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Stoneley wave
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<h2 id="occurrence-and-use">Occurrence and use</h2> <p>Stoneley waves are most commonly generated during borehole <a href="/facts/Sonic_logging/8NnkHHY8">sonic logging</a> and <a href="/facts/Vertical_seismic_profile/wuhokjHG">vertical seismic profiling</a>. They propagate along the walls of a fluid-filled <a href="/facts/Borehole/3d6xu8E5">borehole</a>. They make up a large part of the low-frequency component of the signal from the seismic source and their attenuation is sensitive to fractures and formation <a href="/facts/Permeability_(earth_sciences)/ja7dRwgU">permeability</a>. Recent studies have found that Stoneley wave processing in borehole help to distinguish between fractured versus non-fractured coal seam.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Therefore, analysis of Stoneley waves can make it possible to estimate these rock properties. The standard data processing of sonic logs to derive wave velocity and <a href="/facts/Energy/wd8PrQM7">energy</a> content is explained in<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="comparison-to-other-waves">Comparison to other waves</h2> <p>A number of wave modes have been predicted based on the fluidity of the medium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>Wave Types in Solids</td><td>Particle Vibrations</td></tr><tr><td>Longitudinal</td><td>Parallel to wave direction</td></tr><tr><td>Transverse (Shear)</td><td>Perpendicular to wave direction</td></tr><tr><td>Surface - Rayleigh</td><td>Elliptical orbit - symmetrical mode</td></tr><tr><td>Plate Wave – Lamb</td><td>Component perpendicular to surface (extensional wave)</td></tr><tr><td>Plate Wave – Love</td><td>Parallel to plane layer, perpendicular to wave direction</td></tr><tr><td>Stoneley (Leaky Rayleigh Waves)</td><td>Wave guided along interface</td></tr><tr><td>Sezawa</td><td>Antisymmetric mode</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="effects-of-permeability">Effects of permeability</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Permeability_(earth_sciences)/ja7dRwgU">Permeability</a> can influence Stoneley wave propagation in three ways. Stoneley waves can be partly reflected at sharp impedance contrasts such as fractures, lithology, or borehole diameter changes. Moreover, as formation permeability increases, Stoneley wave <a href="/facts/Velocity/Q3o1LVDe">velocity</a> decreases, thereby inducing dispersion. The third effect is the attenuation of Stoneley waves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Sheriff, Robert E. (2002). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Geophysics. Society of Exploration Geophysicists. ISBN 978-1-56080-118-4. <a href="978-1-56080-118-4" target="_blank">978-1-56080-118-4</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Esteban Flores-Mendez; Manuel Carbajal-Romero; Norberto Flores-Guzmán; Ricardo Sánchez-Martínez; Alejandro Rodríguez-Castellanos (2012). "Rayleigh's, Stoneley's, and Scholte's Interface Waves in Elastic Models Using a Boundary Element Method" (PDF). Journal of Applied Mathematics. 2012 (1). doi:10.1155/2012/313207. <a href="http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jam/2012/313207.pdf" target="_blank">http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jam/2012/313207.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Stoneley, R. (October 1, 1924). "Elastic waves at the surface of separation of two solids". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 106 (738): 416–428. Bibcode:1924RSPSA.106..416S. doi:10.1098/rspa.1924.0079. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1924.0079" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1924.0079</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Banerjee, A & Chatterjee, R (2021), Fracture analysis using Stoneley wave in a coalbed methane reservoir. Near Surface Geophysics, https://doi.org/10.1002/nsg.12176 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/nsg.12176" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/nsg.12176</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary – Borehole Acoustic Waves" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045842/http://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors06/spr06/03_borehole_acoustic_waves.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045842/http://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors06/spr06/03_borehole_acoustic_waves.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Introduction". <a href="http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/205_SR/206/206_2.htm" target="_blank">http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/205_SR/206/206_2.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Modes of Sound Wave Propagation". Archived from the original on 2014-02-16. Retrieved 2012-05-02. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140216095903/http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/Physics/modepropagation.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140216095903/http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/Physics/modepropagation.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kubotera, A. (1957). "Rayleigh and Sezawa waves generated by explosions". Journal of Physics of the Earth. 5 (1): 33–41. doi:10.4294/jpe1952.5.33. <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpe1952/5/1/5_1_33/_pdf" target="_blank">https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpe1952/5/1/5_1_33/_pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Method: Aquistion and Processing of Acoustic Waves in Boreholes". <a href="http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/205_SR/206/206_4.htm" target="_blank">http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/205_SR/206/206_4.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>