_System/ac2vRIQL">X Window System</a>, <a href="/facts/Jini/Yb5YMeXB">Jini</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Claude_Shannon/EremsCws">Claude Shannon</a></td><td></td><td>1940</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Information_Theory/qNLH3U5P">Information Theory</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alfred_P._Sloan/JWvz2fGe">Alfred P. Sloan</a></td><td>1892</td><td></td><td></td><td>Chairman of <a href="/facts/General_Motors/rBgP3IRK">General Motors</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ray_Stata/PW2PPQQT">Ray Stata</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Analog_Devices/xWFzrkre">Analog Devices</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Guy_Steele/amHwRA1l">Guy Steele</a></td><td></td><td>1977</td><td>1980</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a>, the <a href="/facts/Lambda_Papers/0bacdAtz">Lambda Papers</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ivan_Sutherland/HDVqMT9h">Ivan Sutherland</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>1963</td><td><a href="/facts/Sketchpad/BNAoP4Gp">Sketchpad</a><a href="/facts/Evans_and_Sutherland/NpWsJWGJ">Evans and Sutherland</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Frederick_Terman/RlrzbYpd">Frederick Terman</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>1924</td><td>Founding member of the <a href="/facts/National_Academy_of_Engineering/6RCqfvXM">National Academy of Engineering</a>One of the fathers of <a href="/facts/Silicon_Valley/gdot9J7e">Silicon Valley</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/John_G._Trump/LY9nwrsA">John G. Trump</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>1933</td><td><a href="/facts/Van_de_Graaff_generator/33gA1Ua7">Van de Graaff generator</a><a href="/facts/Electron_beam_processing/dNlumRKv">Electron beam sterilization of wastewater</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Andrew_Viterbi/4CtpIy97">Andrew Viterbi</a></td><td>1957</td><td>1957</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Viterbi_algorithm/FYoyJ6YY">Viterbi algorithm</a><a href="/facts/Qualcomm/v54S3UgA">Qualcomm</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.eecs.mit.edu">MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science</a></li></ul> <p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Department_of_Electrical_Engineering_and_Computer_Science_at_MIT¶ms=42_21_40.2_N_71_5_32.5_W_">42°21′40.2″N 71°5′32.5″W / 42.361167°N 71.092361°W / 42.361167; -71.092361</a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science". MIT Course Catalog. Retrieved 2024-11-25. <a href="https://catalog.mit.edu/schools/engineering/electrical-engineering-computer-science/" target="_blank">https://catalog.mit.edu/schools/engineering/electrical-engineering-computer-science/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Degrees Offered in EECS Graduate Program". Retrieved 2021-10-15. <a href="https://www.eecs.mit.edu/academics-admissions/graduate-program/degree-programs/degrees-offered" target="_blank">https://www.eecs.mit.edu/academics-admissions/graduate-program/degree-programs/degrees-offered</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"The birth of electrical engineering". 9 March 2011. Retrieved 2021-10-18. <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2011/timeline-eecs-0309" target="_blank">https://news.mit.edu/2011/timeline-eecs-0309</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Departmental History". Retrieved 2021-10-18. <a href="https://www.eecs.mit.edu/about/departmental-history/" target="_blank">https://www.eecs.mit.edu/about/departmental-history/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Akintunde Ibitayo Akinwande". www-mtl.mit.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-21. <a href="http://www-mtl.mit.edu/~akinwand/" target="_blank">http://www-mtl.mit.edu/~akinwand/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Dimitri A. Antoniadis, Ph.D." www-mtl.mit.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-21. <a href="http://www-mtl.mit.edu/wpmu/daa/" target="_blank">http://www-mtl.mit.edu/wpmu/daa/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"CSAIL Biography". 2007-02-03. Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2017-11-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203081001/http://www.csail.mit.edu/biographies/PI/bioprint.php?PeopleID=212" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070203081001/http://www.csail.mit.edu/biographies/PI/bioprint.php?PeopleID=212</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT". 2007-02-08. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2017-11-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208062946/http://www.rle.mit.edu/rleonline/People/ArthurB.Baggeroer.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070208062946/http://www.rle.mit.edu/rleonline/People/ArthurB.Baggeroer.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>